VAI TRO CIJA CAC TAC TLTTINH THAI TRONG CAU GHEP TIENG VIET
1. Tac tii tinh thai trong su hinh thanh noi dung y nghia chan thuc hay khong chan thuc cua phat ngon cd dang cau ghep tieng Viet
4.3 Su tac ddng cua cac tac tu ddi vdi viec hinh thanh cac dac diem ngu dung cua cau ghep tieng Viet
4.3.2 Cac tac tii tinh thai cd vai trd tao nen cac lap luan trong cau ghep tieng Viet
To chue hinh ihuc phat ngdn nhu hinh thuc ciia lap luan la mot trong nhung dac diem ciia mot sd cau ghep tieng Viet. Trong dd, cd bg phan phal ngon ddng vai trd la Udn de, cd bg phan la luan cd va cd bg phan giu vai trd kei luan. Cac lac tu Unh thai tham gia vao td chue cau de dinh hudng lap luan cho nhuiig ngudi tham gia boat dgng giao liep.
Lap luan la mgl banh vi ng6n ngu, mot banh dgng lap luan. "Ngudi ndi dua mot hay mgl sd phat ng6n lam luan cu ma cau true ng6n ngu va ngi
dung ciia chiing dua ngudi nghe tdi chudi lien kei ddn tdi mgl kei luan nao dd,"[28,1671
Theo dinh nghia nay, cau tnic cau dieu kien thudng cd binh thiic la lap luan:
(61) "(Chii nghia tu ban la mgl con dia cd mgl cai vdi bam vao giai cap v6 san d chfnh qudc va mgl cai vdi khac bam vao giai cap v6 san d thugc dja.)...Neu ngudi ta chi cat mot vdi lh6i thi cai vdi kia vdn tiep tuc hut mau ciia giai cap v6 san, con val vdn liep tuc sdng va cai vdi bi diit se nigc ra."
(TTHCM 1925,206) Phal ngon tren cd binh thiic lap luan:
P, Q —^ r
(P,Q la cac luan cii, va r la kei luan) Ngudi ndi dua ra hai luan cii:
Luan cu ihu nhai, neu ngudi la chi cdl mgl vdi lli6i
Luan cu thu hai, cai vdi kia vdn liep Iuc but mau ciia giai cap v6 san.
Tu bai luan cd nay, ngudi ndi dua den kei luan: Con vat kia vdn liep tuc sdng...
Cap lac lu "Neu- thi" cd vai ird to cliuc lap luan ciia phat ngon.
Trong boat dgng ndi nang, nhieu cau dieu kien mang tfnh gia dinh hien thuc ciia ngudi ndi:
(62) "Chua giiip tdi, neu khdng tbi chang cd chua."
(TTNHT,135)
Thuc te till chdng cd chua. Ngudi ndi dua ra dieu kien nay de bieu hien mgl su ao udc, mong mudn nao dd. Do vay, ly le ngudi ndi mang tfnh chii quan, khdng cd tfnh chudn muc cho cac ly le trong phal ng6n. Va binh thdc
suy luan ciia ngon ngu'cung kh6ng phai la hinh Ihiic suy luan mang tfnh 16 gfch binh thiic. Nd la suy luan sieu ng6n ngu, bieu hien cac y dd giao liep ciia ngudi ndi.
Neu can cu theo su suy luan lh6ng thudng, thi hai phat ng6n sau nhu mau ihudn nhau:
(63) "Tha rang an nua trai bdng Cdn han an ca chum sung chat le"
(Ca dao) Vci:
(64) "Tha rang an ca chiini sung Cdn han an nua trai bdng dd dang."
(Ca dao)
Ca hai phal ngdn deu cd the chap nhan dugc. Mot ben, ngudi ndi dua tren su danh gia chai lugng de de cao chai lugng . Du sd lugng ft, cbi cd nua frai nhung bdng la mgl loai trai cay ngon. Ngudi ndi tha chgn bdng cdn ban la chgn nhieu sung ("sung chat le")
Ngugc lai, trong phat ng6n (64), ngudi ndi dua tren su danh gia sd lugng de de cao tfnh trgn ven va so hiiu dgc lap trong ham y so sanh hoan canh cu the vdi nhQ'ng van de te nhi khac ciia hien thuc. Chdng ban, ngudi phu nu phai canh lam le trong tha Hd Xuan Huong: "Chein cha cai kiep lay chdng chung" se chgn phat ngon (64) de the hien mong udc ciia minb. Nhu vay, muc do chan thuc ciia phat iig6n kb6ng phu thugc vao chan ly khach quan ma thugc vao cac trang thai danh gia chan thuc hay kh6ng chan thuc ciia ngudi ndi.
Cac lac ui cd vai trd quan trgng Irong viec td chue lap luan dong hudng bay ngugc hudng ciia cac phat ng6n. Chdng ban, cac cap tac tu:
"Neu- thi"; "Gia - thi"; "He- thi"; "Khong nhung- ma lai cdn"...thudng bien dien trong nliQng lap luan ddng hudng. Cac tfnh chai cua nhung luan cii neu ra irong phal ngdn deu phu hgp vdi kei luan.
Ngugc lai, trong cac phal ng6n ma tfnh chai ciia luan cQ mau ihudn vdi tfnh chat ciia kei luan, thi phal ng6n dd mang tfnh ngugc hudng. Chang ban,
Dii A vdn B.
Tha A cdn ban B.
Da A chua B
Trong cac cau true tren vai trd djnh hudng lap luan cua cac tac tu Unh thai hei sue quan trgng. Su hien dien ciia chiing trong cau tnic phu thugc vao ngu" nghia ciia phat ng6n va dung y ciia ngudi ndi, ngugc lai cac lac tu cQng tac dgng trd lai cac dac diem ngu nghia- ngu dung ciia phal ngdn.