AN ANALYSIS OF THE SUGGESTED TRANSLATION OF CHAPTER i FROM THE BOOK “OUT TO WORK a HISTORY OF WAGE EARNING WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES” BY ALICE KESSLER HARRIS, 2003

DUY TAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH VO HOANG TRA MY AN ANALYSIS OF THE SUGGESTED TRANSLATION OF CHAPTER I FROM THE BOOK “OUT TO WORK- A HISTORY OF WAGE-EARNING WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES” BY ALICE KESSLER-HARRIS, 2003 GRADUATION PAPER IN ENGLISH LINGUISTICS DA NANG, 2022 DUY TAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH GRADUATION PAPER AN ANALYSIS OF THE SUGGESTED TRANSLATION OF CHAPTER I FROM THE BOOK “OUT TO WORK- A HISTORY OF WAGE-EARNING WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES” BY ALICE KESSLER-HARRIS, 2003 Major: English for Translation – Interpretation SUPERVISOR : NGUYEN QUYNH CHI, M.A STUDENT : VO HOANG TRA MY CLASS : K24NAB STUDENT CODE : 24203107584 DA NANG, 2022 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  This graduation paper could not be finished without the invaluable help, advice, and encouragement of many people that have contributed to my success First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Ms.Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A, who guided me throughout the graduation thesis process, without her I would not be able to accomplish the graduation paper sucessfully I am very grateful to her valuable comments and suggestions, her devotion, patience, friendliness, encouragement and support I really appreciate she has done for me and look forward to continuing our relationship Secondly, to complete this report, I would like to express my deep gratitude to the teachers at the Faculty of English - Duy Tan University for their dedication to conveying valuable knowledge to me during my study time at school The knowledge acquired in the learning process is not only the foundation for my studies but also precious luggage for me to confidently step into life Last but not least, I would like to thank my family, especially my parents, for their love, motivation, and support while I write this article Wishing you all good health and success! Your sincerely! Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP There had not been any published Vietnamese edition of the book containing the translated chapter until I began working on my graduation thesis Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in the whole or in part from a thesis by which have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution Danang, May, 2022 Vo Hoang Tra My Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A ABSTRACT  My area of expertise is interpreting and translating The topic I chose for my graduation thesis was a suggested translation of Chapter I entitled: “Forming the Female Wage Labor Force: Colonial America to the Civil War” of the book “OUT TO WORK – A history of Wage-Earning Women in the United States” by Alice Kessler-Harris This book traces the transformation of "women's work" into wage labor in the United States, identifying the social, economic, and ideological forces that have shaped our expectations of what women do, examines the influence of class, ethnic and racial patterns on changing perceptions of salaried work on women This graduation helps translators improve their translation skills and understand the strengths and weaknesses of the translation Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A ABBREVIATION  SL : Source Language TL : Target Language P : Page Para : Paragraph S : Subject V : Verb A : Adverb O : Object Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ii ABSTRACT iii ABBREVIATION iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale Aims and objectives 2.1 Aims 2.2 Objectives Scope of the Study .2 3.1 Text Features 3.2 Text Length 3.3 Text Organization 3.4 Text Source .4 Methods of the Study Organization of the study CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Translation theory 2.1.1 Concepts of translation 2.1.2 Definitions 2.2 Types of categories 2.2.1 Full and Partial Translation 2.2.2 Total and Restricted Translation .8 2.2.3 Phonological Translation 2.2.4 Graphological Translation 2.2.5 Transliteration 2.2.6 Free, Literal, and Word-for-word Translation 2.3 Principles and Methods of Translation 10 2.3.1 Principles of Translation .10 2.3.2 Methods of Translation 12 Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A CHAPTER 3: SUGGESTED TRANSLATION .15 CHAPTER : ANALYSIS 47 4.1 Vocabulary .47 4.1.1 Words with multi-meanings 47 4.1.2 Phrasal verb 50 4.2 Structures .52 4.2.1 Compound sentences 53 4.2.2 Complex Sentences 55 4.2.2.1 Complex sentences with relative clauses 56 4.2.2.2 Complex sentences with adverbial clauses .57 4.2.2.3 Complex sentences with noun clauses 59 4.2.3 Compound - complex sentences 60 4.2.4 Passive voice 63 4.2.5 Empty Subject 64 CHAPTER 5: DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS .66 5.1 Difficulties 66 5.2 Solutions 67 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 69 6.1 Summary 69 6.2 Implications 70 6.2.1 Implications for learning 70 6.2.2 Implications for teaching 70 REFERENCES SUPERVISOR’COMMENTS Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper M.A Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Rationale Today's media development, especially the internet network, often when we want to learn a historical context of the world or the change of the world in each period, the internet is very convenient for us the search However, the content on the internet will not be as clear and precise as in the book As a student of Faculty of Foreign Languages, especially majoring in Translation and Interpretation, I have the opportunity to learn in-depth about translation issues I have translated content on economics, health, nature, etc that the lecturers give Therefore, today I want to try my hand at a work that talks about the historical context of America and more specifically the distinction between men and women, race, class, etc Surely all university students who have studied World Civilization History will understand how the period before and after the American Civil War changed For those who love history, perhaps it will be more detailed, but for some students like me, they only know a glimpse of events through the lectures of the teachers, not the need to so ask to learn more Therefore, today I decided to choose the book "Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States" for translation for two reasons Firstly, as we all know that the distinction between men and women almost exists in the world, and as a woman myself, I also want to find out how in the past there was a distinction that made women become women low throat in front of men and society at that time Secondly, I want to understand with everyone about the situation and how unfair discrimination against women was in the past, maybe people will think it's boring and nothing special, but I still want to translate This book Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A lets us imagine together what women of that era went through to fight for their rights In short, I hope my translation is correct and complete, and I hope to receive a good response Aims and objectives 2.1 Aims I have two purposes for this graduate thesis: First, this is a book that has never been translated before, and it was seems to be a test of my ability during my four years of college Through this translation I will realize my strengths and weaknesses in translation Secondly, the purpose of this graduation thesis is to help me and other students learn from experiences and avoid making mistakes Hopefully my analysis and translation skills can help everyone understand and not be confused 2.2 Objectives After completing my graduation thesis, I have gained the following goals:  Improving and expanding my knowledge  Analyzing difficult and complex words, phrases, or structures which easily make misunderstand for readers  Knowing how to translate the text smoothly and naturally  Removing language barriers to help Vietnamese people understand clearly the book  Using suitable equivalent words and structures of sentences Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A My suggested version: “Để làm điều này, người theo chủ nghĩa Liên bang Alexander Hamilton cảm thấy Hoa Kỳ phải phát triển kinh tế cân bằng.” Example 23: “Others nursed what one historian has called an “oppositional tradition." [P44, Para 3] (1) Noun clause: what one historian has called an “oppositional tradition.” (2) Subordinating conjunction: what (3) The noun clause “what one historian has called an “oppositional tradition.”” functions as predicate nominative for this sentence My suggested version: “Những người khác lại nuôi dưỡng mà nhà sử học gọi “đối thủ trường kỳ.” 4.2.3 Compound - complex sentences Compound-complex sentences are the most complicated sentences, as their name implies Compound-complex sentence is composed of at least two (or more) independent clauses and at least one dependent clause In simple terms, an independent clause can be a sentence on its own while a dependent clause cannot Compound-complex sentences help us express longer more complicated thoughts, with more parts than other sentences A compound-complex sentence consists of: Coordinating conjunctions: A comma and a coordinator (for; and; nor; but; or; yet, so) And a subordinating conjunction: when, before, until, unless, if and so on Example 24: “In Lowell, where women lived and worked together, this might have been expected, but Paterson's women and children lived in their own families, and many of the Philadelphia women who collected dues to support strikes could hardly have had personal or work contact.” [P51, Para 2] Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A (1) Independent clause 1: this might have been expected S V (2) Independent clause 2: Paterson's women and children lived S V in their own families A (3) Independent clause 3: could hardly have had personal or work contact (4) Independent clause 4: many of the Philadelphia women (5) Dependent clause 1: where women lived and worked together” S V A (6) Dependent clause 2: who collected dues to support strikes  The independent clauses are combined by the coordinator “but”, “and” My suggetsed version: “Ở Lowell, nơi phụ nữ sống làm việc nhau, điều mong đợi, phụ nữ trẻ em Paterson sống gia đình riêng họ, nhiều phụ nữ Philadelphia quyên góp để ủng hộ đình cơng khơng có liên hệ cá nhân công việc.” Example 25: “About the same percentage had worked at some branch of the sewing trades, and almost half said they had been servants before engaging in prostitution, slightly more than a quarter of those interviewed claimed they had been destitute when they became prostitutes.” (1) [P64] Independent clause 1: About the same percentage had worked S V at some branch of the sewing trades Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A A (2) Independent clause 2: almost half said they had been servants S V O before engaging in prostitution (3) Dependent clause (noun clause): they had been destitute S V C when they became prostitutes A  The independent clauses are combined by the coordinator “and” My suggested verion: “Khoảng tỷ lệ tương tự làm việc số chi nhánh nghề may, gần nửa cho biết họ người hầu trước tham gia vào hoạt động mại dâm, phần tư số người vấn khẳng định họ sống thiếu thốn trở thành gái mại dâm.” Example 26: “Independent land ownership offered women subsistence outside marriage or domestic service, and colonies soon began to recognize that giving land to women undermined their dependent role.” [P17, Para 3] (1) In dependent clause 1: Independent land ownership offered women S V O1 subsistence outside marriage or domestic service O2 (2) In dependent clause 2: colonies soon began to recognize S (3) A V Dependent clause (relative clause): that giving land to women S Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A undermined their dependent role V O  The independent clauses are combined by the coordinator “and” My suggested version: “Quyền sở hữu riêng đất đai cho phép phụ nữ khơng lập gia đình làm cơng việc gia đình, thuộc địa sớm bắt đầu nhận việc trao đất cho phụ nữ làm giảm phụ thuộc họ.” Example 27: “Women had risen to the challenge of wage work out of a proud independence; but those who continued to work did so largely out of desperate necessity.” [P74, Para 3] (1) Independent clause 1: Women had risen to the challenge of wage work out of a proud independence (2) Independent clause 2: did so largely out of desperate necessity (3) Dependent clause (relative clause): who continued to work My suggested version: “ Phụ nữ đứng trước thách thức làm công ăn lương từ độc lập đáng tự hào; người mà tiếp tục làm việc làm phần lớn cần thiết.” 4.2.4 Passive voice Passive Voice is a form used to emphasize the object affected by a certain action The passive sentence's verb is always in the past participle Passive voice has an important role in English, but sometimes it doesn't translate into Vietnamese as "passive", so we will face many difficulties to make the translation more fluent To deal with the translation of passive voice, I have three options: Translate passive sentences directly, Change passive sentences into active voice or Delete passive structure in my translation Tense : Simple Past SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + PAST PARTICIPLE Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A Example 28: “Women were chastised for idleness and driven to seek useful employment.” [P4] - I’m still use passive construction to translate this sentence because I want to keep the topic in focus My suggested version: “Phụ nữ bị trích khơng có cơng việc buộc phải tìm kiếm việc làm.”  Tense: Modal verb passive voice COULD + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE Example 29: “Incipient manufac-turers quickly discovered the advantages of employing children and women, preferably those who had no direct ties to the land labor could be purchased at minimal cost.” [P33, Para 2] - This is the sentence with the passive voice structure of the modal verb Therefore, I decided to translate this sentence into: “có thể mua” My suggested version: “Các nhà sản xuất lao động bắt đầu nhanh chóng phát lợi việc sử dụng lao động trẻ em phụ nữ, tốt người khơng có quan hệ trực tiếp với lao động địa phương mua với chi phí thấp nhất.” 4.2.5 Empty Subject Commonly, “It” and “There” are used to replace the subjects which are too long or emphasize the diea that the author would like to express Example 30: “It took Keating one year of service to so, to Campbell's two.” [P12, Para 3] - In this situation, "It" is an empty subject, so to match the Vietnamese writing style I decided to change the translation accordingly My suggested version: “ Keating phải năm Campbell's hai năm phục vụ để trả nợ.” Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A Example 31: “There was no question that both men and women should work, and in crucial respects the same expectations held for both.” [P9, Para1] - In this situation, “There” was an empty subject, and after the main verb is a noun phrase, so to match the Vietnamese writing style, I decided to change a little bit in words’ order when translating My suggested version: “Rõ ràng khơng có câu hỏi nam giới phụ nữ nên làm việc, tôn trọng, kỳ vọng cho hai.” Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A CHAPTER 5: DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS 5.1 Difficulties Although my specialty is English translation and interpretation, I encountered many difficulties in this translation In university, I was taught many skills in both theory and practice in translation But to accurately apply it to the translation is very difficult There are many difficulties in analyzing vocabulary, syntax or terms, forcing the translator to find many flexible transformation methods to make the translation suitable I realize translation is not easy, especially for an amateur like me Firstly, for the translation to be natural and fluent, you must be a person with good social knowledge In the text, there are a lot of words whose abstract meaning and historical issues are something that I rarely understand I have searched a lot on the internet to choose the right meaning and exactly what the author wants to say Secondly, vocabulary is a huge obstacle Vocabulary has many meanings and is diverse in each situation In translating this work, phrases, proper names, and terms contain words not available on the internet, so I had to express myself in my own words Thirdly, many students like me have problems with sentence structure and grammar Sometimes we translate words according to feelings without paying attention to the grammar in the sentence In addition, we often confuse this structure with another structure, leading to incorrect translation sentences Moreover, the grammar in English is very different from that of Vietnamese; for example, in passive sentences, when it comes to Vietnamese, meaning is not natural As an inexperienced person, I try to analyze each author's ideas to have the most natural way of conveying them Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A Last but not least, we must understand and grasp the meaning of the text to be translated It will help us easily solve and understand the content of the translation to get the best translation 5.2 Solutions In translating the thesis, I have drawn some experiences in dealing with difficulties in translation Today I would like to offer some solutions that helped me complete my graduation Firstly, I read the entire text to understand the main content that the author wants to convey In reading the text, I also take the time to underline and look for words that I find difficult Besides, I also make notes of some sentences that I find difficult and confusing, and then I will read them again to find the best meaning If I still don't feel fluent after the translation is complete, I will ask the instructor for some advice I think she will be willing to analyze and suggest complicated structures and vocabulary help me get the best translation Secondly, I have scheduled time to complete the translation step by step so that I can take the time to double-check I also look up vocabulary and structures that confuse me on vocabulary websites In addition, after completing, I always ask my friends and people around to see if they understand the meaning that I have translated into Vietnamese I think this is also a good way to improve my translation Your translation is perfect Finally, as a translator, knowledge of translation theory and translation methods is essential in the translation process In addition, we can improve our social understanding through books, television and the internet to make translation easier During the translation process, I consulted the vocabulary in some dictionaries such as Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries, Cambridge Dictionary, Lac Viet dictionary, Tflat dictionary, etc However, there will be Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A some phrases that are not in the dictionary, and I have to change the meaning to match the translation Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 6.1 Summary During completing my graduation, I realized that I had learned a lot of valuable experiences from my mistakes I have learned a lot of knowledge and useful skills to become a good translator during my years of university at the Faculty of English - Duy Tan University But through my thesis, I realized that the knowledge I have learned is only a small part of the tens of thousands of great expertise Through this thesis, I have had the opportunity to cultivate and understand more useful knowledge That way, I can easily analyze and complete the translation as desired During the translation process, I realized that my knowledge of both SL and TL is very weak There are many terms that I don't know how to express properly, and sometimes I can't describe what the author wants to say in the text because part of my knowledge is not enough My vocabulary in Vietnamese is quite limited, so the expression is quite difficult Therefore, expanding vocabulary is a necessary element of having a good translation Moreover, in a certain topic, you must understand its content because that is the most important part of the most accurate translation Having specific knowledge will make it easier for translators This is one of the experiences that I have drawn in my translation Although my graduation paper had some errors in vocabulary, syntax and presentation of the text, the completion of this paper was a great opportunity for me to improve my translation skills personal art and my ability to pursue my career in the future I need to practice in many fields to gain more expertise and skills as a successful translator Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A 6.2 Implications After finishing my graduation paper, I would like to offer some suggestions for both the language learners and teachers 6.2.1 Implications for learning As a language student, besides my passion for language learning, I think that every student should have as much understanding in as many fields as possible and practice a lot to improve his or her translation skills In particular, it is necessary to study the structure, syntax, semantics carefully, and so on to understand the author's intention and reproduce the information in the TL Moreover, as a language student, I think we should read many books, newspapers, stories, and magazines in our mother tongue and foreign languages; this helps us gain more valuable knowledge and increase our capital—vocabulary for ourselves When you have solid knowldge, translation becomes easier and more fluent In addition, we have to add more structure and grammar to convey the author's intention Another equally important thing, the ability to read and understand English is an integral part of translation; reading, understanding and translating is an important factor in creating a perfect translation We need to improve our reading comprehension to convey information reasonably and understandably 6.2.2 Implications for teaching Besides the suggestions for language students, I would like to give some discussions with the lecturers of Duy Tan University and the lecturers of the Faculty of English in particular Currently, translation and interpretation are not only a field of study that helps to expand cultural knowledge, but they are Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A also an opportunity to create jobs for students Therefore, teachers should make the subject interesting for students to absorb effectively Firstly, everyone thinks that translation is quite tedious There is only audio-visual and translation, so I think that teachers should build a new teaching model to make it interesting and stimulate the students' thinking For example, open foreign programs for students to participate in translation and dubbing or forming small groups to participate in games such as guessing words, interpreting words, etc This will bring the faculty and students closer together and increase mutual interaction Secondly, I think that some subjects, such as grammar and translation theory, should be taught more carefully and the number of lessons should be increased so that students can grasp the assignment thoroughly Thirdly, students should be encouraged and reassured when they make mistakes That way, students will be more confident and try to promote themselves more I think that instead of always criticizing students when they make mistakes, teachers should gently advise and encourage them Only when the errors are too great can they use more severe handling In the end, I hope that my comments will be useful to everyone After completing this report, I can see that my translation skills have improved significantly This will be valuable baggage for me in the future Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A REFERENCES BOOKS: [1] J.C Catford (1965), A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Oxford University Press [2] Nguyễn Mạnh Quang (2013), Translation Theory, Duy Tan University, Department of Foreign Language [3] Peter Newmark (1984), Approaches to Translation, Pergamon Press DICTIONARIES: [4] Oxford dictionary (1948), Oxford University [5] Lacviet dictionary (2002), Vietnam [6] Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1995), Cambridge University Press INTERNET: [7] http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ [8] http://www.ieltsbuddy.com/noun-clause.html [9] https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ [10] https://ieltstolinh.vn/compound-complex-sentence-trong-ieltswriting [11 https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Nguyen Quynh Chi, M.A SUPERVISOR’COMMENTS  ……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… Student: Vo Hoang Tra My Code: 24203107584 ... TAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH GRADUATION PAPER AN ANALYSIS OF THE SUGGESTED TRANSLATION OF CHAPTER I FROM THE BOOK “OUT TO WORK- A HISTORY OF WAGE- EARNING WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES” BY ALICE. .. graduation thesis was a suggested translation of Chapter I entitled: “Forming the Female Wage Labor Force: Colonial America to the Civil War” of the book “OUT TO WORK – A history of Wage- Earning Women. .. clear and precise as in the book As a student of Faculty of Foreign Languages, especially majoring in Translation and Interpretation, I have the opportunity to learn in- depth about translation issues