Trudng Dgi hpc Vinh Tgp chi khoa hpc, Tdp 45 Sd IB (2016) tr 61 70 DAY HOC VAN HOC VIET NAM GIAI DO^^N 1945 1975 TRONG CnircfNG TRINH NGlT VAN TRUNG HOC PHO THONG T t r DIEM NHIN H 6 M NAY Ngo Thj Quy[.]
Tgp chi khoa hpc, Tdp 45 Sd IB (2016) tr 61-70 Trudng Dgi hpc Vinh DAY H O C VAN H O C VIET NAM GIAI DO^^N 1945 -1975 T R O N G C n i r c f N G TRINH NGlT VAN TRUNG H O C P H O T H O N G T t r D I E M NHIN H M NAY Ngo Thj Quynh Nga Khoa Su pham Ngii van, Tmdng Dai hpc Vinh Ngay nhan bdi 11/4/2016, ngdy nb^n dang 10/5/2016 Tdm t3t: Tir trudc den phan van hpc Viet Nam giai doan 1945 -1975 luon c6 vi tri, vai ttd rat quan ttpng chucmg trinh sdch gido khoa trung hpc phd thdng Tuy nMen, Men nay, nhieu nguySn nhdn, viec day - hoc phan van hpc dang gap nhieu khd khan, thach thiic Tren ca sd ddnh gia vai ttd, vi tri cua phan van hgc va phdn tich cdc nguyen nhdn dan den nhiing kh6 kh§n qua tnnh day - hpc, bai viet dua mot sd de xuat nham ndng cao chat lugng day - hpc phan van hoc Viet Nam gjai doan 1945 -1975, dap ung yeu cau ddi mdi can ban, toan dien giao due Dat van de Trong chuong trinh Ngu van trang hpc phd thdng (THPT) cac thdi ki, phan van hoc Vi8t Nam giai doan 1945 - 1975 ludn cMlm sd lupng Idn vd gift vi trf quan trpng Nhung Men nay, viec day - hpc phdn van hpc dang gap nhieu khd khdn, thdeh thiic Dd vua la nhiing khd khdn chung cua bd mdn Ngu van ttong nhd tmdng, viia Id nhimg khd khdn ridng dgc thii cua loai hinh van hgc giai dogn quy dinh D8 vugt qua nhimg khd khan, dap ling yeu can mdi cua thdi dgi, vide dgy - hgc phan vdn hpc Viet Nam 1945 - 1975 cdn phai cd su ddi mdi quylt li^t Tuy nM8n, de cd dugc nhftng dinh hudng dung ddn ttong qua trinh ddi mdi dd, chung ta cdn cd su nhin nhan, ddnh gid Igi mdt cdch toan dien mgi vdn dl lidn quan Nh^n thiic I^i vai trd, vi tri, y nghia cua ph^n van hoc Viet Nam giai doan 1945 - 1975 chirong trinh THPT Van hgc Viet Nam giai doan 1945 1975 ddi, tdn tai va phdt trien ttong hodn canh dac biet Trong sudt ba muoi Email: ngothiquynhnga@gmai].c nam, nhdn ddn ta dd phai thyc Men hai cudc khdng chien chdng Phdp vd chdng My gidi phdng dan tdc vd cimg cam go, khdc li8t Td sau Hiep dinh Geneve (1954), dat nude chiu cdnb cMa cat lam hai miln, vdn hoc ciing Mnh todnb hai bd phan: van hgc mien Bdc va van hgc nuen Nam Vdn hgc mien Bdc khd thudn nhat, tham nhudn quan dilm van hda, van nghe ciia Dang Cong sdn, toudng dugc ggi mdt cdch tuang ddi hpp ly Id van hpc each mang Van hpc mi8n Nam gdm iiM8u bd phdn phiic tap, ttong bd phan co anh hudng idn Id vdn hpc dd thi Bd phan van hgc ndy cho den hdm van chua dugc nhin n h ^ vd ddnh gia mdt cdch toan dien vd hdu nhu vdng mat ttong chuong tnnh (CT) vd sdch giao khoa (SGK) Ngu van Nhu vdy, ndi tdi vdn hgc 1945 - 1975 CT vd SGK Ngft van toyc chdt la ndi tdi sdng tdc ciia nhung nha van cdch mang vdn tdn vd quan tiiet dudng ldi vdn nghe cua Dang Cdng sdn (trayen ngdn eua Son Nam, tiiy bdt cua Vu Bdng thugc bd phdn van hpc thi mi8n Nam dugc dua vdo chuong trinh, khdng chi vi la nhiing tdc pham xudt sdc, cdn cd ly tdc gid dugc xem Id ngudi cua cdch mgng) N T Q Nga/Dgy hpc vdn hpc Viet Nam giai dogn 1945-1975 chuong trtnh ngitvdn Cac tdc pham vdn hgc Viet Nam giai dogn 1945 -1975 da dugc dua vao CT vd SGK rdt sdm Tir nam 1961, CT gidng van phd thdng cap II va cap III da bat ddu chii y lya chgn nhimg tdc pham ca nggi Td qudc, ngudi Viet Nam, ca nggi tinh than cMen dau cua nhan ddn cac Idn chinh ly CT va SGK Idn thii nhdt (1965 - 1977), Idn thir hai (1977 - 1988), CT cung deu uu tidn hang dau cbo vi^c gidng dgy cac tac pham van hgc each mang tii 1945 Tu nam 1989 den nay, mgc du, CT Vdn hgc (sau ddi tiianh CT Ngft vdn) THPT dd cd nMeu toay ddi so vdi trade, nhung cdc tac phdm van hpc Viet Nam giai dogn 1945 1975 vdn chilm sd lugng Idn NMn lai lich sii gidng day phdn vdn hpc Viet Nam giai doan 1945 - 1975, chiing tdi nhdn thdy, tmdc nam 1989, phdn vdn hpc bet siic dugc de cao Cd nhftng tac pham mdi ddi (Bdt khudt ~ Nguyen Diic Thugn, Ngudi me cam sung - Nguyen Thi ), chua dugc tham dinh kT ve gia tri nghe toudt va gid tti toam my, nhung lai dugc ddnh gid cao ve mat chinb tti cung dugc dua vdo CT Qua cdc Idn cdi cdch, cbinh ly (cac nam 1989, 2000, 2006), theo khao sdt cua chiing tdi, phdn van hpc Vi8t Nam 1945 -1975 vdn cbilm sd lugng ddng kl CT SGK, nhung it bon va tinh chdt tdc pham cung khdc tmdc NhflTig tac pbdm nang ngi dung tuy8n traySn nhu Bdng cdy ka - nia (Ngpc Arih), Sdng nhu Anh (Trdn Dinh Van), Bdt khudt (Nguyen Dice Thudn), Ngudi me cdm sting (Nguyen TM), Ddng dung Viet Nam (Le Anh Xudn), Hdn Ddt (Anh Diic) khdng cdn dugc dua vao CT, toay vdo Id cac tdc pham cd gid tri ngb? thuat nhu: Tdy Tiin (Quang Dung), Ngudi ldi Sdng Dd (Nguyin Tudn), Ddt Nude (tiichttxrdng ca Mgt dudng khdt vgng • Nguyin Khoa Dilm), Rung xd nu (Nguyen Trang Thanh) Ddc Met, ngoai 62 dl tdi cMln tranh each mgng, chucmg tnnh dua vdo ca nhung tdc phdm toude cdc d8 tdi khac nhu: Sdng (Xudn (Juynh), Bdt sdu rimg U Minh Hg (Son Nam) Sy thay ddi ndy cho thdy CT SGK nhung ndm gdn ddy dang nham hudng tdi muc ti8u bdi dudng ndng luc thdm my, ren luyen nang luc cdm tiiu van hpc cho hgc sinh Tuy nMen, sy di8u chinb ndy vdn chua tao su ddt pbd touc sy Tac phdm dugc uu tidn lya chpn dua vao CT SGK chu yeu vdn thupc d8 tdi cMen tranh each mgng Cdc mdng sdng tac khdc, dgc biet la sdng tdc ciia cdc nhd van toude cac viing dd thi mi8n Nam nhu Binh Nguyen Lpc, Phi Vdn, Trang Thi Hy, Vfl Bdng., rdt it di (CT SGK co bdn nam 2006 cbi co 2/15 tdc pham gdm cd phan chinh khda vd dpc them tbudc cac mang de tai khac) Dieu cho thay, phan van hpc Viet Nam 1945 - 1975 dugc dua vdo CT SGK Men hanh chua thuc su bao qudt, chua the gilip hgc sinh cd dugc hi8u bilt ddy dii vl tfnh chat phong phii, da dang vd hit site phuc tgp cua vdn hgc nude nhd mdt giai dogn lich su ddc biet Xet ve mgt muc tieu dgy hpc, tac pbdm dua vdo CT dugc lua chgn phgm vi hep nen da lam ban che kha nang cam toy van hgc ciia hpc sinh cac em chi dugc tiep xiic vdi nhung Men tugng van hpc, de tdi quen thudc Day hpc van hpc Vi8t Nam giai do^n 1945 - 1975 chuwng trinh THPT hien trirdc ySu cdu d§i moi Ngay nay, sy bien ddi nhanh chdng cua xa hdi Men dgi cung vdi su phdt ttien cua khoa hpc giao dye vd nhiing tuu ttong khoa hpc ngMen cihi vdn hpc da co tac dpng Idn tdi boat ddng dgy hpc van ndi chung va day hpc phdn vdn hgc Viet Nam 1945 - 1975 ndi ri8ng Trade nhung ddi mdi quan diem dgy hpc, quan diem ngMdn ciiu vdn hpc, ddc biet la Trudng Dgi hpc Vinh nhftng thach thuc, khd khan ttong qua trinh dgy - hpc van hpc hi8n nay, viec ddi mdi dgy - hpc phdn vdn hpc Viet Nam 1945 -1975 Id hit sue cdn tiiilt 3.1 Trade bet, viec ddi mdi dgy hgc phdn van hgc Viet Nam 1945 - 1975 la cdn thilt, phd hgp vdi ydu cdu cua quan diem dgy hgc hien dgi Quan di8m dgy hpc tmy8n todng dd tdn tai sudt mdt todi gian dai Kilu day hpc de cao vai ttd cua ngudi giao vi8n, xem giao vien la tmng tam Giao vidn nam "kho Id8n touc" sdng vd ttd thdnh ngudi ban phat kien thiic Hogt ddng chu yeu cua giao vien ttong cac gid dgy Id thuyet trinh, dien gidng cho hpc sinh nghe, ghi chep; hpc ttd xem ldi gidng cua gido vi8n Id chdn ly, chi viec nghe, ghi nhd, cam nhgn, suy ngM toeo Tbyc hien each dgy - hpc nay, hpc trd it cd co hdi dugc tham gia vao bai hpc, dugc trinh bdy y kiln, quan diem rieng, ddn den viec tiep nhan kien thiic mdt cdch thu ddng Ngdy nay, su ngMep cdng ngMep hda, hien dgi hda ddt nude cung vdi xu th8 todn cdu hda dang ddi hdi gido dye phdi dao tgo nhung ngudi mdi nang ddng, phat trien todn dien, cd khd nang thfch ung linh hogt vdi hodn canh xa hdi mdi Quan dilm dgy hgc trayen todng khdng cdn phii hgp vdi yen cdu eua xa hdi hien dai Dgy hgc mdn Ngft vdn ndi chung, phdn vdn hpc Viet Nam 1945 1975 ndi ri8ng ttong bdi canh mdi can phdi thay doi theo hudng tich cue, tiie Id quan tdm din vai trd cua hpc sinh, phdt huy tfnh tfch eye, chu ddng, sang tao ciia ngudi hpc Hpc sinh ttd thdnh chu the, tiling tam cua hogt ddng day - hpc; gido vidn hudng ddn, ggi y, td chiic, tMet ke, khoi ggi cho hgc sinh cdch tiJ tim hieu, khdm pha nhftng tri thiic mdi, nham phdt huy kha nang dgc lap suy nghT eua ngudi hgc Quan dilm day - hgc tfch eye da p chikhoa hoc, Tdp 45, Sd IB (2016), tr 61-70 dugc dgt to nhung nam 1960, nhung gan ddy mdi thyc sy dugc quan tam va cd anh hudng sdu rpng d Viet Nam Nghi quylt Hdi nghi Idn tou tdm Ban Chdp hdnh Trang uang khda XI (Nghi quylt sd 29-NQ/TW) ngdy todng 11 ndm 2013 v8 ddi mdi can ban, toan dien giao due vd ddo tao da neu ro nMem vu ciia giao dye Viet Nam ttong bdi CMih Men la: 'Tiep tuc ddi mdi manh me phuong phap day va hpc theo hudng Men dgi; phat huy tfnh tfch cue, chu ddng, sdng tgo va van dung kiln touc, ky ndng cua ngudi hpc; khdc phuc ldi trayen toy dp ddt mdt cMeu, gM nhd mdy mdc Tap trang dgy each hpc, cdch nghT, khuyin kMch ty hgc, tao ca sd dl ngudi hpc ty cdp nhdt va ddi mdi tri thiic, ky ndng, phdt triin nang lye" Tbuc ra, phuong phap day hpc tmyen tbdng, ttong mdt sd thdi diem cy toe, chdng ban thdi ki chien ttanh, dd to8 hi8n dugc mat tfch cue cua no Do hodn cdnb ddt nude cd cMen ttanh, myc tidu day hgc mdn Van dugc xdc dinh Id hudng tdi gido due to tudng cMnh tri eho hgc sinh Trade y8u cau cua nMem vu cMnh tri, ngudi gido vien dgy van ciing to nMdn "ITnh" vai ttd kep: giao vien - nhd tuydn trayln Hodn todnh tdt dugc nMem vu ndy, gido vidn se phai chudn bi bdi gidng/ bai thuylt trinh toat cdng phu nhdm thuyet phyc hgc sinh nghe theo, tin theo, lam theo Ve pM'a hgc sinh, sdng ttong tbdi budi day bien dpng nhu the, hg mudn tim mdt eho dua niem tin, mdt mau hinh IJ? todng dl hpc tap Bdi thi, hp dl ddng tin vdo ldi gidng ciia giao vien md ft cd su bdn khoan va nbu cdu ttanh bien Do tdn tgi mdt tbdi gian ddi, cdch day, each hgc ndy da ttd thdnh thdi quen khd thay ddi cua nhieu gido vidn Tuy nhien, ngdy nay, quan diem sdng, ly tudng tham my, nhdn thirc ciia hpc sinh da khac xa vdi thi he dugc sinh ra, Idn Idn ttong chi8n tiianh Bdi vay, cdch dgy hpc 63 A' T Q Nga/Dgy hpc vdn hpc Viit Nam giai dogn 1945-1975 chuong trinh ngirvi phdn van hoc Viet Nam 1945 - 1975 theo kilu dp ddt kiln thiic, nggi ca hogc ph8 phdn mdt ehi8u se khd cd the thuyet phyc dugc hgc sinh Cd nhieu tac pham, quan dilm ddnh gid trade ddy va ngdy rdt khac Chang ban, quan niem ve "cdi bi"trong bdi tba Tdy Tien cua Quang Diing, trade ddy, nhilu ngudi cho rang bdi tho mang mdu sdc bi quan, bi My vi ndi nMeu din cdi ch8t: "Rdi rdc biin cuong, md viin xi^\ "'Ao bdo thay chiiu, anh vi ddf Nhung ngdy nay, ttong van hgc, viec ndi din cai chet ttong cMdn ttanh lai la di8u binh thudng Cdch ndi dy khdng gay cho ngudi dgc cdm gidc bi quan ma chi cang lam rd hon tfnh chdt khdc liet ciia chien ttanh vd td dgm todm phdm chat anh himg cua ngudi linh Trong tinh hudng ndy, gido vi8n khdng dflng uy quyIn cua minh de budc bgc sinh phdi MIU theo mdt hudng dd dugc dinh sdn md sdn sdng chdp nhdn nhiing y kien khac nhau, thdm chi trdi chilu cua bgc sinh Cd thi thdy CT SGK hien hdnh rdt chii y den viec phat huy ti'nh tfch cue, chu dgng, sang tgo ciia hpc sinh Cdc cdu bdi phdn Hudng ddn hgc bdi ttong CT Vdn hpc (Sach chinh li hop nhat ndm 2(H)0) chii yeu hudng ddn hpc sinh tim bieu binh togng nhan vat va mdt sd ddc diem nghe thuat cua tac phdm toeo dinh hudng cua giao vi8n Pbdn Hudng ddn hgc bdi ttong CT Ngft vdn (CT SGK tich hgp ndm 2006) Igi thudng dua nhiing cau hdi md, ddi hdi hgc sinh tbdng qua qua trinh dpc hieu ty cam nhdn, ly giai vdn dl theo each ri8ng cua minh Chdng hgn, cau hdi phdn Hudng ddn hgc bdi Sdng (Xudn Quynh): "Anh (chi) cd nhdn x^t gi vl am dieu, nhip dieu ciia bdi tho? Am dieu, nhip dieu dd dugc tgo n8n bdi nhung y8u tl ndo?" (SGK Ngir vdn, ldp 12, tap 1); bai Vg chdng A Phu (Td Hoai): "An Mgng Ciia anh (chi) vl tfnh each nhan vgt A Phu (qua hdnh ddng danh vdi A Sii, Mc bi xir kien vd kM ve 1dm ddu g^t no nhd todng If Pa Tra) But phdp cua nhd vdn kM mi8u Ed nhdn vat Mi vd nhdn vat A Phu cd gi khac nhau?" (SGK Ngit vdn, ldp 12, tap 2) Vdi dang cau hdi ndy, hpc sinh se phdi dpc kT tdc pham, ty suy nghT dl tim can ti^ ldi Gido vi8n se dong vai trd td chiic, cd vdn, khuyen kMch cdc em hoc Id y kien ridng, kfch tMch tinh todn ddi thogi d hoe sinh va djnb hudng dl hpc sinh khdng di xa, lac vdn de Chi dugc trinh bay quan di8m rieng cua minh vd cdm thay dieu minh suy nghT dugc quan tdm, tdn ttgng hgc sinh mdi c6 hiing thu hpc 3.2 Tic gifta nhiing ndm 80 ttd vS trade, nghien ciiu van hgc Viet Nam giai doan 1945 - 1975 chiu anh hudng sdu sac cua phuong phdp ngMen ciiu van hpc mac-xit Li luan phe binh van bgc giai dogn dugc ggi la "If Man phe binh xa hdi cM'nh tri", quan tdm chu yeu den van de phan anh Men thuc cMnh tri, chiic ndng giao due to tudng cMnh tri, ti'nh nhdn dan, ti'nh giai cap, tfnh ddng cpng sdn, ti'nh chi8n ddu, tinh dien Mnh Quan diem ngMen ciiu ndy da dnh hudng rdt Idn d8n viec day hpc vdn hgc ttong nhd tmdng Giao vidn thudng hudng ddn hpc sinh phan tich tac phdm tten phuong dien ehfnb tri xa hdi Hpc sinh tung budc dupe tim Meu cdc kMa cgnh chu de cua tdc pham nhu: y nghTa hien tiiuc, pham chdt tdt dpp cua nhan dan lao ddng, tdi dc tdn bao cua k^ thu, long yen nude, tinh th^ ddu ttanh anh diing cua nhdn ddn ta Cdch tiep can tac pham kieu ndy dd Mnh thdnh d hgc sinh hudng cdm nhdn, p h ^ ti'ch van ban vdn hpc khdng khdc ^ mpt van bdn chfnh tri, dan den vi8c quy tat cd cac tdc phim van hpc vdo phdm chdt chinh tri, ddnh gia tM8n lech, toam chi cue doan edc Mpn togng van hpc Khdng chi thi, each dgy hpc cung khdng Trudng Dgi hpc Vinh giup hpc sinh khdm phd bdt dugc nhftng ve dep, gid tri tham my ciia van chuong, khdng dugc hudng thy nhimg tdc ddng ti'ch cue chuc nang ddc thd eua van hoc mang Igi Sau ndm 1986, ddc biet Id tii ddu thi ki XXI, dnh hudng ciia ly Man phe binh phucmg Tay da dua nganh nghien cihi van hpc Viet Nam budc vao giai doan mdi Cdc ly thuyet: ky hieu hpc, thi phdp hpc, vdn hpc so sdnh, phdn tdm hpc, chu nghTa cdu tnic, my hpc tilp nhdn, my hpc Mdn togng hpc, giai thfch hpc, tir sy bgc, diin ngdn van bgc dugc ling dyng rdng rdi gilip cac nha nghien ciiu c6 co sd khai thac, danh gia cac hien togng van hgc todn di8n, khach quan, thda ddng ban, dgc bi8t Id ddi vdi nhimg tdc phdm dugc coi la "cd vdn dl" ttong giai doan Oudc Trong sy ddi mdi chung ciia nghi8n ciiu van hpc Viet Nam, tinh Mnh nghi8n cira vdn hpc Viet Nam giai dogn 1945 - 1975 ciing cd su ddi mdi, khoa bgc, hien dgi ban Dieu dd ddt ydu cau day hgc pbdn vdn hpc Viet Nam giai doan 1945 -1975 CT THPT cung cdn phdi thay ddi ca ve each thiic va ngi dung dgy hgc Theo ddi SGK hi CT cai each gido dye din chting tdi thdy ndi dung dgy hgc da cd su chuy8n biln tfch cue, cd the thay ro ttong he thdng cdu hdi phdn Hudng ddn hgc bdi Tmdc day, SGK thudng dua cac can hdi nhdm ddn ddt hgc sinh den viec khai qudt cdc chii d8 ca ban cua tdc phdm da dugc djnh hudng tiirdc Gdn ddy, he thdng cdu hdi ttong SGK cang gan vdi muc dfch giiip hgc sinh khdm pha nhung gia tri ban chdt eua vdn hgc, ydu cau ngudi hgc van dyng cdc kidn thuc If Man van hgc, lich su van hgc de tim hi8u Chdng hgn, cdu hdi phdn Hudng ddn hgc bdi Ddt Nude (Trich tiirdng ca Mat dudng khdt vgng - Nguyin Khoa Dilm): "Phdn sau cua doan trich (tii "Nhimg ngudi vg nhd chdng" din hit) tac gid tap trang Idm Tgp chikhoa hgc Tap 45, Sd IB (2016) tr 61-70 ndi bat to todng: "Ddt Nuac cua Nhan ddn" Tu todng dy da dua den nhung phat Men sau vd mdi cua tac gia ve dia If, lich su, van hda cua ddt nude ta nhu the ndo? Vi cd toe ndi to todng ay ndi bat dogn trfch ndy vd nMeu bdi too todi chdng MT?" (SGK Nga vdn 12, tap 1) ddi hdi hpc sinh phdi vua cd Meu bilt vl phong each too Nguyin Khoa Di8m, ddng thdi phai cd kien thiic vl too thdi ki chdng MT mdi cd the ly giai dugc Phan Hudng ddn hgc bdi trayen ngdn Vg chdng A Phu cua Td Hodi (SGK Ngir vdn 12, tdp 2) lai hudng ddn hpc sinh phdn tfch tdm ttang, tfnh each nhan vat (Mi, A Phii), qua nit nhan xet khai quat ve ddc sdc ttong biit phap mien td nhdn vat, di8m ddc ddo phong cdch cua Td Hoai vilt vl d8 tdi miln nui Kieu cau hdi gilip hpc sinh khdm pha nhiing diem mdi me, ddc dao, sdu sac ciia tac phdm, xda dugc cdm gidc nhdm chdn ttong cac gid hgc Nhu vdy, van dung nhiing qud cua ngM8n ciiu van hgc cd the giiip gido vien thyc Men bai gidng mdt cdch khoa hpc, bam sdt muc ti8u bai hpc, khdng sa vdo ke ll, binh tan tac pham; hgc sinh cd dugc nhiing Meu biet sdu rdng ve tdc pham, cam nhdn dugc nhftng gid tri cao dep cua van chuong, to cd toii hpc tap ban 3.3 Phdn van hpc Viet Nam giai dogn 1945 -1975 ludn cd vai ttd, vi m' rat quan ttpng ttong CT va SGK THPT Tac phdm vdn hgc giai dogn dugc lua chpn, dua vdo CT vdi sd lugng Idn vd toudng dugc gidng day d ldp cudi cdp (ldp 10 - he 10 nam, ldp 12 - he 12 nam), gan vdi ngi dung thi tdt ngMep va tiii dai hgc Tuy nhien Men nay, viec dgy hgc phan van hgc Igi dang gap nhieu khd khan, hgc sinh ft hiing thii, thdm chi tod a, chdn ngdn ti8p can cac tac pham ddi todi ki cMin ttanh.Thyc ttgng ndy, theo chung tdi la cac nguyen nhan sau; 65 N T Q Nga / Dgy hoc vdn hpc Viit Nam giai dogn 1945-1975 chucmg trinh nguvdn Thii nhdt Id su thay ddi ttong bdi canh lich su, xd hdi, van hda Sau ndm 1975, ddc bi8t Id sau Dai hdi Ian thii VI ciia Ddng, Idn gid ddi mdi va co che thi tradng dd tgo n8n su chuyen bien mgnh mg, tfch eye ttdn tdt cd cdc phuong di8n ddi sdng: kinh tl, cMnh tri, van hda, xd hdi Tuy nhidn, b8n canh nhiing tyu to Idn da dat dugc, nIn kinh te thi tradng cung bdc Id nhung mat ttdi cua no Con Ide kinh tl thi tradng da cudn hut khdng ft ngudi lao vdo nhiing cdng cupc 1dm dn, bon chen khien hp kbdng cdn himg toii quan tam den nhiing chuyen dd xay ttong qud khu Th8m nfta, ca ehl md cira da tao co hdi eho mgi ngudi ddn dugc tilp xuc vdi nIn vdn minh bien dai phuong Tdy vd cdc nude Au MT, nhung Ian sdng vdn hda mdi cung lam cho mdt bd phgn, dac biet Id the h? tie chay dua theo ldi sdng mdi, mau than togng mdi, ttd nen xa Ig vdi mau ngudi anh ttong chi6n tranh Anh hudng cua vdn hda nude ngodi cdn kMen ldp tte ngdy quan tam den nhgc ngogi, thdi trang, pMm anh ngogi han la nhiing cdu chuyen cua cha dng mdt thdi Ngodi ra, sy phat trien cita cac dich vy Intemet vd cdng nghe sd: phim dnh, ttd choi onUne, youtube, facebook, blog dang tou hiit sy quan tdm ciia hgc sinh, lam cho cac em khdng cdn mdn ma vdi nhung chuyen k8 vl cMin ttanh va cac tdc pham van hgc vilt ve cMen ttanh Thii hai, sy thay ddi tdm ly tilp nhdn cua cd giao vidn vd hpc sinh Giao vien va hgc sinh viia Id nhung chii to8 cua hogt ddng day hgc, nhung ddng thdi cflng Id ddc gid cua van hgc Viet Nam giai doan 1945 - 1975, Bdu sinh quyIn cua tbdi dai mdi sau 1975 dd tgo su thay ddi ttong nhan thiic va quan mem cua ngudi ve th8 gidi, nhan sinh, thdm my vd edc he gid tri da cd Mpt mdu "thuc don tinh than" mdi xuat M8n nham ddp ling nhu cdu, thi Meu mdi cua ngudi dpc hdm 66 Hi8n nay, d cdc tradng THPT, hpc sinh deu toude tol he cudi 9x; ca gido vi8n day hpc mdn Van hpc cung co mpt bg phdn khdng nhd dugc sinh sau ndm 1975 (thdm cM cdn cd ca nhung gido vidn dugc sinh d nhftng nam ddu 90), cudc cMen ttanh da ket thlie Ddi vdi bp, cudc cMen tranh ciia cha dng gdn nhu hodn toan xa Ig Hp chi bilt ve cMin ttanh tbdng qua phim anh, sdch bdo, nhung cdu chuyen ngudi 16n k8 lai Cudc sdng, suy nghi ciia ngudi mdt thdi ttd nen v6 cflng Ig lam ddi vdi hp Bdi vdy, tiep can cac tac phdm van hgc viet ve cMen ttanh, hg khdng cd dugc sy xiic d^ng mgnh me nhu nhung ngudi cupc Khoang each thdi gian, sy thay ddi ttong tam If tiep nhgn da gdy nhieu khd khan cho cd giao vien vd hgc sinh ttong qua Qinh dgy - hgc Giao vidn khd cd dugc sy ddng cdm de trayen dat den hgc sinh cdm xuc tryc tiep ve cupc sdng vd ngudi ttong chien tranh; hpc sinh khdng cd ducrc sy Meu biet day du d^ cdm nhdn vd Meu sdu sac vl tac phdm Gid dgy - hgc bing ttd mdt dp luc eua cd gido vien vd hpc sinh, gdy tdm li dgy, hpc cho qua, cho cd, khdng cd bieu qua Day la mgt nguyen nhan kMen Idp ddc gid Ignh nhgt vdi cac tdc phdm vi8t vl dl tdi cMen ttanh, hd hdi tim dge nhftng tdc phdm viet ve cdc vdn de gan gui ban vdi cudc song hien tgi ciia hg nhu hdn nhan, tinh y8u, ddng tinh Hgc suih THPT Id ddi togng nhanh nhgy ttong viec tiep can vdi cdi mdi Ngdy nay, ca ch8 md cira da md cho hp CO hgi dugc tiep can nhftng chdn ttdi tri thlie rdng Idn eua nhan loai Vi vdy, hiSu bilt cua hg vl cac ITnh vuc ddi sdng cung da dgng, phong phii hon Ddi vdi van hpc, hpc sinh khdng chi dugc tilp can cdc tac phdm vdn hgc ttong nude (toyc chdt Id bp pban vdn hpc cdch mgng) vd cua mdt so nude ttong phe xa hdi chu nghTa nhu Trudng Dgi hpc Vinh trade ddy ma cdn cd dieu kien dugc dpc tdt ca cdc tac pham vdn hpc cd kim, ddng tdy thupc bdt cu khuynh hudng, tmdng phai nao Dac biet, nhftng ndm gdn day, tieu thuyet ngdn tinh Trung Qudc Ian ttdn ttSn thj tiirdng sach Viet Nam, cd siic bdp ddn Idn ddi vdi hgc sinh bdi phfl hgp vdi tdm iy tiep nhan ciia bgn dgc todi mdi Idn Dieu cM phdi Idn d8n mdi quan tdm cua hgc sinh doi vdi van hpc nude ndi chung vd van hgc giai doan 1945 1975 ndi ri8ng Ngodi ra, ea chi md ciia cung tao dieu kien thudn Igi eho vi8c gidi tM^u, phd Men cac cdng trinh ly thuyet vdn hgc ttong nude vd thi gidi, tirang bi eho nhiing ngudi say m8 vdn hgc vdn kien thiic ly luan can thiet de cd the dpc diing, hieu diing tdc phdm Hieu biet van hgc ctia hpc sinh ngdy cdng dugc md rdng, ttong kM nhimg tdc phdm van hpc giai doan 1945 - 1975 vdn da cd nMeu han chi ca tten phuong didn ndi dung to todng vd nghd toudt, nM8u gido vien lai chi giang nhiing ndi dung cfl, mdn khien hpc sinh khdng thda man, ddn d8n tdm If tiid a, chan hgc Id dilu tdt y8u Them nua Men tdc ddng ciia viec tW eii eung dnh hudng khdng nhd den tdm If ciia hpc sinh vd giao vidn kM dgy - hgc phdn vdn hgc Viet Nam giai doan 1945 1975 Theo phan phdi CT ciia Bp Giao dye vd Dao tao, phan van hpc ndy thupc CT SGK ldp 12 Ddy Id ndm hpc cudi cdp THPT eua hpc sinh vd nhung tdc pham van hgc giai dogn ndy dugc lua chpn dua vdo SGK deu ndm ttong ndi dung tM tdt nghiep vd tM dai hpc Dieu ndy tao ap luc rdt Idn ddi vdi hpc sinh ttong hpc t§p VI ID Idng eho viec tbi cu n8n phan ddng hgc sinh din Idp da ed gdng ghi chdp Igi ldi giang ciia ed, thdy 1dm to lieu on thi Gido vien, ciing sg anh hudng din ket qua bai tW ciia hpc sinh ndn ed gdng day kT, dgc cho hgc sinh ghi nhimg ndi dung Tgp chikhoa hoc, Tgp 45, So IB (2016), tr 61-70 md cd, thdy nghi c6 kha nang dl thi, khdng cd thi gid neu van d8 eho hgc sinh ttao doi, thao Man CMnh tam ly ndy da tao thdi quen thu dpng ttong day - hgc Day - hoc chi dl phuc vy tiii cir n8n khdng can phdi ddi mdi each tiiiic Mot so biln phap nang cao ch^t lirffng day hoc van hpc Vi^t Nam giai doan 1945 - 1975 chuong trinh THPT Viec ddi mdi day hpc phan vdn hgc Vi8t Nam giai dogn 1945 -1975 la mdt tdt yeu va phan Idn gido vidn dIu y thiic dugc dieu Tuy nMen, van de ddi mdi nhu toe ndo tM nMlu giao vien vdn dang lung tiing, chua tim hudng di De gdp phdn ndng cao chdt lugng dgy hgc mdn Ngft vdn ndi chung, phdn vdn hpc Viet Nam giai doan 1945 - 1975 noi rieng, chiing tdi d8 xudt mpt sd hien phdp sau Mdt la, tao tam the thoai mai cho hpc sinh kM tilp nhgn Nhu dd phdn tfch d tr8n, cd nMeu yeu td anh hudng den tam If cua hpc sinh, kM8n cdc em khd khdn, khdng hiing thii tilp nhan cdc tdc pbdm vdn hpc Viet Nam giai dogn 1945 1975tix>ngCT THPT Thyc tl dd chiing minh, ngdy nay, cdch day hpc thuyet gidng, trayen thy mdt cMeu da khdng cdn phfl hgp De tgo hiing thu, khuy8n kbfch sy chu dpng cua hgc sinh, gido vidn phai Id ngudi bilt each thilt ke, td chiic boat dpng dgy - hpc linh boat nhdm tao khdng khf thodi mdi cho ngudi hpc Khodng each thdi gian da gay ttd nggi cho ngudi hpc viec cam thy edc tdc phdm vdn hpc ddi thdi ki chien tranh NMem vu cua giao vien Id cd gang nit ngdn khoang each bdng cdch ggi lai khdng kM cua thdi ki lich sir thdng qua cdc hogt ddng ngogi khda nhu: td chiic eho hgc sinh xem pMm, phdng sy ve thdi ki cM8n ttanh; td chiic cac hogt ddng 67 N T Q Nga /Dgy hoc vdn hoc Viet Nam giai dogn 1945-1975 chucmg trinh ngU van vdn nghe (hat, mfla, ngdm too chu de ve cudc cMen ttanh cdch mgng) Vdi each tiiiic ndy, bgc sinh se dugc sdng lai khdng kM cua thdi ki khang cMen, d8 tao su ddng cam, rang dpng mdt each to nM8n kM dpc cac tac phdm van hpc todi ki ndy Trong cac gid dgy hgc chfnh khda, giao vien can tang cudng cho hgc sinh dgc tac pham bdi chi cd true tidp dge hgc sinh mdi cd dugc sy cam nhdn, Idy tray6n cdm xuc mgt each to nhien Tuy nM8n, hogt dgng dgc Igi rdt ft dugc cdc thdy, cd chfl y, n8u cd cflng cbi Id dgc eho cd n8n khdng Meu qud Mdt dilu quan ttpng Id hpc sinh chi cd thi cdm thdy tboai mdi, hiing toll hpc cdc em dugc trinh bdy each hieu ri8ng eua rmnh Vay n8n, cac gid hpc, giao vien cdn ddng vi8n, khuyen kMch cdc em trtnh bay y kien ca nhdn, khdng dp d|t kien thuc ^dy uc che cho ngudi hpc D8 Idm dugc dieu nay, cdc thdy cd gido cdn tii bd quan di8m cu cho rdng tdc pbdm vdn hgc Viet Nam giai doan 1945 -1975 thuan toy phyc vu chfnh ttj n8n chi cd mdt cdch MIU, mdt each dgy nhdt Hai la, day hpc tdc pham tiieo ddc diem tM phdp thi logi, d^c tiling logi hinh van hgc sii tM Hien nay, dgy hpc tdc pham theo ddc trung thi logi da ttd todnh mdt quan nigm chi phdi todn bd qua trinh bi8n soan SGK va day hgc tdc pham van hgc d tindng THPT Mdi tdc phdm vdn hpc bao gid cung tdn tgi ttong mdt dgng tinic, mdt thi logi nhdt dinh Ndm dugc dac tiimg toe logi hpc sinh cd the khdm phd mpt cdch Meu qud gid tri, y nghTa ciia tdc pham KM hgc sinh dd ndm dugc d§c tiimg to8 logi, gido vi8n chi cdn hudng dan kT mgt vdi tdc phdm, sau dd hgc sinh cd the van dung kien thiic da bilt dl tu tim hiiu cdc tac pbdm khdc Trong CT SGK tfch hgp 2006, sd lugng tdc phdm van hgc Viet Nam giai dogn 1945 - 1975 dugc tuyIn chpn toong 68 ddi cdn bang ve mat to8 loai (CT co ban gdm tdc phdm vdn xudi, tdc pham tho; CT nang cao gdm tdc phdm van xudi, tdc phdm tiio) KM day hpc tho ca each mang giai dogn 1945 - 1975 gido vien can phdn tfch cbo hgc sinh tody ddc dilm Mnh togng cdi tdi trft tinh ttong tba giai doan ndy Id cdi toi sii tM, cdi tdi cdng dong va tinh cam, cam xuc ttong too la nhftng rang dgng trudc cac van de cMnh tti Dac diem cM phdi todn hg cac phucmg dien khdc ttong bai tho tii ndi dung teft tinh den cdch xay dung binh anh, ngdn td Hi8u dugc dieu nay, hgc sinh se thdy co su toon^ ddng kM tim Meu cdc tdc phdm: Tdy Tien (Quang Dflng), Viet Bdc (T6 Hftu), Ddt Nude (trich Mat dudng khdt vgng - Nguyen Khoa Diem), Ddt nude (Nguyen Dinh TM), Dgn vi Idng (Ndng Qudc Chan), Tiing hdt tdu (Che Lan Vien), Bdc oi (Td Hftu) Cdc tac phdm deu the hien cam xuc, tinh cam chung la tinh cdm touong yeu, ty hdo, nhd nhung tba tMit vl ddng ddi, nhdn ddn, ddt nude vd cdch mgng Nhdn vat tiii tinh ttong cdc bdi tha ndy dIu nhdn danfa nhiing ngudi linh, nhdn danh nhdn ddn, ddt nude de phdt bilu to todng, tinh cdm cua minh Cdc tac phdm van xudi giai dogn 1945 - 1975 Igi tap trang till hi^n ve dep anh bung cua ngudi Viet Nam chien dau vd lao ddng sdn xuat, sii hdi sinh cua eon ngudi dudi dnh sdng Iji tudng cua Dang, cua cdch mgng Bdi vay, gido vien can giflp hgc sinh thay dupe dien bi8n tdm ly, sd phdn nhdn vat trade vd sau gap anh sang each mang, nhimg tinh hudng tao nen budc ngo^t ciia sd ph§n nhan vat (chdng ban: cM tiet tdm trang Mi ttong d8m tinh mua xudn, chi tilt Mi cdi trdi cho A Phu ttong Vg chdng A Phu; tinh hudng "nhdt vg", cM tilt hinh dnh Id cd bay phdp phdi d cudi trayen Vg nhgt; chi tilt cdi cbet cua Mai vd Mnh anh nggn lua chdy rdng rye ttdn mudi dau Trudng Dgi hgc Vinh ngdn tay Tnii ttong Rimg xd nu) Nam dugc nhftng diem cMnh ndy hgc sinh se de ddng ban viec ty lim Meu nhiing tac phdm cung toe logi Tac pham van hpc cdn thugc v8 mdt loai hinh nao dd Mdi loai Mnh nghe thuat mang nhiing dgc trung rieng dugc quy dinh bdi ddc dilm cua ddi togng midu td, phuong thiic tdi Men, nMem vu nghe toudt va nhftng phuong tien vat chat tgo n8n Mnh togng Van hgc cdch mang Vi8t Nam giai doan 1945 - 1975 thupc loai Mnh vdn hpc sii thi Cac tac pham thupc loai Mnh sii tM cd nguyen tdc tiep can va phan anh Men toyc toeo quan diem ri8ng, the M8n biic ttanh ddi sdng va Mnh togng ngudi vdi ve dep rieng, dam mdu sac su tiii va lang man Tfnh su tM ttong cac tac pham van hgc Vi8t Nam giai doan 1945 -1975 cd cac bieu Men: - Tac phdm phan anh sit kien cd tfnh chdt toan dan; - Hinh togng tiimg tam ttong tdc phdm Id hinh togng tap the nhdn ddn anh hung; - Cac su kien, cdc nhan vat anh dugc mieu ta tii cdi nMn ngudng md; - Gigng vdn toa tMet, ttang ttgng Gido viSn dua tten cdc bi8u Men dl hudng ddn hgc sinh phan tfch tdc phdm Chi kM ndm dugc cac ddc dilm cua loai Mnh vdn hpc nay, hgc sinh mdi cd the Meu sau sdc tac pham, khdng cdn ban khoan ve edc cM tiet, tinh hudng cd ve khdng thyc theo each nMn ciia cac em Ba la, dung hoa giua quan niem sdng ca nhan ciia bgc sinh vd ve dep ciia tinh thdn tap till ttong cac tdc pham van hgc Hoc sinh tiiudc thi he 9x, lOx ti'nh ca nhdn phat tiiln rdt mgnh me, ludn ddi hdi dugc khdng dinh ea tinh rieng cua minh, ttong dd van bgc each mang lai ed xuy cho tinh thdn tgp the Su khdc Tgp chikhoa hoc, Tap 45 Sd IB (2016), tr 61-70 ttong quan mem nhan sinh khien bgc sinh de hoai ngM ddi vdi hdnh ddng, suy nghT cua cac nhan vat ttong tac phdm Dilu ddi hdi giao vi8n phai Idm the ndo dung hda dugc hai quan m8m sdng khac do, vira tdn ttpng ca tinh cua hpc sinh, viia phdt buy dugc nhftng gia tti tfch cue ciia van hpc each mang nhu long y8u nude, tinh thdn tap the De giup hgc sinh Mnh todnh nhftng tinh cdm cao dep Met xiic ddng, ttan ttpng tmdc suy nghi, hdnh ddng cua nhiing ngudi ttong tiidi ki ddt nude co cMin ttanh, gido vien can tap trang khai thac cac cM ti8t ed gid tti thdm mi cao (chdng hgn: cM tiet diin td su toay ddi tdm ttang nhan vat Trang, vg Trang, ba cu Tii sau kM Trang lay vg trayen ngdn Vg nhgt; cdu chuyen bi ttang vl cudc ddi Tnu, each img ySx cua Tnii va ddn Idng Xd Man Qirdc su tan cdng cua ke thu - Rimg xd nu ) Qua cac cM tiet nay, hgc sinh se tody dugc gia tri nhdn dao sdu sac cua tac phdm, cd dugc sy ddng cdm vdi nhung sd phdn ngudi ttong cMen ttanh, them tin todng, ydu quy ngudi Kit luan Vdn hpc Viet Nam 1945 -1975 la giai dogn cd y nghTa dgc bi8t ttong lich sd vdn hgc ddn tdc Vi vay, vi8c lua chpn cac tdc pham vdn hpc giai doan dua vao CT SGK THPT ludn cdn tiiilt va cd y nghia Tuy nhien, dl viec dgy - hoc dat hieu qua cao, dap ling dugc yeu cdu ddi mdi can ban, toan dien nIn giao dye, nd lire ddi mdi khdng chi dgt ddi vdi giao vidn ma ca he thdng giao due Viec nhin nhdn, danh gid lai toan bg boat ddng day hgc van hgc Vi8t Nam giai dogn 1945 - 1975 d tiirdng THPT bi8n la co sd de cd dugc nhimg dl xudt xac dang cho vi8e day hgc phdn vdn hgc nay, N T Q Nga/Dgy hpc vdn kfic Vi?tNam giai dogn 1945-1975 chuong trinh ngUvan TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Trto Bi Hoinh, Ddi mai phitang phdp dgy hoc, chuong trinh vd sdch gido khoa, NXB Dai hpc Su ph?m Ha Npi, 2007 [2] Ky yiu Hoi thao khoa hoc "Bdi m&i nghiln ciru va giang day Ngu vdn nha truang suphgm", NXB Gido due, H4 Noi, 2016 [3] Plian Trong Lujn (Chii bien), Ngu van 12, Tap 1, Tap 2, NXB Gito due, Hk Noi, 2009 [4] Phan Trpng Luan, Van hoc nhd tru&ng nhimg diim nhin, NXB Dai hoe Su pham, Ha Noi, 2011 [5] Hoang Nhu Mai, NguySn D5ng Manh (Chu bien) Van hpc 12, Tap - phSn VSn hoc Viet Nam, NXB Giao due, Hi Noi, 2000 [6] Nguyin Dang Manh (Chu bien) Van 12 - phSn Van hoc Viet Nam, NXB Giio due, HaNpi, 1996 [7] Le Sir, Quan niem day hpc tdc phdm vdn chuong qua chuong trinh vd sdch gido khoa, NXB H6ng Due, Ha Noi, 2012 [8] Trjn Dinh Sii (Chii Men), Ngir vdn 12 nang eao Tap 1, Tap 2, NXB GiSo due Ha Noi, 2007 [9] D6 Ng(jc Th6ng, Chucmg trinh NgU vdn nhd truang trung hpc thdng Viet Nam, NXB Giao due Viet Nam, Ha Noi, 2011 SUMMARY TEACHING VIETNAMESE LITERATURE OF THE PERIOD 1945 -1975 m HIGH SCHOOL LITERARY PROGRAM FROM PRESENT VIEW Vietnamese literature of the period 1945 -1975 has taken an important role in high school textbook program so far However, because of many reasons, teaching and leaming this literary period are encountering many difficulties and challenges now Basing on evaluating this literary period's role and position in high school textbook program, analyzing those causes leading to difficulties in teaching - leaming process, our article brings out some suggestions in order to improve quality of teaching - leaming Vietnamese literature of the period from 1945 1975 meeting requirement about fundamental, all-sided educational innovation (Bai bdo ndy duac tdi tra kinh phi tit de tdi khoa hoc vd cong nghe cdp Trudng ndm 2016 cua Trtrdng Dai hoc Vinh) ... T Q Nga/Dgy hpc vdn hpc Viet Nam giai dogn 1945- 1975 chuong trtnh ngitvdn Cac tdc pham vdn hgc Viet Nam giai dogn 1945 -1975 da dugc dua vao CT vd SGK rdt sdm Tir nam 1961, CT gidng van phd thdng... tiiiic Mot so biln phap nang cao ch^t lirffng day hoc van hpc Vi^t Nam giai doan 1945 - 1975 chuong trinh THPT Viec ddi mdi day hpc phan vdn hgc Vi8t Nam giai dogn 1945 -1975 la mdt tdt yeu va... hgc Vi8t Nam giai dogn 1945 - 1975 d tiirdng THPT bi8n la co sd de cd dugc nhimg dl xudt xac dang cho vi8e day hgc phdn vdn hgc nay, N T Q Nga/Dgy hpc vdn kfic Vi?tNam giai dogn 1945- 1975 chuong