VAI TRO CIJA CAC TAC TLTTINH THAI TRONG CAU GHEP TIENG VIET
2. Cuang vi ciia cau ghep tieng Viet
v e cuong vj ngon ngU hgc, bai ky don vj cau nao cung cd nhung dac diem va vai trd ciia mgl hanh dgng ngon tu. Nd la don vi phal ng6n hoan chinh de con ngudi Irao ddi th6ng tin va bay to cac trang thai lam ly, tinh cam khac nhau trong giao tiep. Nhu bai ky loai cau nao khac, cau ghep
tham gia vao co" che boat dgng ciia ngon ngU de ibuc bien cac nhiem vu giao liep khac nhau, de dap ling nhu'ng muc lieu giao liep nao dd ciia con ngudi.
Theo Hocing Trgng Phien, "cau ghep la mot to hgp cac don vi vi ngu hoac cac duang lugng van canh dugc xay dung theo cac sa dd cau triic cii phap nhai djnh de truyen di lb6ng bao nhu don vj giao te'."[76,209J.
Cau ghep la don vi phat ng6n da vj thili, phai cd tii hai dan vi vj tfnh trd len va chung dugc to chiic trong cac mdi lien kei nao dd. Cac dan vj vi ngu tfnh nay mat hdn tfnh cbai dgc lap de lao thanh mgl dan vj cau, ma nd phu thugc vao ca che nglila va cau true ngu phap cua cau ghep.
Mgl trong nhung dac diem hei sii'c quan trgng ciia cau ghep la su bien dien ciia mgl sd lac lii' linb thai. Chung vua la phuong lien id chue lien kei cac hanh vi ngon ngu trong phat ngdn viia la phuang lien de bieu hien y nghia Unh thai. Su cd mat ciia chiing trong cau tao nen mgl gia tri ngu*
nghia- ngu dung va ngu phap cho cau ghep. Chdng ban trong cau triic:
Khong phai A ma la B.
Khi tac tu "khong phai - ma la" tham gia vao 16 chiic nghia cua cau, chiing tao nen hai hanh vi ng6n ngu, mgl hanh vi phu djnh bac bo va mgl hanh vi khang djnh. Hai hanh vi nay tao nen ngu nghia ciia phat ngon.
Phal ng6n cd cau Uiic cau ghep thudng bieu hien su lien kei ciia hai hanh vi ng6n ngu, day la su khac biel giua iiai binh thuc phat ng6n: phat ng6n cd cau Iriic cau don va phat ngon cd cau Iriic cau ghep.
Tuy vay, cau don va cau ghep vdn cd su khac biet nhau vi cbai, cd nhung dac trung rieng ve cau triic, ve ngu nghia- ngU dung. Chdng ban nhu each the hien thai do va nhQng trang thai danh gia ciia ngudi ndi trong hai cau triic cau;
(34) "Toi nhai dinh di."
Va:
(35) "Nhan dugc mgl cai "lenh" nhu the, dau nude lu cd keo ve nhdn chim ca cai thanh phd nay, 161 cung phai di, cbii dicing ndi rdng chi mdi co IQ d ddng bdng s6ng Ciiu Long."
(VNQD 98,45)
Ca hai cau tren deu the hien thai do khdng djnh cua ngudi ndi nhung dugc to chiic thanh hai kieu cau: cau dan va cau ghep. Vdi hinh thiic phat ng6n la cau dan, ta thay each the hien nay ggn, ro, true tie'p, Nhung ddi vdi cau ghep, nghia khdng djnh cua phat ng6n dugc hieu ngdm an bdng nhung tac tu true tiep tham gia vao cau triic cau.
Phat ng6n nao cung xuat phat tii muc tieu ndi cu the. Cai "lenh" trong phat ng6n (35) la mot biic dien bao ddi mg ciia dong dgi, mgl nguai ban chien dau than Ihiei cua tac gia, Trudng hgp nay kh6ng dan gian la mgl cai lenh th6ng thudng ma mang ddy Unh nghia. Chfnh vi vay, ngudi ndi diing cau triic "dau A cung B". "Ddu nude lu cd keo ve nhaii chim ca thanh phd nay..." Xet ve cau triic, vecau nay cd dii dieu kien de 16 chiic thanh mgl cau dan. Hay ndi each khac, nd cd ranb gidi Iriing vdi mot cau dan. Nhung, ve mat chiic nang, nd ciing vdi cac ve cau khac trong cau ghep bieu thi cac sdc thai nghia ciia mgl chinh the cau. "D^u" xuat hien d vi trf ddu cau, chi phdi ngu nghia ciia ve'cau nay. Ngudi ndi ngdm bao: Su kien nude lu chua xay ra, chua phai la mgl su linb thuc huu. Dac biel, su cd mat cua trg tii
"chii" trong ve cau; "chii dung noi rang mdi co lu Ian d dong bang song Cuu Long." nhu mgl su pbii nhan bac bd mgi lid ngai lam thay d6i quyei dinh chuyen di ciia ngudi ndi. Do vay, nghia Unh thai ciia cau ghep titn bieu hien thai do diit khoal ciia ngudi ndi, hg se thuc hien B trong mgi hoan
canh, bai chap mgi dieu kien trong ihuc le. Su lua chgn hinh thiic the hien nay nhu mgl chien luge giao liep, cd tac dgng tfch cue den ngudi nhan th6ng tin.
Nhu vay, mac dii cd nhieu ve cau, cd dung lugng dai ban mgl cau dan nhung cau ghep vdn cd cuang vi ciia mot cau. Chiing cd nhung dac trung ve ngu phap, ngu nghla-ngu dung rieng. Cau ghep kh6ng phai la phep cong cua cac cau don ma ma la tdng the, la tfch cac kei cau trong mdi quan he cii phap ndi tiep, phu ihugc, song song, qua lai,v.v...Cac mdi quan he nay dugc bieu dien bdng cac phuang lien nhu ndi hoac khong ndi, ngu" dieu hoac tii vung ngu' phap.
Qua diing nhu nhan dinh ciia lac gia cudn "Tieng Viel - Sa thao ngu"
phap chu:c nang"(1991): "Cau ghep la mot cau hinh thanh bang each lien ket hai cau trd len thanh mot to hgp chat bang each diing nhiing ket to rieng va riit ngan hoac thu tieu khoang im lang thuang ngan each cac cau do vdri nhau. Trong cac cau dugc ghep lai nhu vay khong CO cau nao mat cuang vj cau, nghia la cau nao cung van la "su the hien ngon ngu hgc ciia hanh dgng nhan djnh dugc thuc hien dugc ngay khi phatran6"..."140,204]