Pháp luật quốc tế về chống khủng bố một số vấn đề lý luận và thực tiễn : Luận văn ThS. Luật : 60 38 60

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI KHOA LUẬT NGUYỄN LONG Pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố số vấn đề lý luận thực tiễn LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ LUẬT QUỐC TẾ HÀ NỘI, 2003 MỤC LỤC Mục lục i Danh mục hộp, biểu iv Ký hiệu chữ viết tắt v PHẦN MỞ ĐẦU Tính cấp thiết đề tài Tình hình nghiên cứu đề tài Mục đích, nhiệm vụ nghiên cứu đề tài Giới hạn đề tài Đối tượng phương pháp nghiên cứu đề tài Ý nghĩa lý luận thực tiễn đề tài Kết cấu đề tài PHẦN THỨ HAI CHƢƠNG KHÁI NIỆM VỀ KHỦNG BỐ VÀ PHÁP LUẬT QUỐC TẾ VỀ CHỐNG KHỦNG BỐ 1.1 Tổng quan khủng bố 1.1.1 Khái niệm khủng bố 1.1.1.1 Định nghĩa 1.1.1.2 Đặc điểm 22 1.1.1.3 Phân loại 26 1.1.2 Lược sử khủng bố 27 1.1.2.1 Giai đoạn trước thập niên 1960 17 1.1.2.2 Giai đoạn từ thập niên 1960 đến năm 2001 28 1.1.2.3 Giai đoạn sau năm 2001 29 1.2 Lịch sử lập pháp quốc tế chống khủng bố 30 1.2.1 Khái niệm luật pháp quốc tế chống khủng bố 30 1.2.1.1 Định nghĩa 30 1.2.1.2 Lịch sử hình thành 31 i 1.2.1.3 Nguồn 33 1.3 Kết chƣơng 33 CHƢƠNG CÁC QUY ĐỊNH CỦA PHÁP LUẬT QUỐC TẾ VỀ CHỐNG KHỦNG BỐ 2.1 Các nguyên tắc 35 2.1.1 Các nguyên tắc chung 36 2.1.1.1 Bình đẳng chủ quyền quốc gia 36 2.1.1.2 Nguyên tắc không sử dụng vũ lực đe doạ vũ lực quan hệ quốc tế 39 2.1.1.3 Ngun tắc hồ bình giải tranh chấp quốc tế 41 2.1.1.4 Nguyên tắc không can thiệp vào công việc nội quốc gia khác 43 2.1.1.5 Nguyên tắc tận tâm thực nghĩa vụ theo luật quốc tế 46 2.1.1.6 Nguyên tắc dân tộc tự 47 2.1.1.7 Nguyên tắc quốc gia có nghĩa vụ hợp tác với 47 2.1.2 Các nguyên tắc đặc thù 48 2.1.2.1 Pháp luật chống khủng bố biện pháp chống khủng bố không phép vi phạm hay hạn chế quyền người 48 2.1.2.2 Mọi hành vi khủng bố quốc tế cần phải ngăn chặn bị trừng trị, không viện dẫn lý trị để từ chối hợp tác chống khủng bố (nguyên tắc trừng trị dẫn độ) 49 2.2 Các quy định pháp luật quốc tế phòng ngừa khủng bố 51 2.2.1 Khái quát 51 2.2.2 Các biện pháp hoạt động phòng ngừa khủng bố quốc tế theo pháp luật quốc tế 52 2.2.2.1 Trao đổi thông tin 52 2.2.2.2 Biện pháp hành hình 52 2.3 Các quy định pháp luật quốc tế trừng trị khủng bố 56 2.3.1 Khái quát 56 2.3.2 Các quy định PLQT hành vi bị coi khủng bố quốc tế 56 ii 2.3.2 Quy định PLQT hợp tác QG để trừng trị khủng bố 59 2.3.2.1 Xác lập thực thi quyền tài phán 59 2.3.2.2 Hỗ trợ hoạt động, thủ tục để trừng trị khủng bố quốc tế 61 2.4 Thực tiễn thực thi pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố 64 2.4.1 Ký kết 65 2.4.2 Thực 66 2.4.2.1 Việc ban hành, sửa đổi quy định pháp luật nước 67 2.4.2.2 Việc đảm bảo thực 68 2.5 Khuynh hƣớng phát triển pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố sau ngày 11/9/2001 69 2.6 Kết chƣơng 73 CHƢƠNG VIỆT NAM VỚI PHÁP LUẬT QUỐC TẾ VỀ CHỐNG KHỦNG BỐ 3.1 Việt Nam thực pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố 74 3.1.1 Việc tham gia điều ước quốc tế chống khủng bố 75 3.1.1.1 Tham gia điều ước 75 3.1.1.2 Chuẩn bị tham gia điều ước 76 3.1.2 Việc thực thi cam kết quốc tế 77 3.1.2.1 Khái niệm pháp lý khủng bố 77 3.1.2.2 Các quy định ngăn ngừa khủng bố 80 3.1.2.3 Các quy định trừng trị hành vi khủng bố 89 3.1.3 Hƣớng hoàn thiện khung pháp luật nƣớc chống khủng bố quốc tế tình hình 93 3.2 Kết chƣơng 94 PHẦN BA: KẾT LUẬN 95 Phụ lục Dự thảo Công ƣớc toàn diện chống khủng bố quốc tế 99 Danh mục Tài liệu tham khảo 114 DANH MỤC CÁC HỘP, BIỂU iii HỘP Hộp 1: Một số định nghĩa khủng bố 12 Hộp 2: Các điều ước quốc tế chống khủng bố nước ký kết 68 Hộp 3: Tội khủng bố tội phạm có liên quan 83 Hộp 4: Các điều ước song phương tương trợ tư pháp hình mà Việt Nam ký kết 93 BIỂU Biểu 1: Số lượng vụ không tặc từ năm 1975 - 2000 29 Biểu 2: Tổng số vụ khủng bố quốc tế từ năm 1981 – 2001 .30 Biểu 3: Số vụ khủng bố quốc tế theo vùng từ năm 1995 -2000 .32 iv KÝ HIỆU, CHỮ VIẾT TẮT BLHS Bộ luật Hình BLTTHS Bộ luật Tố tụng Hình CƯ Công ước Đ điều HĐBA Hội đồng bảo an k Khoản LHQ Liên hợp quốc ND Nhân dân PLQT pháp luật quốc tế QS Quân TA Toà án TC Tối cao VKS Viện kiểm sát v PHẦN MỞ ĐẦU Tính cấp thiết đề tài Khủng bố quốc tế từ lâu xem nguy an ninh đối nội đối ngoại quốc gia Các vụ khủng bố ngày 11/9/2001 chiến toàn diện chống khủng bố Mỹ khiến cho vấn đề khủng bố trở thành mối quan tâm hàng đầu công chúng Đối với cộng đồng quốc tế, khủng bố quốc tế thực mối đe doạ an ninh trị kinh tế tồn cầu Với quốc gia, khủng bố mối hiểm hoạ an ninh trị-kinh tế-xã hội Chống khủng bố quốc tế cơng việc địi hỏi phải có phối hợp quốc gia sử dụng nhiều phương thức tổng hợp Một phương tiện hiệu chống khủng bố pháp luật Chính vậy, từ năm 60, công ước quốc tế chống hành vi khủng bố máy bay, bắt cóc v.v quốc gia ký kết Cho đến nay, có khoảng 12 điều ước quốc tế phổ cập, điều ước quốc tế khu vực hàng chục điều ước quốc tế song phương hợp tác chống khủng bố Sau kiện 11/9 số điều ước quốc tế khác Liên hợp quốc soạn thảo Việt Nam thành viên cộng đồng quốc tế khơng nằm ngồi mối đe doạ tiềm tàng chủ nghĩa khủng bố quốc tếi Việc tham gia hợp tác cộng đồng quốc tế đấu tranh chung cần thiết cho ổn định bền vững nước nhà Nhận thức điều đó, tham gia cơng ước quan trọng Nghị định thư Việc tiếp tục tham gia vào điều ước khác đòi hỏi cấp bách việc tham gia điều ước quốc tế sở để tiếp tục tiến trình hội nhập quốc tế hồn thiện pháp luật nước bảo đảm chống khủng bố hiệu Sau vụ khủng bố ngày 11/9/2001, Chủ tịch nước Trần Đức Lương thị cho i Đại sứ quán Việt Nam Thái Lan Malaisia bị đặt bom ngành khẩn trương nghiên cứu trình Chủ tịch nước việc tham gia điều ước quốc tế chống khủng bố mà Việt Nam chưa tham gia Tuy nhiên, nay, cịn thiếu thơng tin mảng pháp luật quốc tế quan trọng Các viết, nghiên cứu Luật Quốc tế chống khủng bố không muốn nói khơng có Tình trạng thiếu thơng tin toàn diện pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố phổ biến giới quan chức lẫn giới nghiên cứu xã hội nói chung Tình trạng làm cho việc nghiên cứu Luật quốc tế chống khủng bố trở thành nhu cầu cấp thiết Việt Nam Việc Mỹ dùng tên lửa hành trình bắn vào Xu-đăng Áp-ga-nít-tan với cớ trả đũa vụ đánh bom khủng bố Đại sứ quán Mỹi tàu chiến Mỹii đặc biệt việc Mỹ cơng Áp-ga-nít-tan, việc Thủ tướng Australia tun bố dành quyền đánh phủ đầu Mỹ đưa học thuyết quyền đơn phương hành động đánh phủ đầu, ngăn chặn từ xa [21, 2] đặt trước nhiều câu hỏi lý luận thực tiễn: liệu pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố có quy định cho phép cơng quốc gia có chủ quyền với cớ chống khủng bố? Liệu chống khủng bố có vượt nguyên tắc chủ quyền quốc gia, nguyên tắc pháp luật quốc tế? Việc Mỹ áp dụng Luật quốc tế iii nói chung pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố nói riêng chưa, họ có lạm dụng pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố để phục vụ cho mục đích trị khơng? Đâu pháp luật quốc tế chân chống khủng bố đâu lạm dụng pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố? Các câu hỏi giải đáp phần qua việc nghiên cứu cách khoa học quy định pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố Đây lý để đề tài thực Tình hình nghiên cứu đề tài Ở Việt Nam, phần nêu, nghiên cứu chuyên khảo pháp luật i Đại sứ quán Mỹ Kenya Tanzania bị đánh bom vào năm 1998 Tàu khu trục USS Cole bị đánh bom hải cảng men năm 2000 iii Khi tiến cơng Áp-ga-nít-tan, Mỹ viện dẫn điều 51 Hiến chương LHQ quyền tự vệ đáng ii quốc tế chống khủng bố Mới có số nghiên cứu ban đầu công ước chống khủng bố lĩnh vực hàng khơng, luật hình quốc tế, số viết hội thảo khủng bố v.v Hiện chưa có nghiên cứu đầy đủ cấp độ luận văn khung pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố, nội dung điều ước quốc tế, pháp luật nước chống khủng bố quốc tế v.v Mục đích, nhiệm vụ nghiên cứu đề tài Mục đích: sở làm sáng tỏ nội dung luật quốc tế chống khủng bố, số vấn đề lý luận thực tiễn áp dụng năm qua, đề tài hướng tới mục tiêu lấp phần khoảng trống nghiên cứu, lỗ hổng thông tin lĩnh vực Việt Nam, giải số câu hỏi lý luận thực tiễn việc sử dụng pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố tình hình qua đó, góp phần việc hình thành sách thái độ khoa học khách quan hoạt động hợp tác chống khủng bố quốc tế, với pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố cho nước ta Nhiệm vụ: Đề tài tập trung làm sáng tỏ vấn đề sau: + Hiện trạng khung pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố, nội dung điều ước quốc tế chủ yếu chống khủng bố: ưu điểm thiếu sót + Phương hướng phát triển luật quốc tế chống khủng bố tình hình mới, đặc biệt xoay quanh nguyên tắc chủ quyền quốc gia hoạt động chống khủng bố + Những vấn đề đặt cho Việt Nam: Xây dựng, tham gia thực thi điều ước quốc tế chống khủng bố, hoàn thiện khung pháp luật nước chống khủng bố Giới hạn đề tài Trong phạm vi luận văn thạc sỹ tình hình nghiên cứu vấn đề Việt Nam, đề tài tập trung vào nghiên cứu nội dung pháp lý pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố (khung pháp luật chống khủng bố tập trung vào điều ước quốc tế phổ cập; thực trạng tình hình thực thi điều ước v.v có liên hệ với tình hình Việt Nam) Hướng phát triển pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố mối tương quan với nguyên tắc chủ quyền quốc gia nằm phạm vi nghiên cứu đề tài Những vấn đề trị - xã hội liên quan đến khủng bố, công cụ chống khủng bố khác, mối quan hệ khủng bố tội phạm quốc tế, vấn đề tư pháp hình quốc tế v.v không nằm phạm vi nghiên cứu đề tài Đối tƣợng phƣơng pháp nghiên cứu đề tài Đối tượng nghiên cứu: quy phạm pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố, tập trung chủ yếu điều ước quốc tế chống khủng bố, đối tượng nghiên cứu Bên cạnh đó, để bổ trợ cho việc nghiên cứu quy phạm nêu trên, nhiều quy định khác pháp luật quốc tế có liên quan pháp luật chống khủng bố số quốc gia đối tượng nghiên cứu đề tài Phương pháp nghiên cứu: Phù hợp với giới hạn đối tượng nghiên nêu trên, phương pháp nghiên cứu chủ yếu sử dụng phương pháp phân tíchtổng hợp, so sánh v.v đó, phương pháp phân tích quy phạm Nền tảng phương pháp luận chủ nghĩa vật lịch sử phép biện chứng vật kim nam đề tài Ý nghĩa lý luận thực tiễn đề tài Đề tài nghiên cứu bước đầu vấn đề mẻ Việt Nam Kết nghiên cứu đề tài tư liệu cho việc tham khảo khoa học nghiên cứu Luật Quốc tế nói chung pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố nói riêng Một số câu hỏi thực tiễn lý luận pháp luật quốc tế chống khủng bố đề cập đề tài Đề tài gợi mở vấn đề lý luận cần tiếp tục nghiên cứu sâu thêm Riêng thực tiễn, đề tài đóng góp phần grounds indicating his involvement in any offence referred to in article Article 8: State Parties shall cooperate in the prevention of the offences set forth in article 2, particularly; a By taking all practicable measures, including, if necessary, adapting their domestic legislation, to prevent and counter preparation in their respective territories for the commission, by whom so ever and in whatever manner, of those offences within or outside their territories, including; i Measures to prohibit in their territories the establishment and operation of installations and training for the commission, within or outside their territories, of offences referred to in article 2; and ii Measures to prohibit the illegal activities of the persons, groups and organizations that encourage , instigate, organize, knowingly finance or engage in the commission, within or outside their territories, offences referred to in article 2; iii By exchanging accurate and verified information in accordance with their national law, and coordinating administrative and other measures taken as appropriate to prevent the commission of offences as referred to in article Article 9: Each State Party, in accordance with its domestic legal principles, shall take the necessary measures to enable a legal entity located in its territory or organized under its laws to be held liable when a person responsible for the management or control of that legal entity has, in that capacity committed an offence referred to in article Such liability may be criminal civil or administrative Such liability is incurred without prejudice to the criminal liability of individuals having committed the offences Each State Party shall ensure in particular, that legal entities liable in accordance with paragraph above are subject to effective, proportionate and dissuasive criminal, civil or administrative sanctions Such sanctions may include monetary sanctions Article 10: Upon receiving information that a person who has committed or who is alleged to have committed an offence referred to in article may be present in its territory, the state party concern shall take such measures as may be necessary under its domestic law to investigate the facts contained in the information Upon being satisfied that the circumstances so warrant, the state party in whose territory the offender or alleged offender is present shall take the appropriate measures under its domestic law so as to ensure that person’s presence for the purpose of prosecution or extradition Any person regarding whom the measures refer to in paragraph are being taken shall be entitled to; communicate without delay with the nearest appropriate representative of the state of which that person is a national or which is otherwise entitled to protect that person’s right or, if that person is a stateless person the state in the territory of which that person habitually resides; Be visited by a representative of that State; Be informed of that person’s rights under subparagraphs (a) and (b) The rights referred to in paragraph shall be exercised in conformity with the laws and regulations of the State in the territory of which the offender or the alleged offender is 107 present subject to the provision that the said laws and regulations much enable full effect to be given to the purposes for which the rights accorded under paragraph are intended The provisions of paragraphs and shall be without the prejudice to the right of any State Party having acclaimed to jurisdiction in accordance with article 6, paragraphs (b), or 2(b), to invite the International Committee of the Red Cross to communicate with and visit the alleged offender When a State Party, pursuant to the present article, has taken a person into custody, it shall immediately notify, directly or through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the States Parties which have established jurisdiction in accordance with article 6, paragraph or 2, and if it considers it advisable, any other interested States Parties, of the fact that such person is in custody and of the circumstances which warrant that person’s detention The State which makes the investigation contemplated in paragraph shall promptly inform the said States Parties of its findings and shall indicate whether it intends to exercise jurisdiction Article 11: The State Party in whose territory the alleged offender is found shall, if it does not extradite the person, be obliged, without exception whose so ever and whether or not the offence was committed in its territory, to submit the case to its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution through proceedings in accordance with law of the state Those authorities shall take their decision in the same manner as in the case of any ordinary offence of a grave nature under the law of that state Whenever the State party is permitted under its domestic law to extradite or otherwise surrender one of its nationals only upon the condition that the person will be returned to that state to serve the sentence imposed as a result of the trial or proceeding for which the extradition or surrender of the person was sought and that State and the State seeking the extradition of the person agree with this option and other terms they may deem appropriate, such a conditional extradition or surrender shall be sufficient to discharge the obligation set forth in paragraph Article 12: Any person who is taken into custody or regarding whom any other measures are taken or proceedings are carried out pursuant to this Convention shall be guaranteed fair treatment, including enjoyment of all rights and guarantees in conformity with law of the state in the territory of which that person is present and applicable provisions of international law, including international human rights law Article 13: State Parties shall afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection with investigations or criminal or extradition proceedings brought in respect of the offences set forth in article 2, including assistance in obtaining evidence at their disposal necessary for the proceedings State Parties shall carryout their obligations under paragraph in conformity with any treaties or other arrangements on mutual legal assistance that may exist between them In the absence of such treaties or arrangements States Parties shall afford one another assistance in accordance with their domestic law State Parties which are not bound by a bilateral treaty or arrangement of mutual legal assistance may, at their discretion, apply the procedure set out in Annex II Article 14: None of the offences referred to in article and the acts which constitute an offence within the scope of and as defined in one of the treaties listed in Annex I shall be regarded, for the purposes of extradition or mutual legal assistance, as a political offence or as an offence connected with a 108 political offence or as an offence inspired by political motives Accordingly, a request for extradition or for mutual legal assistance based on such an offence may not be refused on the sole ground that it concerns a political offence or an offence connected with a political offence or an offence inspired by political motives Article 15: Nothing in this Convention shall be interpreted as imposing an obligation to extradite or to afford mutual legal assistance, if the requested State Party has substantial grounds for believing that the request for extradition for offences set forth in article or for mutual legal assistance with respect to such offences has been made for the purpose of prosecuting or punishing a person on account of that person’s race, religion, nationality, ethnic origin or political opinion or that compliance with the request would cause prejudice to that person’s position for any of these reasons Article 16: A person who is being detained or is serving a sentence in the territory of one State Party whose presence in another State Party is requested for purposes of identification, testimony or otherwise providing assistance in obtaining evidence for the investigation or prosecution of offences under the Convention may be transferred if the following conditions are met The person freely gives his or her informed consent, and The competent authorities of both States Parties agree, subject to such conditions as those States Parties may deem appropriate For the purposes of this article a The State to which the person is transferred shall have the authority and obligation to keep the person transferred in custody, unless otherwise requested or authorized by the State from which the person was transferred b The State to which the person is transferred shall without delay implement its obligations to return the person to the custody of the State from which the person was transferred as agreed beforehand, or as otherwise agreed, by the competent authorities of both States; c The State to which the person is transferred shall not require the State from which the person was transferred to initiate extradition proceedings for the return of the person; d The person transferred shall receive credit for service of the sentence being served in the State from which he was transferred for the time spent in the custody of the State to which he was transferred., Unless the State party from which a person is to be transferred in accordance with this article so agrees, that person, whatever his or her nationality, shall not be prosecuted or detained or subjected to any other restriction of his or her personal liberty in the territory of the State to which that person is transferred in respect of acts or convictions anterior to his or her departure form the territory of the State from which such person was transferred Article 17: The offences referred to in article shall be deemed to be included as extraditable offences in any extradition treaty existing between any of the States Parties before the entry into force of this Convention States parties undertake to include such offences as extraditable offences in every extradition treaty to be subsequently concluded between them When a State Party which makes extradition conditional or the existence of a treaty receives a request from another State party with which it has no extradition treaty, the requested State may, at it option, consider this Convention as a legal basis for extradition in respect of the offences set forth in article Extradition shall be subject to the other conditions provided by the law of the requested State 109 State Parties which not make extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty shall recognize the offences referred to in article as extraditable offences between themselves, subject to the conditions provided for by the law of the requested State If necessary, the offences set forth in article shall be treated, for the purposes of extradition between State Parties, as if they had committed not only in the place in which they occurred but also in the territory of the States that have established jurisdiction in accordance with article 6, paragraphs and The provisions of all extradition treaties and arrangements between States Parties with regard to offences set forth in article shall be deemed to be modified as between States parties to the extent that they are incomparable with this Convention State Parties which, pursuant to paragraph of this article, have agreed to consider this Convention as a legal basis for extradition in respect of the offences set forth in article may consider utilizing the procedures set out in Annex III Article 18: Nothing in this Convention shall affect other rights, obligations and responsibilities of States and individuals under international laws, in particular the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and international humanitarian law The activities of armed forces during an armed conflict, as those terms are understood under international law, which are governed by that law, are not governed by this Convention, and the activities undertaken by the military forces of a State in the exercise of their official duties, in as much as they are governed by other rules of international law, are not governed by this Convention Article 19: The State party where the alleged offender is prosecuted shall, in accordance with its domestic law or applicable procedures, communicate the final outcome of the proceedings to the Secretary-General of United Nations, who shall transmit the information to the other State Parties Article 20: The states shall carry out their obligations under the Convention in a manner consistent with the principles of sovereign equality and territorial integrity of States and that of non-intervention in the domestic affairs of other states Article 21: Nothing in this Convention shall affect other rights, obligations and responsibilities of States and individuals under international law, in particular the purposes of the Charter of United Nations, international humanitarian law and other relevant conventions; Article 22: Nothing in this Convention entitles a State party to undertake in the territory of another State Party the exercise of jurisdiction or performance of function which are exclusively reserved for the authorities of that other State Party by the domestic law Article 23: Any dispute between two or more State Parties concerning the interpretations or application of his Convention which cannot be settled through negotiation within a reasonable time shall, at the request of one of them, be submitted to arbitration If, within six months from the date of the request for arbitration, the parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those parties may refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice, by application, in conformity with the Statute of the Court Each State may at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance or approval of this Convention or accession thereto declare that it does not consider itself bound by 110 paragraph The other State Parties shall not be bound by paragraph with respect to any State party which has made such a reservation Any State which made a reservation in accordance with paragraph may at any time withdraw that reservation by notification of the Secretary-General of the United Nations Article 24: This Convention is open for signature by all States from to _at United Nations Headquarters in New York This Convention is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval The instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations This Convention shall be open to accession by any State The instruments of accession shall be deposited with Secretary-General of the United Nations Article 25: This Convention shall enter into force thirty days after twenty-two instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession have been deposited with the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations For each State ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to the Convention after the deposit of the twenty-second instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, the Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the deposit by such State of its instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession Article 26: A State may denounce this Convention by written notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations Denunciation shall take effect one year following the date on which notification is received by the Secretary-General of the United Nations Article 27: The original of this Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall send certified copies thereof to all States In WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto by their respective Governments, have signed this Convention, opened for signature at United Nations Headquarter in New York on _ 2000 111 Annex I: Exclusion of political offence Convention on offences and Certain Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, signed at Tokyo on 14 September 1963 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, signed at the Hague on 16 December 1970 Convention for the suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, signed at Montreal on 23 September 1971 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against International Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 14 December 1973 International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 17 December 1979 Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, signed at Vienna on March, 1980 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports serving International Civil Aviation, supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, signed at Montreal on 24 February, 1988 Convention for the suppression of Unlawful Acts against the safety of Maritime Navigation, done at Rome on 10 March, 1988 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on Continental Shelf, done at Rome on 10 March, 1988 10 Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection, signed at Montreal on March, 1991 11 International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist bombings, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 15 December, 1997 12 International Convention for the Suppression for the Financing Of the Terrorism, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December, 1999 Annex II Procedure for mutual legal assistance: State Parties shall afford one another pursuant to this Annex the widest measure of mutual legal assistance in investigations, prosecutions and judicial proceedings in relation to criminal offences established in accordance with article Mutual legal assistance to be afforded in accordance with this Annex may be requested for any of the following purposes; Taking evidence or statements from persons; Effecting service of judicial documents; Executing searches and seizures; Examining objects and sites; Providing information and evidentiary items; Providing originals or certified copies of relevant documents and records including bank, financial, corporate or business records; 112 Identifying or tracing proceeds, property, instrumentalities or other things for evidentiary purposes 10 State Parties may afford one another any other forms of mutual legal assistance allowed by the domestic or the requested party 11 Upon request, State Parties shall facilitate or encourage to the extent consistent with the domestic law and practice, the presence or availability of persons, including persons in custody, who consent to assist in investigation or participate in proceedings 12 A State shall not decline to render mutual legal assistance under this annex on the ground of bank secrecy 13 The provisions of this annex shall not affect the obligations under any other treaty, bilateral or multilateral, which governs or will govern in whole or in part mutual legal assistance in criminal matters 14 The State Party may apply, at their discretion, paragraphs to 19 of this annex to requests made pursuant to this annex if they are not otherwise bound by any treaty of mutual legal assistance If the state parties are bound by such a treaty, the corresponding provisions of that treaty shall apply unless the state parties agree to apply paragraphs to 19 of this annex in lieu thereof 15 States Party shall designate an authority or, when necessary authorities, which shall have the responsibility the power to execute requests for mutual legal assistance or to transmit them to the competent authorities for execution The authority or authorities designated for this purpose shall be notified to the Secretary-General of the United Nations Transmission of requests for mutual legal assistance and any communications related their to shall be effected between the authorities designated by the State parties; this requirement shall be without prejudice to the right of a State to require that such requests and communications be addressed to it through the diplomatic channel and in urgent circumstances, where the States agree, through channels of the International Criminal Police Organization – Interpol, if possible 16 Requests shall be made in writing in a language acceptable to the requested State The language or languages acceptable to each State shall be notified to the SecretaryGeneral of United Nations In urgent circumstances, and where agreed by the States Parties, requests may be made orally, but shall be confirmed in writing forthwith 17 A request for mutual legal assistance shall contain a The identity of the authority making the request; b The subject matter and nature of the investigation, prosecution or proceedings, to which the request relates; and the name and the functions of the authority, conducting such investigations, prosecution or proceeding; c A summary of the relevant facts, except in respect of requests for the purpose of service of judicial documents d A description of the assistance sought and details of any particular procedure the requesting party wishes to be followed; e Where possible, the identity, location and nationality of any person concerned; f The purpose for which the evidence, information or action is sought The requested state may request additional information when it appears necessary for the execution of the request in accordance with its domestic law or when it facilitate such execution A request shall be executed in accordance with the domestic law of the requested state and; to the extent not contrary to the domestic law of the requested State and where 113 possible, in accordance with procedures specified in the request The requesting state shall not transmit or use information or evidence furnished by the requested state for investigations, prosecutions or proceedings other than those stated in the request without the prior consent of the requested state The requesting state may require that the requested state keep confidential the fact and substance of the request except to the extent necessary to execute the request If the requested state cannot comply with the requirement of confidentiality, it shall promptly inform the requesting state Mutual legal assistance may be refused; a If the request is not made in conformity with provisions of this annex; b If the requested state considers that execution of the request is likely to prejudice its sovereignty, security, public order or other essential interest; c If the authorities of the requested state would be prohibited by its domestic laws from carrying out the action requested with regard to any similar offence, had it been subject to investigation, prosecution, or proceedings under their own jurisdiction d If it would be contrary to the legal systems of the requested state relating to mutual legal assistance for the request to be granted Any assistance under this annex may not be refused on the sole ground that it concerns political offence or an offence connected with a political offence or an offence inspired by political motives Reasons shall be given for any refusal of mutual legal assistance The requested state may postpone mutual legal assistance on the ground that it interferes with an ongoing investigation, prosecution or proceeding In such a case, the requested state shall consult with the requesting state to determine if the assistance can still be given subject to such terms and conditions as the requested deems necessary A witness, expert or other person who consents to give evidence in a proceeding or to assist in an investigation, prosecution or judicial proceeding in the territory of the requesting state shall not be prosecuted, detained, punished or subjected to any other restriction of his or her personal liberty in that territory in respect of acts, omissions or convictions prior to his departure from the territory of the requested state Such safe conduct shall cease when the witness, expert or other person having had, for a period of fifteen consecutive days, or for any period agreed upon by the states parties from the date on which he or she has been officially informed that his or her presence is no longer required by the judicial authorities and opportunity of living, has nevertheless remain voluntarily in the territory or, having left it, has returned of his or her own free will The ordinary costs of executing a request shall be borne by the requested state, unless otherwise agreed by the states concerned If expenses of a substantial or extraordinary nature are or will be required to fulfill the request, the state parties shall consult to determine the terms and conditions under which the requests will be executed as well as the manner in which the costs shall be borne The state parties shall consider, as may be necessary, the possibility of concluding bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements that would server the purpose of give practical effect to or enhance the provisions of this annex Annex III: Extradition Procedure: The offences referred to article shall be deemed to be included as extraditable offences in any extradition treaty existing between State Parties The State Parties undertake to include such offences as extraditable offences in every extradition to be concluded 114 between them The State Parties that not make extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty shall recognize the offences referred to in article as extraditable offences between themselves subject to the conditions provided by the law of the requested state The offences referred to in article shall be treated, for the purpose of extradition between States Parties, as if they had been committed not only in the place in which they occurred but also in the territories of the requested State Parties The State Parties may, at their discretion, apply paragraphs to 18 of this Annex to requests for extradition in respect of offences referred to in article if they are not bound by a treaty of extradition If these states are bound by such a treaty, the corresponding provisions of that treaty shall apply unless the states agree to apply paragraphs to 18 of this annex in lieu thereof States Parties shall designate an authority, or when necessary, authorities, which shall have the responsibility and power to execute requests for extradition or to transmit them to the competent authorities for execution The authority or the authorities designated for this purpose shall be notified to the Secretary-General of the United Nations Transmission of requests for extradition and any communication related thereto shall be effected between the authorities designated by the state parties; this requirement shall be without prejudice to the right of a State to require that such requests and communications be addressed to it through diplomatic channels and, in urgent circumstances, where the State Parties agree, through channels of the International Criminal Police Organization – Interpol, if possible Requests shall be made in writing in a language acceptable to the requested state In urgent circumstances and where agreed by the state parties, requests may be made orally, but shall be confirmed in writing forthwith A request for extradition shall contain: a The identity of the authority making the request; b As accurate a description as possible of the person sought, together with any other information which would help to establish the identity, location and nationality of the person concerned c A summary of the facts of the offence for which extradition is requested; and d The text, if any, of the law defining that offence and prescribing the maximum punishment for that offence If the request relates to a person already convicted and sentenced, it shall also be accompanied by: a A certificate of the conviction and sentence; and b A statement that the person is not entitled to question the conviction and sentence and showing how much of the sentence has not been carried out If the requested state considers that the evidence produced or information supplied is not sufficient in order to enable a decision to be taken as to the request, additional evidence or information shall be submitted within such time as the requested state may require A request shall be executed in accordance with domestic law of the quested state and, to the extent not contrary to the domestic law of the quested state and where possible, in accordance with the procedures specified in the request The requesting state shall not transmit or use information or evidence furnished by the requested state for investigations, prosecutions or proceedings other than those stated in the request without the prior consent of the requested state 115 Any person who is returned to the territory of the requesting state under this Convention shall not be dealt with in the territory of the requesting state for or in respect of any offence committed before he was returned to that territory other than the offence in respect of which he was returned, any lesser offence disclosed by the facts proved for the purpose of securing his return other than an offence in relation to which an order for his return could not lawfully be made, or any other offence in respect of which the requested state may consent to his being dealt with The provisions of paragraph 12 of this annex shall not apply to offences committed after the return of a person under this annex or matters arising in relation to such offences, or when the person having had the opportunity to leave the territory of the requesting state has not done so within sixty days of his final discharge, or has returned to that territory after having left it If extradition of the same person, whether for the same offence or for different offences, is requested by two States Parties, or by a state and a third state with which the requested state has an extradition arrangement, the requested state shall determine to which state the person shall be extradited When a request for extradition is granted, the requested state shall, upon request and as far as its law allows, hand over to the requesting state articles, which may serve as proof for evidence of the offence If the article in question are liable to seizure or confiscation in the territory of the requested state, the latter may, in connection with pending proceedings, temporarily retain them or hand them over on condition that they are returned This provision shall not prejudice the rights of the requested state of any person other than the persons sought When these rights exist, the articles shall on request to be returned to the requested state without charge as soon as possible after the end of the proceedings Reasons shall be given for any refusal of extradition If criminal proceedings against the person sought are instituted in the territory of the requested state, or the person is lawfully detained in consequence of criminal proceedings, the decision whether or not to extradite the person may be postponed until the criminal proceedings have been completed or he or she is no longer detained 10 The ordinary costs of executing a request shall be borne by the requested state, unless otherwise agreed by the state parties concerned If expenses of a substantial or extraordinary nature are or will be required to fulfill the request, the State Parties shall consult to determine the terms and conditions under which the requests will be executed as well as the manner in which the costs shall be borne 11 The State Parties shall consider, as may be necessary, the possibility of concluding bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements that would serve the purposes of, give practical effect to, or enhance the provisions of this Annex 116 DANH MỤC TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO Tiếng Anh A Concise dictionary of law, Oxford University Press, 1991 A Thomas, Philipp Standley, Tony Khoa Luật, Trường đại học Tổng hợp Cardiff, Liên hiệp Vương quốc Anh, Classifying terrorism, http://i-p-o.org/terrorismclassification.htm Al-Tawhid, Towards a definition of terrorism, thuyết trình Hội nghị Quốc tế Khủng bố Tổ chức Hội nghị Hồi giáo tổ chức Geneva, từ ngày 22 26/6/1987 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