AN ANALYSIS OF THE SUGGESTED TRANSLATION OF CHAPTER 3 FROM THE BOOK “CULTURE AND CUSTOMS OF KOREA” BY DONALD n CLARK, 2000 (2)

DUY TAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH VO THI NHAN AI AN ANALYSIS OF THE SUGGESTED TRANSLATION OF CHAPTER FROM THE BOOK “CULTURE AND CUSTOMS OF KOREA” BY DONALD N CLARK, 2000 GRADUATION PAPER IN ENGLISH LINGUISTICS DA NANG, 2022 DUY TAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A ACKNOWLEDGEMENT  Throughout the graduation paper process, I have recieve a great deal of support and assistance This graduation paper could not have completed without the invaluable help, dedicated guidance, support, and encouragement of instructors, admired Teacher’s in Faculty of English at Duy Tan University, my family and my friends Furthermore, I would like to express my deep gratitude to all of them First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Mr Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A who not only gave me helpful advices and comments to deal with my problems, but also supported me during this thesis Furthermore, I would like to show my appreciation to my family for their encouragement I would like to thank to my classmates and all my close friends for their support and useful recommendations Last but not least, It is impossible to express my thankful to others people who helped me finish the graduation paper I wish you all health happiness and success! Yours sincerely, Student Vo Thi Nhan Ai Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP  Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in the whole or in part from a thesis by which have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution Danang, May, 2022 VO THI NHAN AI Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A ABBREVIATION  SL : Source language TL : Target Language P : Paragraph Ex : Example S : Subject V : Verb O : Object C : Complement A : Adverb Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A ABSTRACT  The main purpose of this graduation paper is to provide a suggested version translation of Chapter named: “Arts and Literature” from the book “ CULTURE AND CUSTOMS OF KOREAN,” by Donald N Clark, the Chapter is about arts and literature in the past through the present in North and South Korea with chapters on the story of the Korean people including decorative ceramics, famous architectural works of ancient times, various folk paintings, poems, novels with great artists in that times Otherwise, the other purpose is to provide an analysis of the original text regarding vocabulary, sentences patterns, and structures This graduation paper will help the translator to consolidate and enhance expertise, identify problems encountered in the translation process Finally, based on this paper, there are some difficulties in translating this text And above are some useful solutions that help the translator get a better translation which are at the end of this paper Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ii ABBREVIATION iii ABSTRACT iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1Rationale 1.2Aims and Objectives .1 1.2.1Aims 1.2.2Objectives 1.3Scope of the study 1.3.1Text Features .2 1.3.2Text Length .3 1.3.3Text Organization 1.3.4Text Source .3 1.4Methods of the study .3 1.4.1Translating Method 1.4.2Analyzing Method .4 1.5 Organization of the study .4 CHAPTER 2: THEORICAL BACKGROUND .6 2.1 Translation theory 2.1.1 Definitions of Translation 2.2 Types of categories 2.2.1 Full vs Partial Translation 2.2.2 Total and Retricted Translation 2.2.3 Phonological Translation 2.2.4 Graphological Translation 2.2.5 Transliteration Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A 2.2.6 Free, Literal, and Word-for-word Translation 2.3 Principles and Methods of Translation 2.3.1 Principles of Translation 2.3.2 Methods of Translation 13 CHAPTER 3: SUGGESTED TRANSLATION .16 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS .53 4.1 Vocabulary 53 4.1.1 Words with multi-meanings 53 4.1.2 Phrasal verbs 55 4.2 Structures 56 4.2.1 Simple sentences 56 4.2.2 Compound sentences 57 4.2.3 Complex sentences 59 4.2.4 Compound - Complex sentences 61 4.2.5 Sentences in passive voice .62 4.2.6 Existential “there” 63 4.2.7 Sentence with empty subject 64 CHAPTER 5: DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS 65 5.1 Difficulties 65 5.2 Solutions .66 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 67 6.1 Summary .67 6.2 Suggestions 68 6.2.1 Implications for Learning .68 6.2.2 Implications for Teaching .68 REFERENCES SUPERVISOR COMMENTS Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 Graduation Paper Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A Code: 24203107230 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale During my four years studying at Duy Tan University, as a student in the Faculty of English, I had the opportunity to gain specialized knowledge and accumulate different types of translation Among the translated documents, the topic of culture is the one that interests me the most Culture is a broad concept encompassing all aspects of society, including the material and spiritual values created and shared by the population throughout history As a result, culture refers to specific characteristics, including language, ideology, religion, etc Culture is the accumulation of values inherited from generation to generation over a long period I chose the book "Korean culture and customs" to translate because it describes and presents all about war, life, entertainment, people, customs, religion, and politics from both past and present This book is fascinating since it covers everything, and it can be viewed as the beginning of what Korea’s culture is today, in my opinion Chapter is my favorite chapter and the one I chose to translate It discusses the beginning of Korean art and literature in ancient civilized dynasties, the uniqueness in architecture, the process of sculpture, folk painting, poetry, and legends, and the great artists who were to create it Although culture is a popular topic, I translated this book to give readers a deeper understanding of Korean culture, the lives of Korean people, and the hidden corners of Korean culture Overall, I hope I made an excellent choice and obtained a high rating 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.2.1 Aims This graduation paper focuses on two main points Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 57 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A 4.2.2 Compound sentences A compound sentence is a sentence that connects two or more independent clauses A compound sentence has no dependent clauses To made a compund sentences, the independent clauses are joined together in three different ways: - Coordinators (coordinating conjunction) Independent clause + Coordinator + Independent clause (Coordinator: FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) Example: Anna is a vegetarian so she doesn’t eat meat - Conjunctive Adverbs ( however, besides, furthermore, also,etc) Example: I feel tired;however; I have to finish my homework - Semicolon (;) Independent clause + Semicolon + Independent clause Example: I’m cleaning the table; my sister is cooking for lunch There are many compound sentences in the original text that I will analyze as follows: Example 1: “The techniques and basic design inspiration are clearly from S V C China, and some of the Koryo potters themselves were Chinese.” [P15] S V C - Independent clause 1: “The techniques and basic design inspiration are clearly from China” - Independent clause 2: “some of the Koryo potters themselves were Chinese” There are two independent clauses in this compound sentence They are connected by a coordinator “and”  Clause 1: “ The techniques and basic design inspiration are clearly from China” - Subject = “The techniques and basic design inspiration” - Verb = “are” Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 58 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A - Complement = “clearly from China” Structure: S V C  Clause 2: “some of the Koryo potters themselves were Chinese” - Subject = “some of the Koryo potters themselves” - Verb = “were” - Complement = “Chinese”  Structure: S V C And my suggested version is : “Các kỹ thuật cảm hứng thiết kế rõ ràng từ Trung Quốc số thợ gốm Koryo người Trung Quốc.” Example 2: “Magatama are found throughout northeastern Asia but they S V A S are not so common in China.” [P7] V C A - Independent clause 1: “Magatama are found throughout northeastern Asia” - Independent clause 2: “they are not so common in China” This is a compound sentence Each independent clause is linked together by a coordinator “but”  Clause 1: “Magatama are found throughout northeastern Asia” - Subject = “Magatama” - Verb = “are found” - Adverb = “throughout northeastern Asia”  Structure: S V A  Clause 2: “they are not so common in China” - Subject = “they” - Verb = “are not” - Complement = “so common” - Adverb = “in China”  Strucutre: S V C A Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 59 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A My suggested version is: “Magatama tìm thấy khắp Đơng Bắc Á chúng không phổ biến Trung Quốc.” 4.2.3 Complex sentences A complex sentence is one independent clause (that can stand alone) and at least one dependent clause (cannot stand alone) joined by a subordinating conjunction Some common subordinating conjunctions: before, after, if, when, while, who, though, although, even though, now that, since and so on 4.2.3.1 Complex sentences with Relative Clauses Example 1: “Korean literature, which had been shaped and distorted by Japanese rule, now was distorted further by the needs of the two Korean regimes”[P45]  Relative clause: “which had been shaped and distorted by Japanese rule”  Relative pronoun: which  The clause “which had been shaped and distorted by Japanese rule” functions as an adjective modifying the previous noun phrase “Korean literature” Suggested version: “Văn học Hàn Quốc, vốn định sẵn bị xuyên tạc cai trị Nhật Bản, bị bóp méo nhu cầu hai chế độ Triều Tiên.” Example 2: “The names of those who went north were expunged from public discourse.” [P46]  Relative clause: “who went north were expunged from public discourse.”  Relative pronoun: who  The clause “who went north were expunged from public discourse.” functions as an adjective modifying the noun phrase “The names of those” Suggested version: “Tên người phía Bắc bị xóa bỏ khỏi buổi diễn thuyết cơng khai.” 4.2.3.2 Complex sentences with Adverbial clauses Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 60 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A Example 1: “The blue-green celadon hue was the result of careful calculation when the potters mixed the glazes.” [P15]  Independent clause: “The blue-green celadon hue was the result of careful calculation”  Dependent clause: “when the potters mixed the glazes.”  Conjunction : When Suggested version: “Màu men ngọc bích kết tính tốn cẩn thận người thợ gốm trộn men.” Example 2: “Though they spoke to each other in their own Korean language, they wrote things down in Chinese.” [P28]  Independent clause: “they wrote things down in Chinese.”  Dependent clause: “Though they spoke to each other in their own Korean language”  Subordinating Conjunction: Though Suggested version: “Mặc dù người dân nói với tiếng Hàn, họ viết thứ tiếng Trung.” 4.2.4 Compound - Complex sentences A compound – Complex sentence is made from at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses In other words, a Compound-Complex sentence is composed of two main clauses similar to a compound sentence and at least one subordinate clause similar to a complex sentence (which can be part of an independent clause) Example 1: “The much-admired Chinese civilization had been taken over by Manchu invaders and the imperial throne was occupied by emperors who were technically "barbarians"” [P23] - There are two independent clauses and one dependent clause in this sentence - The first independent clause is “The much-admired Chinese civilization had been taken over by Manchu invaders” and the second is “the Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 61 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A imperial throne was occupied by emperors” They are linked together by a coordinator “and” - The dependent clause is “who were technically “barbarians””, which is a relative clause Suggested version: “Nền văn minh Trung Hoa đáng ngưỡng mộ bị quân xâm lược Mãn Thanh chiếm lấy ngai vàng bị chiếm đoạt hoàng đế cho kẻ “man rợ”.” Example 2: “These people were part of a mosaic of tribal civilizations that settled in the area, and the things they made have been found in many parts of northeastern China, Siberia, and even Japan.” [P1] - The sentence has two independent clauses which are “These people were part of a mosaic of tribal civilizations” and “the things they made have been found in many parts of northeastern China, Siberia, and even Japan” connected by a coordinator “and” - The other two clauses are dependent clauses “that settled in the area” and “the things they made” Both dependent clauses are relative clauses Suggested version: “Những người dân phần tranh khảm văn minh bộc lạc định cư khu vực, thứ họ làm tìm thấy nhiều vùng Đơng Bắc Trung Quốc, Si-bê-ri-a, Nhật Bản.” Example 3: “The absence of a writing system meant that these expressions were passed down the generations in oral form and there is no way to recover them.” [P28] - There are two independent clauses, “The absence of a writing system meant” and “there is no way to recover them” and one dependent clause “that these expressions were passed down the generations in oral form” in this sentence - A coordinator connects the independent clauses “and” - The dependent clause is a noun clause Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 62 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A Suggested version: “Việc khơng có hệ thống chữ viết có nghĩa loại hình truyền qua nhiều hệ dạng truyền miệng khơng có cách để khơi phục chúng.” 4.2.5 Sentences in passive voice Passive voice refers to a sentence construction in which the subject of a clause or sentence becomes the object of an action Moreover, Passive voice structure is very common in English, but it doesn't have the same structure in Vietnamese, so it causes difficulty when translating kind of sentences into Vietnamese The most effective way is that keep the structure while trying to find suitable words in Vietnamese or turn it into action when translating these structures  Tense: Simple past S + WAS/WERE + PAST PARTICIPLE Example 1: “In fact, the cave was almost forgotten over the intervening centuries.”[P12] The verb “forget” is in the passive voice, and I will keep the passive voice structure to translation this sentence Suggested version: “Trên thực tế, hang động gần bị lãng quên qua nhiều kỷ.”  Tense: Present Perfect S + HAS/HAVE + BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE Example 2: “In the modern era, Korean art has been influenced by world trends”[P25] In this sentence, as we can see, the word “influence” is a passive form, and I still remain the passive structure to translate the sentence into Vietnamese Suggested verion: “Trong thời kỳ đại, nghệ thuật Hàn Quốc bị ảnh hưởng xu hướng giới.” Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 63 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A 4.2.6 Existential “there” The word there in front of a verb asserts that someone or something exists When used as such, the pronoun there does not emphasize or refer to anything specific; rather merely introduces new information or a situation that exists It is therefore called the existential there or anticipatory there For example: “There is also a government prosecutor who is supposed to arrest the "bandits" but instead acts like their faithful servant.” [P51] - In this example, the existential “there” in the sentence is function as a subject for the real subject “a government prosecutor” - The existential clause is form by THERE + TO BE + REAL SUBJECT Suggested version: “Ngồi cịn có cơng tố viên phủ cho để bắt kẻ "cướp" thay vào lại hành động người hầu trung thành chúng.” 4.2.7 Sentence with empty subject For example: “But it is celadon pottery that has done the most to make Koryo famous in the world of art.” [P15] - The empty subject: It - The structure of this sentence: It + BE + adj + to V Suggested version: “Nhưng đồ gốm men ngọc làm nên điều tuyệt vời để Koryo trở nên tiếng làng nghệ thuật giới.” Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 64 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A CHAPTER DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS Through this graduation paper, I had a chance to apply translation theories and subject practice I’ve learned to translate this cultural book As a result, I identified several weaknesses and strengths to improve my abilities during the translation process However, considering this was my first time writing this paper, it presented some challenges, which I overcame by devising creative solutions 5.1 Difficulties Despite as a student in translating and interpreting, I still met several obstacles when completing this graduation assignment First and foremost, it was critical to comprehend the text's topic It reflected the entire text's content However, the translator frequently did not focus on it or misunderstand it, so the translation had false expressions and a lack of meaning It prevents translators from correctly translating SL to TL The second difficulty I encountered was the vocabulary and lack of knowledge in the translation field Vocabulary in the text carried many diverse and intensive meanings, so it required the translator to be knowledgeable in the translation field and flexible in finding the appropriate meaning in the target language In addition, the function of each term's words, phrases, and usage caused difficulty for me when translating the text Thirdly, the other difficulty throughout the translation process was complex grammar and structure The author employed various sentence types to express his ideas better, so it was difficult for the translator to analyze and find the corresponding form while keeping the meaning in the source language Therefore, complex structures were combined in different cases, and the translator often makes mistakes when analyzing only simple structures Finally, The biggest challenge I faced was a lack of time Although the text was long, due to the time constraints, the study and expertise of the original text were insufficient, insulting in a translation that was not smooth and natural It also led to the hard of analyzing the structure as thoroughly as possible Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 65 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A 5.2 Solutions In the translation process, I achieved advice from my supervisor and friends and figured out solutions by myself to deal with the obstacles below Firstly, it is necessary to read the entire text to understand the main idea and each topic of the text before translating, helping us to have an overview of the content of the text We should note the difficult words, phrases, and structures that cause trouble or confusion for the translator during this process Moreover, we should research on the internet or books about related topics to understand the text deeply we will translate It will be helpful to deal with some difficult words and structures, especially in specific terms Secondly, preparing the vocabulary background is also crucial in translation If the translator has a huge vocabulary in different fields, translating will become easier, and be able to correct the content of context However, there are so many hard words in the cultural book that we need to look up from dictionaries such as Cambridge Dictionary, The Free Dictionary, and Oxford Dictionary to define the closet meaning of words Otherwise, if the definition of the dictionary is still not correct, we should choose a suitable meaning that matches the content of the sentences Thirdly, we should analyze the structures carefully Suppose there are some complicated structures and grammar that make us confused In that case, we need to review our specialized knowledge and research on the internet to get the best result in translating and analyzing the text Therefore, we also should receive advice from the supervisor and friends to help us solve problems In conclusion, we need to prepare both essential knowledge and skills of translation to apply to any text when translating any documents It is so easy to make mistakes if we not have a firm understanding of the structure and specific one Through this paper, I tried my best to complete the translation and analysis of the text, although I had many difficulties Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 66 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A CHAPTER CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 6.1 Summary While working on this graduation paper, I realized many shortcomings As a student in translating and interpreting, I have learned a lot of knowledge and abilities to become a good translator throughout my four years at university However, I knew that all I learned were just a tiny part of sizeable extensive knowledge during the translation process This work not only helped me improve my translation abilities as well as analysis skills but also provided many valuable experiences During translating, I discovered that I lacked vocabulary in both SL and TL I did not know the meaning of many terms, which made it hard to translate Even if I comprehended the author's statement, the absence of Vietnamese lexis made it difficult to convey an idea in Vietnamese So, having a vocabulary background in SL and TL is necessary for translators Furthermore, having particular knowledge when translating a specific field is also significant It helps translators get more accessible to understand the author's point so that translators can translate precisely Although I researched some cultural topics related to my translated document, I still got trouble with the original text Nevertheless, I could translate a specific term correctly; however, this was a helpful experience This graduation paper also showed that I need to study more about grammar It is very straightforward to analyze simple sentences, but I make mistakes with the wrong analysis when it goes on to other complicated structures Because I am often confused between kinds of structures and grammar, it is a good chance for me to improve my understanding and knowledge Even though my graduation paper had multiple grammar, syntax, and translation issues, I obtained a better grasp of the cultural topic in Korea through Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 67 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A this paper Therefore, I learned more about how to find equivalents to express ideas in TL and get the best-suggested version we need to based on the context In conclusion, to become a good translator, I need to keep learning and training in various fields to achieve more experience and enhance my skills 6.2 Suggestions 6.2.1 Implications for Learning To become a translator in the future, besides mastering basic and professional knowledge, students need to hone their translation skills as well as experience in translation documents It is highly recommended for students to practice translating documents from various fields In doing so, students will expand their specialized knowledge, gain more experience, improve their translation ability, and become more proficient in translating Furthermore, students need to study and master translation methods and principles and take time to comprehend complex structures and grammar so that they will not make serious mistakes when translating a text Moreover, It is also imperative that students practice not just English but also their native language, Vietnamese, to be able to translate texts more smoothly and fluently In addition, the ability to grasp general information from the text to be translated is another skill students will need to master to translate any document easily 6.2.2 Implications for Teaching After four years of studying at Duy Tan University, I have some suggestions that I hope will be helpful for the English department in particular and the university in general Firstly, I think teachers may give more opportunities for students to apply the translation theories and skills they have learned into practice Besides teaching students specific subjects to help them understand specialized knowledge, it is important to provide practical exercises to help them practice and improve their translation abilities Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 68 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A Secondly, in addition to extracurricular activities related to English, I think the school and the English Faculty should organize clubs to create an environment for students to come and exchange knowledge as well as share experience with each other The purpose of this is to motivate students to study harder and conduct specialized research, and each of them has another view of being a translator Finally, the required time to complete the thesis is very short because the process of writing and editing this essay takes a lot of time, along with studying and getting some certificates, so it is expected that the school will consider extending the time to allow students to complete the graduation paper as efficiently as possible Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A REFERENCES BOOKS: [1] Peter Newmark (1984), Approaches to Translation, Pergamon Press [2] Nguyễn Mạnh Quang (2013), Translation Theory, Duy Tan University, Department of Foreign Language [3] J.C Catford (1965), A Linguistic Theorry of Translation, Oxford University Press DICTIONARIES: [4] Cambridge Dictionary [5] Oxford Dictionary [6] The Free Dictionary [7] Lac Viet Dictionary WEBSITES: [8] https://www.wikipedia.org/ [9] https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ [10] https://www.englishgrammar101.com/module-10/clauses/lesson-9/complexand-compound-complex-sentences [11] https://elight.edu.vn/tong-hop-60-cau-thanh-ngu-tieng-anh-hay-thong-dungtrong-cuoc-song/amp/ [12] https://www.thefreedictionary.com/ Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A SUPERVISOR COMMENTS  Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 Graduation Paper Supervisor: Duong Huu Phuoc, M.A Student: Vo Thi Nhan Ai Code: 24203107230 ... improve translation and analysis skills 1 .3 Scope of the study This study examines the translation and analysis of the suggested version in chapter of the book “ CULTURE AND CUSTOMS OF KOREA”. .. The book “Culture and Customs of Korea” consists of chapters, and chapter is the chapter I choose to translate Chapter is about the arts and literature of the past in North and South Korea, and. .. “Arts and Literature” from the book “ CULTURE AND CUSTOMS OF KOREAN,” by Donald N Clark, the Chapter is about arts and literature in the past through the present in North and South Korea with chapters