- Cdch thii ha: Phong phap thang thi&n l&n trcfi,
LE HOI PHAT GIAO
N g a y tCf n h u f n g t h e k y d ^ u c 6 n g n g u y e n , b a n h xe
p h a p l u a n c u a p h a t giao tCf A n D b da di lai n h i l n g da'u v&'t ra't d a m d k h u vifc D 6 n g N a m A . N h i e u vUdng t r i ^ u , n h i b u qub'c gia a k h u v a c D b n g N a m A, n h u
v i f c f n g t r i ' ^ u S a i - k u - d c r - r a ( t h 6 ' k y V H - V H I d In-do-ne-xi-a), vifcmg t r i b u A n g - c o thcfi Giai-a-vac-men V I I (th§' k y X I I - X I I I or C a m - p u - c h i a ) , wfcmg t r i e u
Pa-gan ( t h e k y X I - X I I I d M y - a n - m a ) , vifcfng qubc L a n
X a n g (Lao), cac wfcfng t r i e u S u - k h d - t h a i , A i - i i t - t h a i - a ( T h a i L a n ) , da la'y P h a t giao l a m qubc giao. H i e n nay, d cac qubc gia D o n g N a m A l u c d i a n h i f M y - a n - m a , T h a i L a n , C a m - p u - c h i a , Lao, P h a t giao The-ra-va-da la t o n giao c h i n h .
T r o n g su6't qua t r i n h l i c h suT dai ca n g h i n n a m , P h a t
giao da di l a i n h i J n g a n h hifcrng to I d n d b i v d i m o i
mat s i n h h o a t va dcfi sbng cua ngvfdi d a n D o n g N a m A. P h a t giao k h o n g c h i la t o n giao, m a con la dao diic,
la v a n hda, la n6'p song... cua ho. B d i t h e ma, da tOf
lau, nhOTng n g a y 11 p h a t giao t r d t h a n h n h C n g ngay hoi k h o n g t h e t h i e u diTcfc t r o n g d b i sbng cua ngiTdi 349
Ddng Nam A va trcr t h a n h phong tuc, sSc thai vSn hoa dac t h u cua k h u vtfc Dong Nam A luc dia. N h i i n g le hoi Phat giao cf Dong Nam A nhi^u, da dang, nhiTng
lai CO net ra't chung cho ca k h u v\ic. Dxidi day, chiing t6i gidi thigu mot s6' hoi 11 diin h i n h .
Bun Ma-ha-bu-xa
Bun Ma-ha-bu-xa la le Phat nhap coi niet ban (ngay Phat ma't) dxxac nguCdi Lao t6 chiic bat dau vao ngay
r^m thang ba hang nam. De chu^n bi cho le, d chua,
ngifdi ta quet don sach se, va triJ nvfdc rufa, ntfdc uong d"ay vai, day chum. Cac nha lam cac loai banh trai,
lay hoa tg't t h a n h h i n h cac cay thap, d6 nUdc vao day
cac b i n h bang bac.
B u n Ma-ha-bu-xa keo dai ba ngay. Sang sdm, cac t i n db len chua dang thiic an cho svf, nghe t u n g k i n h va le Phat. Tnidc dong dao dan chung, cac nha sir thay nhau len buc doc nhOfng doan k i n h ndi vfe cuoc ddi va qua t r i n h t u hanh ciia ddc Phat. A i muon nghe vao ngay hom sau t h i tham duf n h i l n g tro vui nao nhi6t
dang dien ra a phia ngoai. Vao nhiJng ngay I I , thanh
ni§n nam nCf dxxgc dip tr6 tai ca mua va lam quen, t i m hieu nhau. Ho hat giao duyen nhay miia.
Vao dem cuoi cua hoi, moi ngiTdi lam 11 rifdc nen.
Ta't ca dan lang tii gia den tre, ca gai Ian trai, mang
nen, den fcng, htfdng hoa t d i tap t r u n g tai chua. A i na'y ngoi nghiem trang, tay chap trUdc ngtfc cung k i n h , quay mat ve phia ttfcfng Phat, doc k i n h theo vj tang
vi§n tvfdng. Doc k i n h xong, moi ngifdi cung tham gia rvrdc ng'n. Cac vi sif di triTdc, dan lang di sau. Moi
n g L f d i lang le nghi§m t r a n g di quanh chua ba vong tOf trai qua phai de tifdng nhd Tam Bao (Phat, Phap, Tang).
Tuy la h6i Phat giao. Bun Ma-ha-bu-xa, vfe thi/c cha't, la h6i dan gian s6i ndi, tvfng bOfng cua ngtrdi dan Lao. NhiJng Idi ca dieu miia, nhiJng ti6'ng nhac, n h i i n g tro vui tao n6n khdng k h i c h i n h cua ca ba ngay le h6i.
Bun Pha-vet
La ngay hoi Phat giao Idn nha't d Lao, B u n Pha-vgt
ducfc i6 chiic vao thang t i f hang nam de tiTdng nhd dxic hy sinh cao ca ciia Vet Xan-don (m6t trong cac
t§n cua diic Phat). K i n h sach cua ngUdi Lao cho biet:
V6t Xan-don cd va la Ma-thi va cd hai con: Ca-nha con trai, va Xa-li con gai. Xan-don cung va chu du
thign ha. Tdi dau, chang cung tha'y canh ddi gia doi, khd dau. Ve nha, chang dem ta't ca tai san b6' thf rbi cao dau di t u . Vdi t i n h thiftfng bao la, Xan-don con dem ca hai con cua m i n h cho mot gia d i n h k?i6ng cd con. Sau nhil&u kiep t u hanh, Xin-don d^c dao va thanh Phat.
Bun Pha-v6t dxXac tS chxic vdi quy mo Idn. Thirdng
la nhi"&u ban (lang) cung lam chung h6i I I tai mdt k h u chua Idn nao do trong vung. Trvfdc ngay hdi, sir sai va dan chiing d ban dang cai to chitc hdi don dep va trang hoang k h u chua cho dep va lam ngoi mieu t h d
t h ^ n U - p a - k h u t - v i t h S n cd nhi&u phep mku va Iu6n
trCfng t r i cac loai ma q u y .
Ngay h 6 i M t dku b a n g n g h i l i c u n g va don t h ^ n
U - p a - k h u t vfe chua. H a i ngU&i hda t r a n g l a m V§t X ^ n - d o n
va M a - t h i c u n g m 6 t n h a sxX dkn m 6 t doan ngUdi ra mi&u ddn t\iAn U - p a - k h u t . T d i m i e u , m o i ngiTdi d&ng
hoa r b i n g b i nghe v i sir doc Icfi mcfi t h ^ n U - p a - k h u t . Sau do, t i e n g chieng, ti§'ng trd'ng v a n g I6n, va m o i
ngtrdi rirdc iiikn U - p a - k h u t v% chua.
Rifdc th'an U - p a - k h u t ve chua x o n g , cac 6 n g ba gia vao gian dien ngbi nghe cac v i sir t h a y phi§n n h a u
doc hoac n g a m cku chuyen ve V ^ t Xan-don. Toan bd
cau chuyfin ve V e t X ^ n - d o n ma cac v i svf p h a i doc hoac ngSm ra't dai, gbm 50 tap v d i 500 chuyen. T r o n g liic cac d n g gia ba ca dang say siTa ngdi nghe cac cSu
chuyen cam d o n g v& V e t Xan-don t h i d ngoai skn chua,
n a m nif t h a n h ni§n c u n g v u i chcfi hoac nghe cac d i l n v i e n k j c h dan gian c h u y e n nghi§p t r i n h dien. '
Bun X^m-ha
B u n Xam-ha, ngay h d i to'ng 6n, dvfac nhSn dkn Lao
t i e n h a n h vao t h a n g bay h a n g n a m . Ngifcfi Lao giai t h i c h n g u b n goc cua B u n Xam-ha qua t r u y e n thuy&'t
sau: T h u d x\Xa, m i f d n g Phay La-si h i ddi v i h a n h a n
kec dai. C u n g vdi ddi la benh d i c h hoanh h a n h . D a n Phay La-si ben cur ngufcfi d i cau P h a t t d i giiip, k h i con thuy§n c h d P h a t c u n g 500 v i sir t d i ncJi, t h i t r d i dd mUa to, cud'n p h a n g ta't ca xac ngUdi, xac siic vat chet.
P h a t l a m nirdc phep rbi sai cac siT dem viy khSp ncfi
t r o n g mircfng Phay La-si. Nhcf P h a t ma dan m i r d n g
Phay La-si thoat k h d i d i c h b e n h . Bi tirdng n h d si^
ki§n dd, h a n g n a m , c i i dg'n t h a n g bay, ngUdi Lao lai
td' chiJf hoi va goi la ngay h d i td'ng on hay tiy ruTa.
Sau k h i thd'ng nha't ngay l a m le, dan lang d u n g m d t
chiS'c Ian d giiJa l a n g va t a m cai coc tre d t a m h i r d n g quanh lang. Cac gia d i n h c h u ^ n b i db di lam I I g6m
au nufdc canh, au cat, n h i l n g cu6n c h i t r ^ n g .
Sang ngay hoi, m o i ngirdi d a n g thitc an len chua cho cac sir rbi nghe doc k i n h . D6'n x§' chibu, rirdc au
cat (he xai). M o i ngirdi dem \h vat den dat d chi§'c Ian
gii?a lang. Cac nha sir t d i doc k i n h lam nirdc phep r b i
d u n g chdi bang cd t r a n h vAy nirdc dd vao t a m coc tre ddng quanh lang. X o n g , ai nSy biTng I I vat vg n h a di lam 11 t a i nha. H o la'y c h i t r a n g buoc vao c6 tay c^u
m o n g dieu t b t l a n h r b i ISy cat rac quanh nha, 1 % niTdc
v^y vao t r a u , bd, I g n , ga... Cd ncfi, dan lang con tap
t r u n g di ganh da cu6i, cat vb r a i quanh lang.
Ngirdi Lao cho r i n g nhiJng vat n h i r nirdc, c h i , cat sau k h i dirge cac sir l a m le se t r d t h a n h n h i l n g vat
t h i e n g cd phep m a u n g a n chan m o i tai hoa r u i ro.
Vao mua V6-sa
Ngay xira, d A n Do, sud't b d n t h a n g mua mUa, tijf
gi^jfa t h a n g bay den t h a n g mUdi mot, Phat n g h i t r o n g
cac t u v i e n t h u y e t phap chiJ k h o n g di ra ngoai. TiT dd
s i n h tuc 1§ goi la A n cir k i e t ha. Gbc tijf Pa-li cua
no la Va-sa, nghia la mifa. CJ Cam-pu-chia, no dvfcfc goi
la V6-sa.
Mua V6-sa cua Cam-pu-chia b^t (feu vao ngay 16
thang A-sa-tha, cung nhvf cf Thai Lan, My-an-ma,
chi keo dai ba thang.
T\i sang h6m ram, cac phat tuT m6 dao tap t r u n g
trong chua nghe nh^c lai cac gidi luat, va nghe thuyg't
phap. Sau do la n g h i thxic ciing n h i l n g ngifcfi da khua't,
goi la da. NhiJng bai cau k i n h , thuyS't phap tiep d i l n vao bu6i chi^u.
Ngay bade vao V6-sa, tai hoang cung, vua cho m6t ngifdi trong hoang t6c thap b6'n ngon ngn, r6i dem
tdi cac nai l i n h thi§ng trong hoang cung nhif phong
chiia cac binh hai c6't Hoang gia, phong chiJa giTcfm
thi§ng, chua Bac... Mifdi chin ngon n§'n cua hoang gia,
cung dxiac g&i t d i cac den chua khac d k i n h do va vung ngoai v i . Budi chi'feu, k h i p nai, tS chxic rtfdc nen
V6-sa. N§'n nay goi la chi§n V6-sa, lam bang g6, c6
tram tr6 i t nhieu, cao chOfng I m l O , trong chiia sap ong. N§'n phai thap sang dvrac suot ba thang, do vay,
n§'u khong du sap ong, c6 thg' dung cac loai J a u thap khac ( n h u dau hoa, trong thdi gian ^ n day).
Dam rvfdc nen di vong quanh chua ba lan trvfdc k h i
vao chua tien hanh dang va d6't|nen. Trong chua, cac
nha s\X ngoi theo thii t\X thkm nien: V i svf cao tu6i
nha't tuyen b6' V6-sa bat dau. Cac sif khac dong thanh
nh^c lai. ^
Suot ky V6-sa, cac nha t u hanh khong rdi t u vien.
Ho 6n luySn, nang cao kig'n thi?c, thUc hanh cac phan
SIX t6ri giao nghifim ngat. TrUdng hcfp c«ln thi^t, vi du cha me 6'm, m6t t u si cd th&' rdi t u vign, nhvfng phai
x i n phep tang vign trifdng va khong dvfcfc ving mat
qua bay ngay.
Con tau anh sang