MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING DUY TAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH GRADUATION THESES AN CANH TOAN AN ANALYSIS OF SUGGESTED TRANSLATION OF CHAPTER 6 FROM THE BOOK “BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL COMMU.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING DUY TAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH GRADUATION THESES AN CANH TOAN AN ANALYSIS OF SUGGESTED TRANSLATION OF CHAPTER FROM THE BOOK “BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION ” BY STEVEN-A.-BEEBE-TIMOTHY-PMOTTET, 2013 GRADUATION THESES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES DA NANG – MAY 2022 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thanks to the invaluable help, advice, and encouragement of my dear teachers, friends and family, I could finish this graduation paper with great ease and success First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the all of lectuters of Foreign Language Department Especially teachers have directly taught and helped me during years in Duy Tan University Thanks to strong professional skills as well as enthusiastic teaching of teachers, I learned many things useful It’s help me a lot Not only improving my skills but also supporting for my job in future Nextly, I really want to send my greatest thanks to my supervisor – Mrs Luong Kim Thu who used her whole- heainrted guidance to me She not only gave me useful comments but also solved many problems that I don’t understand to complete the project Finally yet importantly, I’m also indebted to my friends especially my family who have always been with me, support and encourage me a lot They are one of motivations helping me on completion of this graduation paper Forthcoming, I will have to pass the final test to be able to graduate after years of study I hope that all will be well and I will get what I want I hopefulness everyone will achieve much success and good health Sincerely! STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in the whole or part from a thesis by which have qualified for or been awarded another degree of diploma No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution Da Nang, May 1st 2022 ABBREVIATIONS TL : Target language SL : Source language S : Subject V : Verb O : Object TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ii ABBREVIATIONS .iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .iv CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.2.1 Aims .2 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 The scope of the study 1.3.1.The text features .3 1.3.2.The text length .3 1.3.3.The text organization CHAPTER THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Definitions 2.2 Types of categories 2.2.1 : Full and Partial Translation 2.2.2 Total and restricted translation 2.2.3 Phonological translation 2.3 Methods, principles and rules of translation 2.3.1 Methods of translation 2.3.1.1 Word-for-word translation 2.3.1.2 Literal translation 2.3.1.3 Faithful translation .6 2.3.1.4 Semantic Translation 2.3.1.5 Adaptation translation 2.3.1.6 Free translation 2.3.1.7 Idiomatic translation 2.3.1.8 Communicative translation 2.3.2 Principles of translation 2.3.2.1 Meaning 2.3.2.2 Form 2.3.2.3 Register .9 2.3.4 Source language influence .9 2.3.4.1 Idiom 2.3.4.2 Style and clarity 3.3 Rules of translation 10 3.3.1 The rule of proximity 10 3.3.2 The rule of parallelism 10 CHAPTER SUGGESTED TRANSLATION 11 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS 37 4.1 VOCABULARY 37 4.1.1 Word and phrase with no approriate meaning in dictionary 37 3.1.2 Phrases and Phrasal Verb .42 4.2 STRUCTURE 43 4.2.1 Simple Sentence 43 4.2.2 Compound Sentences 44 4.2.3 Complex Sentences and Reduced Relative Clauses 45 4.2.3 Sentences in Passive Voice 46 4.2.4 Relative Clause 47 4.2.5 Compound – complex sentences 48 CHAPTER DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS .49 5.1 Difficulties .49 5.2 Solutions 51 CHAPTER CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 52 1.Conclusion 52 2.Suggestions .53 REFERENCES .54 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale Everyone has attended or will attend a job interview in there life time, which is considered to be a very stressful process for most However, by being prepared for an interview it can calm nervous and help a person land the job of their dreams The overall goal of an interview is to convince the recruiter that you’re the best person for the job In order to this, the interviewee must sell his or her skills, knowledge, and experience in a professional manner to the employer The company will also be looking for people that are motivated and bring a positive personality to the organization As we all know interview is a social process where two or more persons will involves in verbal interactions That two or more person were one is Interviewee or candidate and other set of person were interviewer While conducting an interview, interviewer will get a chance to learn about the inner traits and qualities of the candidate The candidate will get very short span of time to exhibit his attitude, skills, and the knowledge which they acquired during their long academic years Knowing the importance of Interview skills, I decided to the thesis on this topic Besides being passionate about foreign languages, I found myself also interested in business Beside be a student majoring in English Especially, English translation and Interpretation I recognize that I need develop myself a lot Besides, I need try my best to prove myself so that everyone can see me the best way and about the field that I'm studying Moreover, the demand for translation is increasing, so the requirements in this field are very high and it is difficult for students who are about to graduate as me So, the reason why I choose this book is a part it can help me orientation for myself but probably for many other students like me 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.2.1 Aims This graduation paper has reflected my own ability in the past two years During those years, I received valuable support, help, and encouragement of my supervisor, my teachers and friends at Duy Tan University It helps the translator with an overview of the translation process as analytics and translations skills Hence, it helps me avoid a number of my faults in translation process In details, my Graduation Paper aims at: - To upgrade my translating skill - Collecting and presenting basic English terms in Business Providing their Vietnamese equivalents or expressions I hope that this graduation paper can provide readers with a lot Business knowledge, and the information from the text also effectively help translator in this field 1.2.2 Objectives The translator can intensively understand translation theory in order to apply it to translation process Furthermore, the translator can also logically analyze sentence structure and vocabulary in a better way 1.3 The scope of the study Due to time limitation, this paper only focuses on some first parts of the chapter with 4,500 words The paper will also show and analyze the difficulties with which I met when translating, for example Business term, the way to use English grammar and syntactic structures as well as word’s semantics in the field of Business 1.3.1 The text features The mission of this book is to provide students with a basic understanding of the many different aspects in Business 1.3.2 The text length This book includes parts, each part is divided into chapters The total number of pages for the book is 456 pages But the rules only translates 4,500 words so, I will translation chapters with 4,500 words in length The name of chapters are respectively “Interview Type” 1.3.3 The text organization More than 14 chapters are analytical, Every chapter of the text is infused with discussions related to principles and skills for leadership Although most business and professional communication textbooks include a discussion of leadership, we have woven discussion and application of leadership into each chapter, from the opening scenarios that profile successful leaders to tips and guidelines for how to communicate and lead effectively in boxes and text discussions throughout Moreover, expands our application of communication skills to business and professional settings, from the chapter opening narratives and “Leading Questions” to practical tips and guidelines to the skill-building activities at the end of chapters In business and professional contexts there are four primary communication skill sets that lead to success: relating, collaborating, presenting, and writing We offer specific recommendations on how to develop these competencies, drawing upon the latest communication research and wisdom from seasoned leaders CHAPTER THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Definitions English is the most widely used "second" and "learning" language in the world used for international communication in various fields like aviation, business, internet, science and technology Accordingly translation and interpretation is an essential and also difficult major which creates many job opportunities for graduate students Translation has been defined in many ways: Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language) (Catford – 1965) Translation is the process of finding a target language (TL) equivalent from a source language (SL) utterance (Pinhhuck – 1977:38) Translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language (Advanced Oxford Dictionary) Translation is the act of transferring through which the content of a text is transferred from the SL into the TL (Foster - 1958:1) Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statements in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language (Newmark, 1981:7) Translation is an act of communication which attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication (Hatim and Mason - 1997:1) These concepts support the idea that translation is a complex process which requires also theoretical knowledge as well as practical experiences 2.2 Types of categories 2.2.1 : Full and Partial Translation Translation devided into two types : full and partial (i) According to JC Carford, full translation is every part of source language is replaced by target language text material through translation Example : His ability to see this was imagination that enabled him to build and operate the Great Northern Railway System In the paragraph: “Do you want me to come back for another interview, perhaps with some other members of the staff?” Leaning from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary [1] to return to a place [2] If a style or a fashion comes back, it becomes popular again after being unpopular for a period of time Suggested version: "Bạn có muốn tơi trở lại để vấn mợt c̣c vấn khác, có lẽ với mợt số thành viên khác nhân viên không?" Example 19: Fall into In the paragraph: Although the primary goal is important and unique to the type of interview, the more important goals are the secondary goals, which fall into two types—task goals and relational goals—and are the same regardless of the interview type and whether you’re the interviewer or interviewee Leaning from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary [1] (fall into something) to start doing something by chance [2] To something without preparation [3] fall into conversationto start having a conversation with someone, especially someone you have just met [4] to be able to be devided into several groups, categories, parts, etc Suggested version: Mặc dù mục tiêu quan trọng loại vấn, mục tiêu quan trọng mục tiêu phụ, chúng chia thành hai loại — mục tiêu nhiệm vụ mục tiêu quan hệ — giống hình thức vấn cho dù bạn người vấn hay người vấn 4.2 STRUCTURE When documents translation, the structures play an important role in the meaning of sentence In a paragraph, there are sentences with difference clauses we must analyze the grammatical components that are able to guess the meaning of sentence To understand the meaning of the document completely, you must base on the sentence’s words and structures There are many words join a sentence, and many sentences join a paragraph An experienced writer will use various sentences to make the writing become more attractive and interesting A paragraph with too many simple sentences will sound choppy and immature while there are a lot of 41 long sentences will be very difficult to read and understand totally This text has some difficult and ambiguous sentences to translate them into Vietnamese correctly, so I would like to analyze grammatical structures 4.2.1 Simple Sentence In English grammar, a simple sentence is a sentence with only one independent clause Though a simple sentence doesn't contain any subordinate clauses, it isn't always short A simple sentence often contains modifiers In addition, subjects, verbs, and objects may be coordinated Example 15: In the paragraph: In the following sections, we discuss this particular type of information-gathering interview We can see that: this sentence with form SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT “we” is subject, “discuss” is verb, and “this particular type of informationgathering interview” is object After analysis the sentence I choose translated version as below => Suggested version: Trong phần tiếp theo, thảo luận về loại vấn thu thập thông tin cụ thể Example 16: In the paragraph: This type of information-gathering interview is referred to as a career-search information interview The form of this sentence is SUBJECT +VERB + OBJECT, “This type of information-gathering interview” is subject, “is referred to” is verb, and “as a career-search information interview” is object I choose below version for this sentence => Suggested version: Loại vấn thu thập thông tin gọi vấn tìm kiếm thơng tin nghề nghiệp Example 16: In the paragraph: In an exit interview, an employer gathers information from an employee about his or her work experiences The form of this sentence is SUBJECT +VERB + OBJECT, “an employer” is subject, “gathers” is verb, and “information from an employee about his or her work experiences” is object I choose below version for this sentence => Suggested version: Trong một cuộc vấn việc, nhà tuyển dụng thu thập thông tin từ một nhân viên về kinh nghiệm làm việc họ 4.2.2 Compound Sentences A compound sentence is a sentence that has at least two independent clauses joined by a comma, semicolon or conjunction An independent clause is a clause that has a subject and verb and forms a complete thought 42 Example 17: In the paragraph: In this part of the letter, you want to let your reader know the next step you will take, this is a request for an interview There are two independent clauses in this compound sentence “you want to let your reader know the next step you will take,” and “this is a request for an interview” Two independent clauses were joined by a comma After analysis the sentence I chose the translated version as below =>Suggested version Trong phần thư, bạn muốn cho người đọc biết bước mà bạn thực hiện, yêu cầu vấn Example 17: In the paragraph: In many job interviews, the interviewer asks you for additional information, or you may have offered to provide additional information following the interview There are two independent clauses in this compound sentence “the interviewer asks you for additional information” and “you may have offered to provide additional information following the interview” Two independent clauses were joined by the conjunction “or with a comma After analysis the sentence I chose the translated version as below =>Suggested version: Trong nhiều cuộc vấn việc làm, người vấn yêu cầu bạn cung cấp thêm thơng tin bạn đề nghị cung cấp thêm thông tin sau cuộc vấn 4.2.3 Complex Sentences and Reduced Relative Clauses A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which A reduced relative clause is a relative clause that is not marked by an explicit relative pronoun or complementizer such as who, which or that Example 18: In the paragraph: You can begin by identifying the skills that you’re learning in this business and professional communication class, including interviewing, conflict management, meeting management, group problem solving, and sales presentation skills The above sentence contains two clauses, the independent clause is “You can begin by identifying the skills”, but the second clause is a dependent clause “ that you’re learning in this business and professional communication class, including interviewing, conflict management, meeting management, group problem 43 solving, and sales presentation skills” With this complex sentence, I chose translated version as below => Suggested version: Bạn bắt đầu cách xác định kỹ bạn học lớp học giao tiếp chuyên nghiệp kinh doanh này, bao gồm vấn, quản lý xung đột, quản lý cuộc họp, giải vấn đề nhóm kỹ thuyết trình bán hàng Example 19: In the paragraph: Most jobs or professional positions have a job description, which is a document outlining the specific skills required for that particular position The above sentence contains two clauses, the independent clause is “Most jobs or professional positions have a job description,”, but the second clause is a dependent clause “which is a document outlining the specific skills required for that particular position” With this complex sentence, I chose translated version as below => Suggested version: Hầu hết cơng việc vị trí chun mơn đều có mơ tả cơng việc, tài liệu phác thảo kỹ cụ thể cần thiết cho vị trí cụ thể Example 20: In the paragraph: From experiences such as these, you can begin to dentify jobrelated skills that you’re developing that fit the job description The above sentence contains two clauses, the independent clause is “you can begin to dentify jobrelated skills”, but the second clause is a dependent clause “that you’re developing that fit the job description” With this complex sentence, I chose translated version as below => Suggested version: Từ những kinh nghiệm vậy, bạn bắt đầu xác định kỹ liên quan đến công việc mà bạn phát triển để phù hợp với mô tả công việc 4.2.3 Sentences in Passive Voice For many sentences in passive voice, their passive form in the source language is transferred into active structures in the target language to help the sentences smoother and closer to get the natural voice as well as the complement of word types However, in some situations, the English passive form is kept when transferred into Vietnamese, because when the writer wants to emphasize what was done or through the Vietnamese translated version, we can see specific 44 characteristics of Vietnamese style in passive form Example 21: In the paragraph: Research suggests that 25 percent of the people who get hired at any organization are known to the employer before a job opening actually exists, and half of all jobs are filled by the time they are advertised The structure of this passive voice sentence is: SUBJECT+TOBE+ PAST PARTICIPLE => Suggested version: Nghiên cứu cho thấy 25% những người tuyển dụng tổ chức đều nhà tuyển dụng biết đến trước có hợi tuyển dụng thực tồn một nửa số công việc lấp đầy vào thời điểm họ quảng cáo Example 21: In the paragraph: Relational goals include using interpersonal skills so as to be perceived as interpersonally attractive and believable The structure of this passive voice sentence is: SUBJECT+TOBE+ PAST PARTICIPLE => Suggested versio: Mục tiêu quan hệ bao gồm việc sử dụng kỹ giữa cá nhân để coi hấp dẫn đáng tin cậy giữa cá nhân 4.2.4 Relative Clause A relative clause (also called an adjective clause) that limits or provides essential information about the noun or noun phrase it modifies Also called a defining relative clause Example 23: In the paragraph: One interview goal of many students who are taking a class in business and professional communication is to gather information on the different types of careers and jobs that are available to them after graduation The relative clause in this sentence is “who are taking a class in business” with the relative pronoun is “who”, replacing for students standing before This relative clause can be translated as below version => Suggested version: Một mục tiêu vấn nhiều sinh viên theo học một lớp về kinh doanh giao tiếp chuyên nghiệp thu thập thông tin về loại nghề nghiệp cơng việc có sẵn cho họ sau tốt nghiệp Example 24: In the paragraph: Newspaper and television reporters are responsible for reporting the news, which includes finding and locating information The relative clause in this sentence is “which includes finding and locating information” with the relative pronoun is “which”, replacing for news, standing 45 before This relative clause can be translated as below version => Suggested version: Các phóng viên báo chí trùn hình có trách nhiệm đưa tin, bao gồm việc tìm kiếm định vị thông tin 4.2.5 Compound – complex sentences A compound-complex sentence is made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses Example 25: In the paragraph: For example, many students interested in careers in public relations have taken courses focusing on public relations; students interested in journalism may have worked as staff members for the college newspaper There are two independent clauses: “many students interested in careers in public relations”, and “Students may have worked as staff members for the college newspaper” in this sentence Two dependent clause is “have taken courses focusing on public relations” and “interested in journalism” This is a compound complex sentence with dependent clause, so after analysis I decided to translate this sentence as following => Suggested version: Ví dụ, nhiều sinh viên quan tâm đến nghiệp quan hệ công chúng theo học khóa học tập trung vào quan hệ cơng chúng; sinh viên quan tâm đến báo chí làm nhân viên cho tờ báo trường đại học CHAPTER DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS 5.1 Difficulties During learning course in Duy Tan University, I have been taught many translation skills and methods through theoretical as well as practical subjects However, translating and analyzing the text correctly are not easy Every subject at the University that I have learnt gives me a lot of skills and background knowledge to solve the text’s problems However, every language has its particular characteristics and own expressions Moreover, the grammar, syntax, lexis or specific terms also affect the quality of target language So, correctly translating a text from English into Vietnamese is a quite difficult task Therefore, to get natural, 46 smooth, and interesting version, translators are required to have deep specific knowledge about the field they are translating as well as understand the structures and vocabularies used in the text Translation is also a challenge when the translator must reform the original text in the form of the source language to the target language, especially they must give a clear and exact translated version which is easy for readers to understand So, being a translator, I have had many problems during the translation process First of all, we all know that vocabulary is very important to build up a text Vocabulary may express the idea of authors and the variety of languages Therefore, it is such an important factor that we must pay more attention in the translating process For instant, there are many words with multi-meanings in English, so finding out the best suitable meaning is very difficult The different meanings of the multi-meaning word often make me confused to translate The slang and multimeaning words with a lot of meanings in dictionaries require that I have to understand the context and the author’s ideas to choose the best suitable meanings Second, I have translated an educational document, so I have met many specific terms However, lacking the knowledge in this field has made me embarrassed when transferring these terms into the target language These specific terms require accurate equivalents, but sometimes, I not know how to transfer them Moreover, these terms usually are not defined in the dictionary; it is a challenge for me to transfer the terms Third , untranslated words and synonyms also result in many difficulties in the translation For the untranslated words, we can not depend on dictionaries to get their meanings In many cases, we even can not find out the meanings of these words or the meanings that are not suitable to the context of the text To solve these problems, we need to understand the author’s main idea, and then choose the best equivalents in the target language Moreover, synonyms, idioms are also the elements that make me hard to translate Fourth, grammar is also a difficult element that we must pay double attention because there are many differences of grammar between two languages, so I was in a hard 47 case to solve the grammar in the text There are many structures that are very popular in English but not existed in Vietnamese, such as empty subject structure Therefore, translating this structure is a challenge for translators because they must understand the author’s mean, and then use the structures of the target language to express Fifth, we also pay attention to the difference in the custom of using languages English people usually use passive voice to express their ideas or intentions, but the active voice is more used in Vietnamese That is the reason why the sentences which I have translated sound unnaturally Sixth, the complex sentences including relative clauses, noun clauses, reduced clauses, etc usually make me confused in the translation This kind of structure is very hard and we often misunderstand the ideas if we not have a good knowledge about grammar and the transferring rules So, we must pay more attention to translate this kind of structure correctly Seventh, structure is also a very difficult factor that we have to pay more attention to because there are differences of grammar between languages In fact, there are serveral structures that are exact collective in English but not used in Vietnamese, for instance, empty topic structures General speaking, this is really a challenge for translators because they have to know the right structure in each language Eighth, in all kinds of structures, sentences have loads of different types of clauses including relation clauses, noun clauses and adverb clauses that are really complicated We often misunderstand ideas if we not have a powerful knowledge of grammar or we are not careful to analyze sentences In conclusion, it is surely true that it is uneasy to translate a successful text To have exact versions, translators have a deeply knowledge not only about the field that they are translating, but also about structure, lexis in both languages 5.2 Solutions When things get tough, I have my own way of solving these problems by using what I've learned for four years at university At first, I read the whole document at once The purpose of this reading is to 48 identify the idea of the article After reading, I can summarize the whole article into a few main ideas During this process, I marked and noted all difficult words and phrases I have used many types of dictionaries, such as Oxford Dictionary, Free Dictionary, Cambridge Dictionary, etc to find the best meaning It is very important for us to take notes of difficult English sentences or common idioms and rely on a few important keywords in sentences and contextual translations Second, I define the style of the document I had to review all the nuances of language, writing style of the article I then translated the text for the first time, this time without asking too much about the wording and the sentences but it needed to be most accurate with the original text I have to separate them into sentences and see their alignment to match Third , I have found and read a number of materials related to this topic in the school library and on the internet These documents will provide me with a background in the field of tourism and it is very useful to solve some difficult words like technical terms In conclusion, in terms of translation, meeting the challenges is inevitable However, if we make every effort, it will not be too difficult to translate In order to improve our translation skills, I realized that I had to practice translating documents regularly to improve and improve my skills 49 CHAPTER CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS Conclusion It is interesting to perform on this graduation paper because I could see my translation skills in the extent During my two years at Duy Tan University, I had the chances to become familiar with translating methods through classroom lessons During the process of translating, I discovered that my vocabulary was poor, there were serveral words that I did not know their meaning, which made me confused in translating Furthermore, the lack of Vietnamese vocabulary is also ungainly when expressing an idea into Vietnamese; therefore, improving vocabulary is actual important and necessary Besides, translating a certain field, my grammar is still weak Because of confusion about grammar and syntax, there are many sentences which I misinterpreted Through this article, I realized my shortcomings as well as a good opportunity to re-prove my understanding In addition, it is really necessary to have specific knowledge because it plays a rule Therefore, translators must study many fields with the purpose of preparing the foundation to fully understand the ideas that the author expresses Having specific knowledge will help translators easily translate correctly In the process of translating and analyzing this graduation document, I also learned many useful things My translation skills are improving day by day In many cases, I have had ways to deal with the problems in the original text to get a good version I have more experience on how to use equivalence in TL to express ideas Complex structures are also a challenge that I have to pay more attention to However, after completing my graduation papers, I can easily analyze them for best results I know that I now have many shortcomings in translation Therefore, to be a good translator, I have to constantly try to learn and improve my knowledge and skills Besides, if I want to improve my translation skills, I have to practice many times and learn more from other translators 50 Suggestions As a student, I have some suggestions for Duy Tan University in general and the Faculty of English in particular, and I hope my proposals will be approved First of all, I woud like the Faculty of English to increase the number of scholarships for students and especially open many contests to find many talented candidates Secondly, like other students, I hope the school will sponsor the Faculty of English in terms of funding which organizes many exchanges between students and businesses (resorts, companies, so on), the school will hold many meetings and exchange students from other schools Thirdly, in specialized subjects, I want to learn with native English lecturers instead of Vietnamese teachers so that majored English students can get the opportunity to interact and increase their speaking skills In conclusion, there are only a few months left when I graduate, I want to send all positive comments so that the Faculty of English will understand the wishes of the students and thrive I would also like to thank all the teachers who taught so enthusiastically and supported me 51 REFERENCES BOOKS Blackwell, D A (1990), Translation, Oxford University Press Catford, J.C (1965), A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Oxford Lan Tudor (n.d), Learner-centredness as Language Education Newmark, P.T (n.d), A textbook of translation Roger, T.B (1991), Translation, Cambridge University Press WEBSITES Alexandra Lin, CNN International-Breaking News Restrived from : (https://edition.cnn.com/) Ginger Restrived from: https://www.gingersoftware.com/ K12 Reader Restrived from: https://www.k12reader.com/ Wikipedia Restrived from: http://www.wikipedia.org/ 10 Collins Dictionary Restrived from:https://www.collinsdictionary.com/ 11 Longman Dictionary Restrived from: https://www.ldoceonline.com/ 12 Oxfoxd Dictionary.Restrival from: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ 52 SUPERVISOR’S COMMENTS ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… 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Interviewee or candidate and other set of person were interviewer While conducting an interview, interviewer will get a chance to learn about the inner traits and qualities of the candidate The candidate... principles and rules of translation 2.3.1 Methods of translation 2.3.1.1 Word-for-word translation The source language is translated word by word This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, ... to guess the meaning of sentence To understand the meaning of the document completely, you must base on the sentence’s words and structures There are many words join a sentence, and many sentences