2.2 Cac phuang tien bieu hien tinh thai trong tieng Viet
2.2.2 Phuang tien tir vung-ngQ phap
Phuong lien lii vung - ngu" phap dugc bieu la phuang lien thugc ca bai cap do: cdp do tii vung va cap do ngii" phap. Chang ban nhu be thdng dgng lu" Unh thai, Irg lii' Unh Ihai hoac mgl sd quan ngu' Unh thai cd the dugc xem xet kh6ng phai ihudn tiiy d phuang dien tii' vung ma ca d phuang dien ngii phap. Ddi vdi lieng Viet, mgl ng6n ngu" kh6ng bien boa hinh thai, ganh nang ngii phap dugc ihe hien trudc hei bang con dudng lu" vung. Binh dien tii Ueng Viel tdn tai pliong phii trong ng6n ngu, nhai la ddi vdi be thdng tii phi mieu la nhu trg lii, phu tii', lien lii'...Chung hien dien trong cau nhu phuang lien tai nghia Unh thai. Do vay, xel cac phuong Uen trg Hi, quan ngu", hoac he ibdng dgng lii" Unh thai vdi tu each la nhiing phuong lien thugc pham tru tu vung - ngir phap id ra khach quan va hgp ly.
2.2.2.1 Dong tu tmh thai:
Cac dgng tu nhu: Co the, giao hen, hen, phai, can, dugc, bj, dam, toan, djnh, nd, mong mudn, hy vgng, tin tudng, tudng...vdn ton tai trong phat ngon dc bieu bien cac loai y nghia Unh ibai khac nhau. Dgng tii Unh thai thudng kei hgp vdi mgl dgng tu khac de lao nen tfnh vi ngii cua cau, chung la yeu id bal nhan ciia cau. Qua diing nhu Cao Xuan Hao da nhan dinh:
"Ccic ngon ngu' khong bieii hlnh, vdn khdng the didn dal linh thai bdng nhung bieii vT, thudng cd mot he Ihdng vj tu linh thai rat phong phii lam Irung tam vj ngu" ciia cau va cd mgl ngii' doan vj Ui lam bo ngii true tiep trong dd vj lii chfnh cd chii the ze rd ddng sd chi vdi chii the vdi vi tii Unh thai."[40,531
Cac dgng lii linh thai trong (ieng Viet iham gia vao cau triic phat ngon bieu hien thai do cua ngudi ndi vdi bien thuc. Chdng ban nhu su danh gia
dung, la "ndi doc" nhung nay, hg bieu minb nhdm. Viec xuai hien dgng tir tudng cd tac dung ngugc lai vdi su Unh dugc ndi trong phat ngdn. Chang ban,
T6i CU" tudng nd den.
Cd nghia la nd kh6ng den. D6ng tii tudng bao ham mgl su linh cd nghia ngugc lai. Cd the cd su xuai hien cua mgl bg phan khac ciia phat ng6n, nhu kieu cau triic cua cau ghep.
(21) T6i tudng nd den nhung / nao ngd t6i dgi mai ma chang tha'y.
Ciing the hien y nghia Unh thai cua phat ng6n, cdn cd the ke de'n cac dgng tii khac nhu: nghi, tin, cho (rdng)...trong cau true: X nghi (rdng) P. I X tin (rdng) P. / X cho rdng P.
Chdng ban,
(22) T6i tin rang neu anh cd gdng thi thi se d6.
Su tin tudng trong phat ngon tren cd dieu kien, kem theo mgl dieu kien khach quan: "neu anh cdgdng\ Chi khi nao ngudi ddi thoai ihuc hien dieu nay ihi mdi cd kei qua. Dgng tii tin trong phal ngon, do vay da mang lai sdc thai danh gia chii quan ciia ngudi ndi trong phal ngdn.
He thdng dgng tii' Unh thai boat dgng bieu qua Irong ng6n ngii, la phuong lien de dua va cau, phat ng6n nhiing y nghia Unh thai khac nhau.
2.2,2.2 T r a tu:
Ciing vdi dgng tii Unh thai, trg tii' cung la phuang tien bieu bien y nghia Unh thai kha bieu qua trong Ueng Viet.
Trg lii' thugc vao "Idp Unh thai lii, kb6ng dam nhiem chiic vu cii phap trong cau, dugc sii dung trong phat ngon de bie'u thi mgl sd y nghia Unh thai nhu thai do, Unh cam, su danh gia,,,ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi ngi dung phat
ng6n, ddi vdi hien thuc..."[ 119,44] Viec nghien ciin cac Irg lii' Unh thai kh6ng ihe kh6ng dat trong bdi canh giao tiep ciia phal ng6n.
Pham Hung Viel thdng ke cd khoang 77 trg tu. Mdi trg tii" cd cac chiic nang ngu nghia - ngu' dung khac nhau. Chdng ban nhu ddi vdi trg tir:
CHINH, ngudi ndi bieu hien cac thai do danh gia nhu sau:
" 1 - Ngudi ndi the hien su khdng djnh diil khoal, ddng nhai vdi cai ddi tugng dang can xac djnh trong mot hoan canh giao liep cu the vdi cai ddi tugng dugc neu ra va dugc nhan manh d trong cau.
2- Ngudi ndi ngdm an su phii djnh nhirng kha nang khac da dugc ndi ldi hay cd th^ nghi ldi."
Danh gia la mot trong nhirng chiic nang ca ban ciia trg tii. Dua vao chiic nang danh gia cd the khao sat nhieu trg tii khac nhu; mat (Nhanh len keo mugn mdit.), nao (Dgi mgl lat da /iao.), nhu'ng (An nhiing nam bat cam.), day (Can than kheo nga ddy.)...[\ 19, 41 ]
Theo hudng nghien ciiu cac chiic nang Unh thai ciia trg lu, Dao Van Hiing khdng djnh trg lii la phuong lien bieu hien Unh thai ciia cau lie'ng Viet, Trg lii tdn tai vdi tu each la mdt b6 phan ciia cau, tuy kh6ng phai Id b6 phan chfnh nhu chu ngii hay vi ngii nhung cd chiic nang ngir nghia quan trgng. Thieu irg tii, cau mai di mot bg phan ngu' nghia quan trgng. Dd la nghia Unh thai. Chdng ban,
Neu anh lam nhu the nay thi chei mat.
-Hgc the nay thi trugt mat.
"Mai" Hong cac phal ngon uen "bieu thi su danh gia nhan qua mgl each chdc chdn", "bieu thi m6t cai gi dd riii ro lai hai d miic do cao."[44,93]
Trong phal ng6n cd dang cau ghep, phuong lien Irg tu cd the tham gia true Uep vao giiia hoac cudi cau. Chdng ban,
(23) " Kh6ng phai cu ddn, chinh that cu khon rdc ddi, thii nhai sg ke anh hiing, thii" hai sg ke cd cCmg lieu than."
(TTNC,28)
Su hien dien trg lii chinh that tao nen tam diem ngii nghia cua phal ng6n. Ngudi ndi mudn luu y den viec tiep nhan th6ng lin d ngudi nghe.
"Dii'ng coi tbiidng Ba Kieii! Hdn kh6n rdc ddi..." Viec dua them nhiing kien giai: "thii nhat so ke anh hiing, thii hai sg ke cd ciing lieu thdn" ciia ngudi ndi nhu nhung luan cii de khdng djnh cho dieu hg mudn nhan manh trong phal ng6n.
Cdn trong nhung trudng hgp, tac lii trg li^r xuai hien cudi phat ng6n cau ghep cd vai trd tao nen cac hanh vi ng6n ngu khac nhau. Chdng ban,
(24) "Neu con mudn dd dai hgc thi phai hgc tot di da."
"di da" bien dien cudi phal ng6n cd tac dung nhan manh them y nghia dieu kien ciia phal ngdn. Day la tfn hieu ma ngudi ndi ngam bao vdi ngudi lighe, dieu kien trudc Uen phai lam la hgc tot. Ben canh dd, cd the cdn nhieu viec khac cdn phai lam, nhung tdi uu vdn la phai hgc tot.
Hoac trong phat ng6n,
(25) "Con cang hgc gidi tbi viec thi d6 vao dai hgc cang de chii sao."
Sii dung irg tii' chii" sao trong phat ng6n, ngudi ndi ngam phii nhan, bac bd y kien ciia ngudi nghe, ddng thdi khdng dinh them lap luan cua minh.
Nhu vay, cac trg tii cudi phat ng6n, dd la phal ng6n cd dang cau dan hay cau ghep, deu lao nen mot hanh vi ng6n ngii nhai djnh. Chiing tao nen hieu Iuc lai Idi cho phat ng6n va hieu Iuc tai ldi nay, theo Nguyen Van Hiep, "lh6ng c]ua mgl ca che Ihudng kh6ng Iruc tiep va viec phan tach, chi ra cac vdng khau do khdng phai bao gid cung de dang."[451
2.2.2.3 Phu Hi:
Theo Hoang Tue, phu iu la phuong lien bieu bien nghia Unh thai ciia cau, no ihudng gdn vdi vj ngu. Ve mat cau Iriic cu phap, phu lii la yeu id phu quan tu xung quanb dgng lu", ifnb tit, hoac danh lu", nhung ye'u to chfnh ciia vj ngu*. Chang ban,
T6i se^xong viec ldi nay.
Se la phu tii" bieu tbj sir cam kei ciia ngudi ndi, hg hiia thuc hien mot dieu gi dd trong phal ng6n.
Dac biet Irong cau ghep tieng Viet, phu lii' thudng dugc to chiic thanh lii'ng cap tham gia vao cau true cua cau ghep de chuyen chd nhirng y nghia Unh thai khac nhau. Chdng ban su bieu 16 sac thai nghia khdng dinh trong phat ng6n bang cap lac lu "da-thi":
(26) "Tlie day, cai nghe ddi hien qua hda ngu, d dau chii d dai nay da ngu da nhin thi cluing an cho den khdng cdn ngdc dau len dugc."
(TTNC: 30) Hoac mot cap phu tii khac:
(27) "Thdi gian cang qua mau, hanh phuc cang qua mat, thi liic ay, ngudi ta cung da cang gia ban."
(HC,27)
Cac tac lii "cang - cang" trong cau triic phat ng6n trudc hei la yeu to lien kei cac su kien cd mdi lien quan ve ngu' nghia vdi nhau, va ciing la phuang lien bie'u hien su danh gia ciia ngudi ndi ve miic do lang lien va ngu y so sanh thang do cao hay thap ciia cac su Unh trong cau.
Tdm lai, phuang tien tir vung-ngu phap bieu thi tfnh Unh thai trong lie'ng Viel tdn tai d mgl dien rgng, la mang de tai Idn can liep tuc nghien ciiu d nhieu phuang dien.
2.2.3 Phiions tien neit phap:
Do dac diem ciia loai hinh tieng Viel, viec phan chia cac phuong tien tii vung - ngu phap hay phuong lien ngu phap deu mang tfnh cbai tuang ddi.
Chung loi ddng y vdi y kien ciia Nguyen Van Hiep; "Neii chiing la hieu Unh thai nhu la "lai ca nhiing gi ma ngudi ndi thuc hien cung vdi loan bg ngi dung menh de" thi Irong thuc le, cac ngi dung Unh ihai dugc bieu thi xuyen tham qua nhieu cap do ng6n ngd" khac nhau, tu ngu' dieu, trai tu tir, cac thanh id cau true thugc bac cau, bac uen cau va bac dudi cau..."[97,229j
Sau day la mgl viii phuang tien ngu" phap bie'u bien y nghia Unh thai trong tieng Viel: