C chg't, tai s^n h6n nhSn ri§ng cu a difcfc chia
PMn chia di san gitfa cac con trai cua ngifcfi dan 6ng c6 ba vor va ngtfori dan ba c6 ba cKbng kfe'
LUAT TUC KA CHIN (My-an-ma)
(My-an-ma)
- NgiTcfi Ka-chin s6'ng t^p t r u n g d vung n u i Ka-chin
thu6c bang Ka-chin, va s6'ng xen ke vdi cac dSn t6c khac or bang San (My-an-ma), dbng thcri sinh s6'ng or mot phan lanh th6 T r u n g Qu6'c, sat bi§n gidi T r u n g Qud'c - My-an-ma.
Qua cac tai Ueu T r u n g Quoc cd, ta big't ngildi Ka-chin
CO mat tai My-an-ma ft nha't la tOr th§' ky IV.
Kku het cac lang cvia ngtrdi Ka-chin d&u n^m t r 6 n
n i i i cao, d dia th&' c6 Icfi v& phong t h u , t&m quan sat
rpng, tao dxigc th&' chu d6ng trong t r u d n g hcfp bi t ^ n
cong. Trong lang, cac nha dSn, tuy kh6ng diTcfc b6' t r i
theo mot quy luAt thong nhft't, thvfdng nSm d nhi?ng
v i t r i thuSn IcJi d&' k h i c6 s\X kh&n cS'p, moi ngifdi deu
CO thS nhanh chong t d i ncJi t^p t r u n g .
Sinh hoat k i n h te truyfen th6ng cua ngtfdi Ka-chin
la canh tac niTcmg r i y . Cac cky t r o n g chinh gbm lua, vTjfng, ngo, dxXa chu6t, b i ng6. Ngoai ra, ngvfdi Ka-chin
con t r b n g mu tac, thuoc phi§n. Chung song vdi ngifdi
San, d nhieu ncfi, ngiJdi Ka-chin hoc dxxac phi/cfng thiic
sSn hAt t h i i , danh ca va chan nu6i. Cac vat nu6i nhif
trau, bo, d6, chd, xtTa kia, chu y6u diTcfc dung vao cac nghi thiJc hiS'n sinh.
Ngifcfi Ka-chin, gi6ng ngUcfi Mien, cung goi cac t h ^ n
l i n h , ma quy la nat. II hi&'n sinh Idn nha't, t h u hiit cong dbng lang va khach tit cac dja phtfOng khac
tdi, la 11 dam trau.
Xa h6i Ka-chin da phan hda. Du-oa la t h u iTnh mot vung lanh th6', c6 quyen hanh cao va dvfcfc hudng nhi^u dac lai. C6' va'n cho du-oa la cac xa-lang. M6i lang c6 m6t hay hai xa-lang. Xa-lang la ngifcfi cao tuoi, c6 uy t i n , tham gia phan xur cac vu kign t u n g trong pham
vi lang. Cac phan quyet cua Xa-lang dua ra can c\i
theo luat tuc, va do vay, khong the bi xem thUcfng. Ngoai du-oa va xa-lang, xa hoi Ka-chin con c6 hai
hang t u S I chuyen thuc hanh cac h6n phan ton giao.
Hang tr§n, la cac phap svf ra't tai gioi, dvftfc goi la
"nha ti6n t r i " . De tror thanh mot "nha ti§n t r i " , can phai vuat qua nhiJng thiif thach ghe gdm khac thUcfng (vi du phai di tren chig'c thang ma moi bac la mot
Ixidi sac ma khong he bj chay mau). Hang dudi, pho
bien han, goi la tum-xa. Tum-xa, lang nao cung c6, la
mot thiJ thay te. Ho chu t r i , thtfc hanh cac nghi thitc
te 1& C O quy mo toan cong dbng cung nhU gia dinh,
thuc hign chi^c nang t r u n g gian gitta con ngiidi va cac
quyen ].\Xc sieu nhien, nham c^u x i n cho con ngUcfi
s6'ng cu6c dcfi b i n h y&n, no du, khoe manh, hanh phuc. Ngifcfi Ka-chin, trong qua t r i n h chung s6'ng nhi^u the ky vdi cac dan t6c khac n h u Mi§'n, San, da c6
nhi"6u anh hxidng qua lai v i van hoa, k i n h tg", cung nhxX thi§'t che xa h6i. O mot so ncfi, ngudi Ka-chin
canh tac liia nifdc. Mot b6 phan dan cU Ka-chin da theo Phat giao. c h i n h t r j , tbn tai hai ccf ca'u: to chiic gum-lao, mang t i n h cha't dan chu binh dang,
khong vtfcft qua h i n h thai t6 chitc lang xa: to chiJc
gum-xa, theo m&u thiJc mong San, vdi ngUcfi diing d&u la t h u l i n h , cha truyen con n6'i^^'. Trong luat tuc Ka-chin, ta bat gap "he thong may-u da-ma", theo do, dong ho cung cS'p nhiifng ngifdi phu m l lam vg goi la may-u, dong ho cung cap nhvJng ngifdi dan ong lam chbng goi la da-ma. H§ thong nay, theo mot quan sat tvjf the ky trUdc, da bi xam pham^^'. Theo thdi gian
n h i i n g tiep xiic van hoa cung nhieu s\X kien lich suf
da va dang lam bien doi nhieu dieu luat khac ciia luat
tuc Ka-chin. Dhu vay, viec cong bb toan b6 cac dieu
luat ciia luat tuc Ka-chin se bao dam t i n h he thong,
gia t r i t\X lieu, s\X danh gia tong quat dbi vdi cac nha
nghien ciJu.
Luat tuc Ka-chin ma chiing tbi gidi thieu dvfdi day, khbng phai la bb luat t h a n h van, ma la c6ng t r i n h t h u nhap, bien soan cua m6t ngtfdi da tufng c6 nhieu thbi gian song giiJa nhiJng ngubi Ka-chin, hieu biet kha rong va kha sau ve ngtrbi Ka-chin*^'. ' ' \
(1) Fistie: La Birmanie ou la quite de I'Unite. Paris. 1985. Tr. 4.
(2) W.J.S.Carrapiett: The Kachin Tribes of Burma. Rangoon. 1929. Tr.36.
Neu ngitofi d a n ba chufa hoang bi chet k h i s i n h con
Mot ngirdi dan ong dan d i u vdi m6t ngifdi phu nvt,
lam ngtfcfi phu n i l do mang thai. Sau do, ngiTcfi phu
n\i nay bi chg't k h i sinh con. NhiT the, ngtfcfi dan 6ng ^y da tao ra m6t mdn ng, hay noi each khac, la g^y
ra mot m6'i t h u truyen kiep. A n h ta phai t r a mdn ncf do b§ng each bbi thi/cfng eho eha me ngifdi phu ni?
xau so. Neu eha me ngiTcfi phu nH do da qua ddi, t h i
mon no dirge t r a eho nhiJng ngifdi t h i n ^ n gui nhS't cua ngtrdi phu n i l do. So tien cua bbi thvfbng, do cac xa-lfing a'n djnh, t u y theo hoan eanh cua gia d i n h hay cua ban than ngtTcfi dan ong m^c I6i.
Th6ng thirdng, ngvfcfi dan ong mac loi phai trxXc tiep bbi thiTcfng. TriTdng hcfp anh ta ngheo kho, hoSc bi chet, hoac Ian t r o n , t h i nhufng ngifbi than g&n nha't cua anh ta phai chju bbi thifdng thay.
T o i ngoai t i n h t r o n g c a c t i n h h u 6 n g k h a c n h a u .
Ngoai t i n h vdi m6t ngtfdi phu n i l da c6 chbng, bi coi la pham t r o n g toi. Khong dLfOe bao bien rang ngildi phu niJ do da k h i c h le viee ngoai t i n h . Ke ngoai t i n h luon phai chju bbi thifcfng.
NgiTcfi chbng cua ngi/di phu n i l di ngoai t i n h ed th§'
tuy y bat ke ngoai t i n h vdi vg m i n h , hoac ngUcfi than
cua ke do, hoac thSm chi cha me vcf cua ke dd, phai bbi thifdng.
Pham tdi ngoai t i n h trong hoi l i dam trau te than.
dvfOc c o i l a I6i n h o . Cac trifcfng hcfp ngoai t i n h t r o n g h d i 11 dam t r a u t§' t h a n , c a c x a - l a n g thifcfng k h d n g d i J n g r a p h a n xuf, n g o a i trOf triTcfng h o p dbi v d i ke c6' t i n h t a n g t j u v d i vcf c u a t h u l i n h (du-oa). Cd stf g i a m
tdi n h e n h i f vky, b d i v i : t h i J nha't: h'au h§'t m o i ngifdi
d e u nga'm r i r g u n§n ra't k h d l a m c h u b a n t h a n m i n h ; t h i t h a i , n h i e u ngilcfi tOf v u n g x a t d i dU le h b i k h o n g h i e u p h o n g t u c d i a phiTcfng. Vi§c n g U d i d a n 6ng t r o n di c u n g m d t ngiTcfi d a n ba d a cd c h b n g , dd l a ngoai t i n h . A v a B l a a n h e m t r a i . A la'y C. Cap vcf chbng A
v a C s i n h ra c o n gai D. A c h e t . B la'y C l a m vcf, theo p h o n g t u c dan t d c . Sau dd, B p h a m tdi ngoai t i n h vdi