TRUNG QUỐC HIỆN ĐẠI HÓA, PHÁT TRIÊN VÀ HỘI NHẬP

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA N O I TRUdNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI & NHAN VAN ^ ^ f< BAO CAO TONG QUAN DE TAI KHOA HOC BAN KHOA HOC CONG NGHE DE TAI DAC BIET DHQG QG - 01 - 13 ^ V ^ TRUNG QUOC HIEN DAI HO A, PHAT TRIEN VA HOI NHAP CHU TRI DE TAI: PGS NGUYEN VAN HONG Thang 10 nam 2003 TRUNG QUOC HIEN DAI HOA, PHAT TRIEN VA HOI NHAP (CHINA'S MODERNIZATION, DEVELOPMENT AND INTEGRATION) Chii nhiem dl tai: PGS Nguyln Van Hong Trung Qudc hien dai hoa, phal trien va hoi nhap (China's modemization, development and integration) la mot dl tai vdi pham vi rdng Idn Trong khoang nam ttr 9/2001 den 9/2003, chiing tdi thuc chat la nghien ciiu vin dl Tmng Qudc cai each md cira, nghien ciiu dudng Trung Qudc giai doan diu chii nghia xa hoi Trung Qudc Di tai vdi mue lieu co ban, chiing tdi bit diu trd lai bdi canh lieh sir Tmng Qudc trude cai each, tim hieu co so vat chit, tu tudng cua mot cude cai each kinh te xa hdi ciia Trung Qudc ma thi gidi goi la "cude trudng chinh sau Mao" D6 tai dugc nhilu nha khoa hoc nude va Trung Qudc tham gia, ddng-^hdi dugc Dai sii quan Trung Qudc quan tim iing hd Dl cd the tim hieu edng cude hien dai hoa Trung Qudc ma giai doan nhu mdi bit diu dat nln mdng, chiing tdi nghien ciiu vl edng cude cai each kinh te, tu ndng nghiep, ndng thdn den thi, nghien ciiu su to chiic phat triln va cai each xi nghiep tu nhan va qudc doanh, nghien ciiu eon dudng gia nhap WTO eiia Trung Qudc, nghien ciiu vin dl thu hiit vd'n FDI, nghien ciiu van dl van minh tinh thin, quan he Tmng - Viet; Dae biet, chiing tdi nghien ciiu ly luan Dang Tieu Binh - ngon cd din dit edng cude cai each md cira cua Trung Qudc A NHAN THLTC TRIEN KHAI NGHIEN CLTU CON DJONG CAI CACH M CCTA - CON OaONG TRUNG QUOC Dl tai nghien ciiu cua chiing tdi dugc phep triln khai tii thing nam 2001 va den da hoan Tuy nhien, thuc dl tai ciing chi dang bim theo su phat triln ciia Trung Qudc diy nhiing du doan, triln vong The gidi dang ndi den mot the gidi da cue d the ky XXI, gdm nude va khu vuc: My, Tmng Qudc, Nga, Lien minh chau Au va Nhat Ban; nhung tren the gidi cung khdng phai vd cd ma ngudi ta du doan vl mot the gidi hai cue: Trung Qudc va My the ky XXI Tdi ndi dilu thuc chi mudn khing dinh mot dilu la hien the gidi dang rit chii y den toe phat triln nhanh chdng ciia Trung Qudc Gia tri tdng sin phim qudc dan Tmng Qudc dang tang nhanh va chiem vi tri hang diu ciia mot dam nude va khu vuc tren the gidi Vi the cua Trung Qudc da len cao luc lugng kinh te phat triln va cac chinh sach diing din Thing 12 nam 1978, Trung Qudc bit diu edng cude cai each md cira Va cd the ndi Trung Qudc cung phai mil hon nam "don dep", khdi dong Vao thing nam 1982, Dang Tilu Binh da du doan "Chiing ta (Trung Qude-N.V.H) hy vong 10 nam eudi ciia the ky (the ky XX) toe kinh te phal trien cang nhanh hon" Budc vao nam 90 the ky XX, tinh hinh the gidi cd nhilu bien dong, the gidi hai cue bien doi, va mot trat tu the gidi dang dugc sip xep Dang Tilu Binh da thiy rd nhiing yen to thdi co thuan Igi cho Trung Qudc va tinh hinh the gidi vin phat triln theo xu the hoa binh Dang Tieu Binh nhan manh va cd nhan dinh chien luge "Lgi dung mau thuin tdn tai ma ton tai", "dimg dinh mat thdi co, phai tang toe va may nam sau phai tien them mot budc", "cin phai nim viing thdi co, day la thdi ca tot, tdi (Dang Tieu Binh) lo mat thdi ca, khdng nim lay, thdi co se mat, thdi gian se qua di chdpmit"' Dang Tieu Binh da nhin rd thdi co va kich day tinh thin dan toe Trung Qudc vdi su phan tich khoa hoe sau sic Trung Qudc dumg trude tinh hinh cac qudc gia khu vuc dang phat triln nhanh chdng, tdc nhanh hon Trung Qudc, Dang Tieu Binh coi day la tieu chi thuc su ciu thi va kich tinh thin Tmng Qudc day Ngudi Trung Qudc da thim ndi xi nhuc vi su lac hau cua minh Ngheo thi hen, Trung Qudc da bi "an ddn" mot thdi ky can dai, Trung Qudc da diing day sau nam 1949, nhung neu tiep tue ngheo se diln lai tham canh bi coi thudng va phu thude^ Su phat triln ciia giai doan cho chiing ta thiy Tmng Qudc da rat viing vang, nhanh chdng ma chic chin, quyet tam cd co so, giai phdng tu tudng ma thuc su ciu thi, diy khat vong mo ude ma cd diu de sic lanh khoa hoc Trung Qudc bilt phat huy tdng luc Trung Hoa va kit hop nhiing dilu kien qudc te, khai thac vdn, ky thuat va kinh nghiem quan li ciia nude ngoai de phat triln id'c Nam 1997, cd hai su kien Idn la euge khiing hoang kinh te tai chinh va van dl Hong Kdng trd vl, thing lgi va thir thach Idn dugc dat Va nhu chiing ta biet, Trung Qudc da diing viing Con bao tap kinh te tai chinh khu vuc da kilm nghiem tinh phat trien diing din, viing chic, Trung Qudc vin giir dugc nhip phat trien cao Nam 1999, tiep sau Hong Kdng, Ma Cao trd vl Trung Qudc vdi vice lap Khu hanh chinh dac biet mang tinh doc lap cao, su kien lai mot lin niia chiing minh siic manh Trung Qudc tren dudng phat triln va thiu hoa thd'ng nhit Trung Qude^ Nam 2002, Dai hdi XVI Dang Cong san Trung Qudc diln sau Trung Qudc gia nhap To chiic Thuong mai the gidi (WTO), nghia la sau Trung Qudc da qua mot chang dudng dai hon 20 nam, da nhan rd nhiing budc di cua minh, du dilu kien tham gia vao thuong mai the gidi theo luat dinh Theo chiing tdi, viee Trung Qudc gia nhap WTO nghia la Trung Qudc da budc vao ddng thac phat trien ciia the gidi Dai hdi XVI ciia Dang Cong san Trung Qudc da lanh dao nhan dan Trung Qudc di vao giai doan III vdi tinh chat xay dung the che kinh te thi trudng xa hdi chii nghia Dd la giai doan ma theo cac nha khoa hoc, chinh tri, kinh te la giai doan "sang lap thi che mdi, xay dung ngdi nha mdi" Ngdi nha cua "xa hdi tieu khang - gia""* Day la mot dl tai cd y nghia thdi su, khoa hoc va ndi dung edn dang diln bien Tir chd diing khac nhau, cac nha khoa hoe da va dang nghien ciiu tim tdi de dua nhiing ket luan, tim lay nhiing bai hoc cd gia tri Vdi vi tri cua mmh, lam edng tic nghien ciiu phue vu giang day va nghien ciiu khoa hoc, chiing tdi dat van dl trd lai lich sir su kien, dinh hudng trie't hoc vl dudng di, thuc tiln phat triln va dua nhiing nhan dinh dac biet lien he vdi Viet Nam - Nghien curu tai hien nhumg net chinh va tinh hinh kinh te xa hoi Trung Qudc trurdc cai each, dac biet ve tinh hinh kinh te Mue dich la de nhin rd hon tinh hinh Trung Qudc trude giai phdng va trude cai each Dinh gia cho dugc nhiing tich va nhiing nd lire phi thudng ciia Trung Qudc, ca nhiing ton that sai lim vdi cai nhin bien chiing - Nghien ciru lich sir, dudng lua chon, ca hoi va su thach thirc * Vin dl CO hoi va thuc te phu phang: Trung Qudc da timg dinh mat CO hdi * Ganh nang Trung Qudc trude quyet sach md cira: 10 nam each mang van hoa va hdn loan kinh tl Con dudng xay dung kinh te xa hdi chu nghia ehua cd Idi dap diing din - Nghien curu tinh hinh kinh te xa hoi Trung Qudc tir cai each den nay, chiing tdi chii y tdi cac mat: * Toe tang trudng GDP lien tue d miie 8% - 9,8% Cac nganh kinh te dugc xay dung, phat trien, bo sung cho ddng bo * Mau dich ddi ngoai: nam 1978 - nhap 20,6 ty USD nam 1988 - nhap hon 100 ty USD nam 1997-nhap 300 ty USD * Vay vdn, ky thuat va to chiic, nganh du lich phat trien thay doi hoan toan bd mat Trung Qudc - Dac trung cac giai doan phat trien - 1978 - 1984: cai each ndng thdn - 1984 - 1992: cai each thi - 1992 - din nay: xay dung thi che kinh te thi trudng xa hdi chii nghia Nhiing giai doan bieu hien budc di diing din, thuc su ciu thi Trung Qudc bit diu trd lai van dl vdi diu dc tri tue sic lanh khoa hoc Chinh dd la CO so tao nen nhiing edng - Nhan thufc quy luat ca ban cai each ma ciia, phat trien tdc ciia kinh te Trung Qudc: a - Giai phdng tu tudng, thuc su ciu thi b - La'y phat triln kinh te lam trung tam e - Xir li tot quan he xay dung kinh te va nang cao ddi song nhan dan d - Xir li diing quan he, ty le giiia cac nganh kinh te e - Coi khoa hoc ky thuat la luc lugng san xuat hang diu g - Tranh thu mdi trudng hoa binh qudc te h - Phat triln kinh te phai chii tie ddng lien nganh: giao due, van hoa, the due the thao, van nghe, dao diic xa hdi v.v i - Khdng che phat trien dan so, khdng che ke hoach dan so la qudc sach CO ban - Van de tu tudng, ly luan la chia khoa trung tam, quyet dinh cai each cong Ly thuyet Dang Tieu Binh la ngon cd tu tudng din dIt Trung Qudc tien hanh cude cai each md cira edng 5- B TRUNG QUOC - CON DUONG HIEN DAI HOA, PHAT TRIEN VA HOI NHAP MOT SO VAN DE TIEP CAN • a • • NGHIEN cCrU TINH HINH KINH TE - XA HOI TRUNG QUOC TRU$: g ^ ) Nguyen cd khdng che dugc ke hoach dan sd mdi cd kha nang chu dong giam nhe ganh nang eho sir phal trien kinh te Nd mdi tao didu kien eho sir cai canh Neu dan sd lang khong the didu tiet ndi thi ke hoach se bi pha vd va nhu cd xe qua tai khdng the chuyen ddng tdc dp va cd nhidu nguy codd vd'-\ Tam quy luat tren dugc cac nha kinh te chfnh tri Tmng Qudc ban tdi nhu nhung nhan thiic khoa hpc, lam chia khoa eho su phat trien mot each dn dinh va tdc dp Trung Qudc cai each md cira da di dugc 25 nam Hai muoi lam nam bing hang tram nam due lai Nhirng tuu phi thudng ma Trung Qudc dat dugc da dang dugc cae nha khoa hpc kinh te, chfnh tri, lich sir, xa hoi nghien eiiu, danh gia tdng ket Trung Qudc dang d giai doan diu ciia ehii nghia xa hoi, nhu ngudi Trung Qudc ndi dd la giai doan "dd da qua sdng" Bao nhieu suy nghl, bao nhieu thuc nghiem diy thir thach khd khan Bai hpc kinh nghiem giiip eho Trung Qudc cai each md cira, phat tridn mot each diing din la phai giai phdng tu tudng, thuc su ciu thi, lay mue tieu phat trien lam le sdng edn ciia dan toe Ngudi Trung Qudc biet tran trpng nhiing bai hpc cdng nhung cung bie't danh gia nhirng that bai, tdn thit vdi bai hpc tra gia cho nhan thiie bom Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc danh gia diing din nhimg tham hoa "each mang van hoa", nhiing vap vap iu tri eiia thdi ky xay dung kinh le xa hdi ehii nghia ban diu va coi dd nhu bai hpc quan trpng tra gia dd Trung Qudc ed the tinh tao ban, trf tue hon, tin tudng ban, tien tren eon dudng xay dung ebii nghia xa hdi dac sic Trung Qudc 38 ~ Cdng viee nghien eiiu, td chiie cdng bd dua qua nghien ciiu ciia dd tai vao boat ddng va phue vu cuoc sdng khoa hpc va thuc te mot cich thiet thue, dd tai chiing tdi da hoan thdi gian nim So vdi ke hoach dang kf, chiing tdi da hoan vugt miic - Da td chiic Hoi thao khoa hpc cd hang ehuc hpc gia tham gia - Da dat bai mdi Giao su Tmng Qudc la Vien trudng cac vien nghien cu*u Idn nhu: - Giao su Truong Lap Van, Vien Trudng Vien triet hpc, Dai hpc nhan dan Bic Kinh, da timg nhan giai thudng qudc te - Giao su Trin Khdi Trf, Vien trudng Vien Nho giao Son Ddng Cae Giao su ddu da sang Viet Nam, bao cao, giang day d khoa Triet, khoa Ddng Phuong hpc, nganh Han Ndm, khoa Van - Da edng bd bai cac Tap ehf: Thdng tin khoa hpc xa hoi, Nghien eiiu Trung Qudc, Thi trudng chiing khoan - Da tap hgp, danh gia, bien tap, xuat ban mot cudn sach nhim dua ke't qua nghien ciiu dd tai vao phue vu eupe sdng Mae dii vay, so vdi van dd nghien ciiu, yeu ciu khach quan chic chin viee lam ciia chiing tdi cdn nhidu khiem khuyet Xin chan cam on lanh dao Dai hpc Qudc gia Ban Khoa hpc cdng nghe mdi trudng, Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc xa hdi va nhan van, Khoa Ddng Phuong hpc da tao didu kien eho chiing tdi hoan de tai Xin cam on cac nha khoa hpc nude va nude ngoai da nhiet tinh hgp tie trien khai dd tai vdi chiing tdi Xin cam on Dai sii quan nude CHND Trung Hoa tai Viet Nam da khfch le, giiip dd chiing tdi trien khai dd tai Chu nhiem de tai PGS Nguyen Van Hong 33 Chu thich: (I) Dang Tieu Binh van tuyen, Nhan dan xuat ban xa, 1993, tr 375 (2) Dang Tieu Binh van tuyen, Nhan dan xuat ban xa, 1993, tr 383 (3) Giang Traeh Dan, Ban ve chu nghia xa hoi dac sac Trung Quoc, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, 2003, tap II, tr 241 - 242 (4) Ly Thiet Anh, "Thue tidn vl dai, kinh nghiem edng, nhin lai va tdng ke't cdng cuoc cai each md cira cua Trung Qudc", Bao cao tai Hpc vien Chfnh tri qudc gia Ho Chf Minh, 11 thing nam 2000 (5) Tu heu phin can cii theo Khau Hieu Hoa, Con dudng Trung Qudc, (tie'ng Trung), sdd (6) Din theo Qiu SiaoHua, The Road of China - My Perspective on China's Economic issues, Peking, 1999 (7)B^^^^^m^m^-^^&}nm^±mi^f&^±2000^, ? 122, (8)fi|J^l^*Iifi^il5StfIig}?Fg^:^^Jii)5Stt2000^, P 125 (9) Qiu SiaoHua, The Road of China - My Perspective on China's Economic issues, Peking, 1999 (10) Duong Thie'u Tuan, Dang Tieu Binh xay dung ly luan chii nghia xa hoi dac sic Trung Qudc, Bic Kinh, 1994, tr 58 (II) Dang Tieu Binh van tuyen, Nhan dan xuat ban xa, 1993, tr 375 (12) Giang Traeh Dan, "Bao eao cua dong ehf Giang Traeh Dan, thay mat Ban chap hanh tmng uong khoa XV trinh bay tai Dai hdi Dang Cong san Trung Qudc - 11 - 2002" (13) Cich ngdn Trung Qudc "Dan dl thue vi thien" (K I>1 ^ >^ ^ ) (14) New Times, 12-1985 (15) Ma Din So, nha kinh te hpc, giao su, nguyen hieu trudng Trudng Dai hpc Bic Kinh da sdm dd ly thuyet Trung Qudc phat trien va nguy co ciia van de dan sd 6ng bi cac nha chfnh tri, kinh te Trung Qudc vao nhung nam 50 - 60 phe phan la "Hpc thuyet Man - tuyt phan ddng" Mai gin day, sau 100 cai each, cac nha khoa hpc chfnh tri kinh te' Tmng Qudc mdi nhan ly thuyet khoa hpc dung din ciia dng (16) Dang Tieu Binh van tuyen, (tieng Trung), Q3, Nxb Nhan dan, 1993, u3 (17) Trung Quoc Cong san dang de thap ngO thur toan quoc dai bieu dai hoi van kien hoi bien, Nhan dan xuit ban xa, tieng Tmng, tr 112 (18) Xem Nguydn Huy Quy, Bao cao ''Ly ludn Ddng Tieu Binh ve chit nghia xd hdi mang dac sdc Trung Quod' Sach Trung Qudc cai each mo cua - Nhumg bai hoc kinh nghiem, Nxb The' gidi Ha Ndi, 2003, tr 62 (19) Tham khao them Trung Qudc cai each md ciira - Nhumg bai hgc kinh nghiem, Nxb The' gidi Ha Ndi, 2003, tr 62 101- PHU LUC a ^ • X QUA TRINH CAI CACH, TINH CHAT CAC GIAI DOAN Qua trinh cai each md cira ddu hudng tdi xu the hien dai boa phai trien dudi kip the' gidi va budc vao hoi nhap vdi ddng thac phat trien eiia the gidi Qua trinh dd da didn ba giai doan tir thip den cao Didu phan anh tfnh khoa hpc, phat trien ma ludn ehii y de'n dn dinh, den nhung budc di chic chin diy suy nghl A Giai doan I: ttr 10 -1978 den - 1984: Budc di ban dau cua cai each - Trpng tam eai each la d ndng thdn, luc lugng tham gia cai each la ndng dan - O thi lien hanh thf diem md rdng quydn tu ehii kinh doanh eiia xf nghiep qudc doanh - Xay dung dac khu kinh te' (y nghia ciia md cira) B Giai doan II: tiir 10 -1984 den 12 -1991: Trien khai cai each - Trpng diem la thi Xf nghiep qudc doanh la khau trung tam eiia loan bp eai each Cai each gia ea la then chdt - Cai each tir Imh vuc kinh te" md rdng de'n cac Imh vuc eiia xa hdi nhu khoa hpc ky thuat, giao due v.v C Giai doan HI: ttr dau nam 1992 den nay: Budc dau xay dung the che kinh te thj trudng xa hoi chu nghia - Trpng diem xay dung ehe' dp mdi, ehii ye'u md rdng hon nira, phat trien ban niia thi trudng, xay dung xf nghiep hien dai - Cau tao va xay dung he thdng didu tie't vl md mdi 102 M O T S T H A N H TIAJ KINH T^ TRUNG QU6c TRONG GIAI DOAN CAI CACH M CCTA Bang I Tong san pham quoc noi ciia Trung Quoc giai doan 1978 - 2002 \v^ Chi tieu Nam ^ x ^ GDP (Ty NDT) 1978 358,81 11,7 - - 1988 1470,42 11,3 - - 1998 7955,3 7.8 3,3 -2,8 2000 7060,32 8,2 3,4 1,3 2001 9593,3 7,3 0,4 -0,7 2002 10239,8 8,0 1,3 0,1 Tyle tang tmcmg GDP (%) Trung Hoa Nhat Quoc Ky Ban Nguon: Liu Shu Cheng, Wang Lina, Chang Xin, An Analysis of China's Economic Growth Trend (1998 - 2002), China & World Economy, No 4, 2002, p Ban tin Trung Quoc, so 12 - 2002, ir 6, so - 2003, tr Dinh Cong Tuan, Qua trinh cai each kinh te - xa hoi cua CHND Trung Hoa (tir 1978 den nay), Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi, 1998, tr 65,123 Pham Thai Quoc, Trung Quoc - Qua trinh cong nghiep hoa 20 nam cuoi the ky XX, Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi, 2001, tr 42,179 Vien Kinh te the giai, Kinh te the gidi 2000 - 2001: Dac diem va trien vong, Nxb Chfnh tri qudc gia Ha Noi, 2001, tr 333,369 Ngan hang the giai, Trung Quoc 2020, Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi, 2001, tr 375 (Tinh theo gia CO dinh nam 1990) NgO Kinh Lien, Cai each kinh te Trung Quoc duomg dai: chien luoc va thuc thi, Nxb Vidn D6ng Thugng Hai, tr 375 Tham khao tu Internet trang www.people.com.cn - 103 Bang IL Tong san pham qudc dan cua Trung Qudc giai doan 1978 2002 ^^\.,^^ Nam Chi tieu ^^^^^ GNP (Ty NDT) Ty le tang truong GNP (%) 1978 358,81 11,7 1988 1492,23 11,3 1997 7345,25 - 2002 - - Nguon: Justin Yifu Lin, Fang Cai, Zhou Li, Phep la Trung Quoc - Chien luge phat trien va cai each kinh te, Nxb TP Ho Chf Minh, tr 214 Nguydn The Tang (chu bien), Trung Quoc: Cai each va mo cua (1978 -1998), Nxb KHXH Ha Noi, 2000, tr 60 104- Bang i n Dtr trur ngoai te cua Trung Qudc giai doan 1978 - 2002 Dan vi: ty USD ^"^^^.,^^^ Chi tieu Nam Du trur ngoai te ~ ^^^ 1978 - 1988 17,548 1995 73,579 1997 139,9 2002 286,4 Nguon: Ngan hang the gidi, Trung Quoc 2020, Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi, 2001, tr 381 Nguyin The Tang (chu bien), Trung Quoc: Cai each va mo cira (1978 -1998), Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi, 2000, tr 361 Tham khao tu Internet trang www.people, com xn -105 Bang IV San luong mot sd nganh cong nghiep va gia tri san luong cong nghiep cua Trung Qudc giai doan 1978 - 2002 San lugng cdng nghiep ^v Nam Chi titu \^ Tdng Than Thep Ximang Dien Dau tho tr tan Irian trtan tvKWh trieu tan gia tri SLCN (ty NDT) 1978 - - - - - 174,52 1988 980 59 210 545 - 658,72 1990 1080 66 210 621 - - 1995 1361 95 476 1008 • - 1998 1400 107 351 - - - 2002 - - - - 164' 2192,9 Nguon: Dinh Cong Tuan, Qua trinh cai each kinh te - xa hoi cua CHND Trung Hoa (tu 1978 den nay), Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi, 1998, tr 65,123 Nguon: Vien Kinh te the gi6i, Kinh te the gidi 1998 -1999: Dac diem va trien vong, Nxb Chfnh tri qudc gia Ha Noi, 1999, u 248 - 249 Ngan hang the giai, Trung Quoc 2020, Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi, 2001, tr 404 ' So lieu cua nam 2001 106- Bang V San luong mot so nganh nong nghiep cua Trung Quoc giai doan 1978 - 2002 tieu Nam DSu an San lugng thit (trieu tan) ^ ^ ^ (trieu ta'n) San lugfng luong thuc (trieu tan) Tong gia tri SLNN (ty NDT) 1978 5,2 8,56 304,77 101,84 1988 3,2 21,94 394,111 383,1 1998 - - 490 - 2002 - 50,89' 457,11 - Ngu6n: Dinh Cong Tuan, Qua trinh cai each kinh te - xa hoi cua CHND Trung Hoa (tir 1978 den nay), Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi, 1998, tr 65, 123 Pham Thai Quoc, Trung Quoc - Qua trinh cong nghiep hoa 20 nSm cuoi the ky XX, Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi, 2001, tr 179, 191 Tham khao tir Internet, trang www.peopIe.com.cn ' So lieu cua nam 2001 - 107 Bang VL NhOng cong trinh xay dung Ion cua Trung Quoc hien STT Ten cong trinh I Cong trinh dlin thien nhien tu mien Tay sang mien Dong (Tay Dong tai) Cong trinh tai dien tir mien Tay sang mien Dong (Tay dien Dong tai) Tuye'n duong sdt Thanh Hai - Tay Tang Cong trinh dlin nude tiir mien Nam len mien Bic Nam 1995, chfnh quy^n Trung Quoc khai cong tuye'n trung ciia du an chu chuyen nude Nam - B^c Du an nhim khac phue tinh trang khan hiem nuoc a miin Bic bing each nln dong chay cua song Trudng Giang tdi Bic Kinh va Thien Tan, dai 1241 km Du kie'n, cong trinh se hoan 15 nam vdi tong so von la 65 ty NDT Trong do, 39 ty phue vu cho viee thi cong va 26 ty de chdng nhidm viee thi cdng gay Ngay 27 thang 12 nam 2002, doan phia Ddng cua cdng trinh da duoc khdi cdng, doan phia Tay du kie'n se khdi cdng vao nam 2010 Tram thuy dien Tam Hiep Day dugfc danh gia la cdng trinh thuy dien Idn nha't tren the gidi Cdng trinh duoc chuan bi khdi cdng vao nam 1993, den da di vao thi cdng duoc 10 nam Du kien, cdng trinh se hoan vao nam 2009, dd, nd se cung cap cho Trung Qudc 18,2 trieu KW dien De hoan cdng trinh nay, Trung Qudc da phai di ddi 646.OOP dan khdi viing thi cdng 108- Bang Vn Mot so chi tieu ve mue song cua ngudi Trun g Qudc Stt Chi tieu Thu vi6n cong c6ng Bao tang S6 lugng sach Don vi thu vien bao tang tri6u cu6'n 1978 1980 1732 1985 2344 Nam 1990 1992 1993 2527 1995 2619 1999 — 365 711 1013 1165 - 4590 6670 5640 - - 6240 S6 lugng theu 1130 2560 1790 2390 tap chf cudn trieu Sd lugng 14040 24680 21130 26800 bao ban % Ty le phii 49,5 68,4 79,4 84,4 song TV % Ty It phii 53,7 68,3 74,7 78,7 song radio Sd rap 1000 125 182 146 94 chieu bong S6' dien chi6'c 2,72 13 8,32 thoai/lOO d^n 10 So chiec 0,3 0,9 16,2 19,5 115 TV/lOO dan ngudi 10,7 1L7 15,4 11 So bac si/lOO ngudi % 95,5 93,9 97,2 12 Ty le tre em^ den tu6i dugc den iruong 8,9 11,6 18,6 ngudi 13 S6' sinh vien/ 10000 dan 81,4 92,5 81 14 Ty % le ngudi dan dugc , dung nude may Neuo n: Dinh Con Tu& Ouatr inh cai c ach kin te - xa hoi cu aCHN D Trun g Hoa (tfr 1978 de'n nay), Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi, 1998, tr 226 Pham Thai Qudc, Trung Qudc - Qua trinh cong nghiep hoa 20 nam cuoi the ky'xX, Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi, 2001, tr 200, 263 Ly Kinh Van, Kinh te Trung Quoc budc vao the ky XXI, Nxb Chfnh tri quoc gia Ha Noi, 1998, u 49-50 109