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THE SHIPBUILDING & FORCE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS TOOL A USER’S GUIDE Prepared for the U.S. Navy Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited R NATIONAL DEFENSE RESEARCH INSTITUTE Mark V. Arena • John F. Schank • Megan Abbott The research described in this report was sponsored by the U.S. Navy. The research was conducted in the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center supported by the Office of the Secretay of Defense, the Joint Staff, the unified commands, and the defense agencies under Contract DASW01-01-C-0004. The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. © Copyright 2004 RAND All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from RAND. Published 2004 by RAND 1700 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 201 North Craig Street, Suite 202, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1516 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/ To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: order@rand.org Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Arena, Mark V. Shipbuilding and force structure analysis tool : a user’s guide / Mark V. Arena, John F. Schank, Megan Abbott. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. “MR-1743.” ISBN 0-8330-3484-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. United States. Navy—Procurement—Mathematical models. 2. Warships— United States—Design and construction—Mathematical models. 3. Shipbuilding industry—United States—Mathematical models. 4. Military planning—United States—Mathematical models. I. Schank, John F. (John Frederic), 1946– II. Abbott, Megan E., 1971– III.Title. VC263.A798 2003 359.6'84'028557565—dc22 2003019132 Cover design by Stephen Bloodsworth iii PREFACE Periodic defense reviews require analysts to address difficult questions regarding the Navy’s ship force structure, resource levels and allocations, and the shipbuilding industrial base. While a range of tools is available to assist analysts in their decisionmaking, the need for improvement exists. In earlier research, RAND identified the types of issues that arise during major defense reviews and described the abilities of the tools currently available to address those issues. RAND also described an overarching analytical architecture that could assist the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), Navy, and other organizations in addressing the difficult naval ship–related questions. This document describes the effort to implement the integrated architecture as outlined in the earlier work. Also contained in this document are detailed user instructions (see the Appendices) for those interested in exercising the analytical capability of the tool. The Assessments Division of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Resources, Warfare Requirements, and Assessment (OPNAV/N81) sponsored this portion of the research. The research should be of interest to OSD and Navy policymakers, planners, and analysts concerned with shipbuilding resource requirements and industrial base. This research was conducted for the U.S. Navy within the Acquisition and Technology Policy Center of RAND’s National + - PHÂN TÍCH FORCE FIELD slide.tailieu.vn PHÂN TÍCH FORCE FIELD Lực thúc đẩy Lực cản Nội dung Nội dung Nội dung Nội dung NỘI DUNG Nội dung Nội dung 2 Nội dung Nội dung 10 slide.tailieu.vn PHÂN TÍCH FORCE FIELD HIỆN TẠI Nội dung LỰC THÚC ĐẨY TẦM NHÌN Nội dung HIỆN TẠI Nội dung LỰC CẢN TẦM NHÌN Nội dung slide.tailieu.vn PHÂN TÍCH FORCE FIELD Nội Nội dung dung Lực Lực thúc thúc đẩy đẩy 1 Lực Lực cản cản 1 2 Nội Nội dung dung Lực Lực thúc thúc đẩy đẩy 2 Nội Nội dung dung Lực Lực thúc thúc đẩy đẩy 3 2 + 4 - 3 2 3 Nội Nội dung dung Nội Nội dung dung Lực Lực cản cản 2 Nội Nội dung dung Lực Lực cản cản 3 Nội Nội dung dung Tổng Tổng Tổng Tổng 9 7 slide.tailieu.vn PHÂN TÍCH FORCE FIELD Bậc Bậc mong mong Bậc Bậc muốn muốn PHÂN TÍCH FORCE FIELD Lực thúc đẩy Lực Lực cản cản Lực cản Lực thúc đẩy 4 Lực cản Lực thúc đẩy 3 Lực cản Lực thúc đẩy TỔNG slide.tailieu.vn PHÂN TÍCH FORCE FIELD Ủng Ủng hộ hộ NỘI NỘI DUNG DUNG Lực thúc đẩy Nội dung Lực thúc đẩy Nội dung + Lực thúc đẩy Nội dung Phản Phản đối đối Lực cản Nội dung Lực cản Nội dung Lực cản - Nội dung Lực thúc đẩy Nội dung Lực cản Nội dung slide.tailieu.vn PHÂN TÍCH FORCE FIELD Ủng Ủng hộ hộ NỘI NỘI DUNG DUNG Tổng Lực thúc đẩy Nội dung Nội dung Lực thúc đẩy Nội dung Nội dung + Lực thúc đẩy Nội dung Nội dung Lực thúc đẩy Nội dung Nội dung slide.tailieu.vn PHÂN TÍCH FORCE FIELD Phản Phản đối đối NỘI NỘI DUNG DUNG Tổng Lực cản Nội dung Nội dung Lực cản Nội dung Nội dung - Lực cản Nội dung Nội dung Lực cản Nội dung Nội dung slide.tailieu.vn PHÂN TÍCH FORCE FIELD Phản Phản đối đối Nội Nội dung dung Lực thúc đẩy Nội dung Lực thúc đẩy Nội dung Lực thúc đẩy + Nội dung Lực thúc đẩy Nội dung slide.tailieu.vn PHÂN TÍCH FORCE FIELD Tầm Tầm nhìn nhìn Lực thúc đẩy Nội dung Lực cản Nội dung Nội dung Lực thúc đẩy Nội dung Lực cản Nội dung Nội dung Lực thúc đẩy Nội dung Nội dung Lực cản Nội dung Lực thúc đẩy Nội dung Nội dung Lực cản Lực Lực thúc thúc đẩy đẩy 5 Nội dung Nội Nội dung dung Nội dung Lực cản Nội dung slide.tailieu.vn + - CẢM ƠN! slide.tailieu.vn THE SHIPBUILDING & FORCE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS TOOL A USER’S GUIDE Prepared for the U.S. Navy Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited R NATIONAL DEFENSE RESEARCH INSTITUTE Mark V. Arena • John F. Schank • Megan Abbott The research described in this report was sponsored by the U.S. Navy. The research was conducted in the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center supported by the Office of the Secretay of Defense, the Joint Staff, the unified commands, and the defense agencies under Contract DASW01-01-C-0004. The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. © Copyright 2004 RAND All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from RAND. Published 2004 by RAND 1700 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 201 North Craig Street, Suite 202, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1516 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/ To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: order@rand.org Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Arena, Mark V. Shipbuilding and force structure analysis tool : a user’s guide / Mark V. Arena, John F. Schank, Megan Abbott. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. “MR-1743.” ISBN 0-8330-3484-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. United States. Navy—Procurement—Mathematical models. 2. Warships— United States—Design and construction—Mathematical models. 3. Shipbuilding industry—United States—Mathematical models. 4. Military planning—United States—Mathematical models. I. Schank, John F. (John Frederic), 1946– II. Abbott, Megan E., 1971– III.Title. VC263.A798 2003 359.6'84'028557565—dc22 2003019132 Cover design by Stephen Bloodsworth iii PREFACE Periodic defense reviews require analysts to address difficult questions regarding the Navy’s ship force structure, resource levels and allocations, and the shipbuilding industrial base. While a range of tools is available to assist analysts in their decisionmaking, the need for improvement exists. In earlier research, RAND identified the types of issues that arise during major defense reviews and described the abilities of the tools currently available to address those issues. RAND also described an overarching analytical architecture that could assist the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), Navy, and other organizations in addressing the difficult naval ship–related questions. This document describes the effort to implement the integrated architecture as outlined in the earlier work. Also contained in this document are detailed user instructions (see the Appendices) for those interested in exercising the analytical capability of the tool. The Assessments Division of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Resources, Warfare Requirements, and Assessment (OPNAV/N81) sponsored this portion of the research. The research should be of interest to OSD and Navy policymakers, planners, and analysts concerned with shipbuilding resource requirements and industrial base. This research was conducted for the U.S. Navy within the Hindawi Publishing Corporation EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing Volume 2007, Article ID 94267, 15 pages doi:10.1155/2007/94267 Research Article Sound Field Analysis Based on Analytical Beamforming M. Guillaume and Y. Grenier D ´ epartement Traitement du Signal et des Images (TSI), ´ Ecole Nationale Sup ´ erieure des T ´ el ´ ecommunications, CNRS-UMR-5141 LTCI, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France Received 1 May 2006; Revised 4 August 2006; Accepted 13 August 2006 Recommended by Christof Faller The plane wave decomposition is an efficient analysis tool for multidimensional fields, particularly well fitted to the description of sound fields, whether these ones are continuous or discrete, obtained by a microphone array. In this article, a beamforming algo- rithm is presented in order to estimate the plane wave decomposition of the initial sound field. Our algorithm aims at deriving a spatial filter which preserves only the sound field component coming from a single direction and rejects the others. The originality of our approach is that the criterion uses a continuous instead of a discrete set of incidence directions to derive the tap vector. Then, a spatial filter bank is used to perform a global analysis of sound fields. The efficiency of our approach and its robustness to sensor noise and position errors are demonstrated through simulations. Finally, the influence of microphone directivity characteristics is also investigated. Copyright © 2007 M. Guillaume and Y. Grenier. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1. INTRODUCTION Directional analysis of sound fields is determinant in do- mains such as the study of vibrating structures, source local- ization, and applications dedicated to the control of sound fields, like wave field synthesis [1, 2], sound systems based on spherical harmonics [3], and vector-base amplitude pan- ning [4]. In the particular case of 3D audio systems, the aim is to give the listener the impression of a realistic acoustic en- vironment, which supposes that one is able to capture accu- rately a particular hall acoustics by the measure. For this pur- pose, microphone arrays are deployed in practice and some signal processing is applied in order to extract parameters to provide a spatial description of sound fields. Recent works have considered the case of spherical microphone arrays to estimate the spherical harmonic decomposition of the sound field to a limited order [5–8]. Another possible spatial description of sound fields is the plane wave decomposition, and beamforming can be used to estimate it. Beamforming is a versatile approach to spa- tial filtering [9]. Indeed, elementary beamfor ming consists in steer ing the sensor array in a particular direction, so that the corresponding spatial filter only preserves the sound field component coming from this direction and rejects the oth- ers. For this purpose, frequency beamforming techniques are well indicated. Firstly, the Fourier transforms of the time sig- nals recorded by the microphones are computed. Then, at each frequency, the Fourier transforms of the microphone signals are weighted by a set of coefficients, constituting the tap vector. The tap vector is optimized in order that the re- sponse of the spatial filter approximates optimally a refer- ence response. Generally, “optimally” means to minimize the mean square error between the effective and the reference re- sponses on a discrete set of incidence directions [10–12]. For this kind of beamforming, the choice of the discrete set of in- cidence directions used for the definition of the mean ANSYS Coupled-Field Analysis Guide ANSYS Release 10.0 002184 August 2005 ANSYS, Inc. and ANSYS Europe, Ltd. are UL registered ISO 9001:2000 Companies. ANSYS Coupled-Field Analysis Guide ANSYS Release 10.0 ANSYS, Inc. Southpointe 275 Technology Drive Canonsburg, PA 15317 ansysinfo@ansys.com http://www.ansys.com (T) 724-746-3304 (F) 724-514-9494 Copyright and Trademark Information © 2005 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. Unauthorized use, distribution or duplication is prohibited. ANSYS, ANSYS Workbench, CFX, AUTODYN, and any and all ANSYS, Inc. product and service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of ANSYS, Inc. or its subsidiaries located in the United States or other countries. ICEM CFD is a trademark licensed by ANSYS, Inc. All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Disclaimer Notice THIS ANSYS SOFTWARE PRODUCT AND PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION INCLUDE TRADE SECRETS AND ARE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS OF ANSYS, INC., ITS SUBSIDIARIES, OR LICENSORS. The software products and documentation are furnished by ANSYS, Inc., its subsidiaries, or affiliates under a software license agreement that contains provisions concerning non-disclosure, copying, length and nature of use, compliance with exporting laws, warranties, disclaimers, limitations of liability, and remedies, and other provisions. The software products and documentation may be used, disclosed, transferred, or copied only in accordance with the terms and conditions of that software license agreement. ANSYS, Inc. and ANSYS Europe, Ltd. are UL registered ISO 9001:2000 Companies. U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS For U.S. Government users, except as specifically granted by the ANSYS, Inc. software license agreement, the use, duplication, or disclosure by the United States Government is subject to restrictions stated in the ANSYS, Inc. software license agreement and FAR 12.212 (for non-DOD licenses). Third-Party Software See the online documentation in the product help files for the complete Legal Notice for ANSYS proprietary software and third-party software. The ANSYS third-party software information is also available via download from the Customer Portal on the ANSYS web page. If you are unable to access the third- party legal notices, please contact ANSYS, Inc. Published in the U.S.A. Table of Contents 1. Coupled-Field Analyses 1–1 1.1. Types of Coupled-Field Analysis 1–1 1.1.1. Sequential Method 1–2 1.1.1.1. Sequentially Coupled Analysis - Physics Files 1–2 1.1.1.2. Sequential Coupled Analysis - ANSYS Multi-field solver 1–2 1.1.1.3. Sequentially Coupled Analysis - Unidirectional ANSYS to CFX Load Transfer 1–2 1.1.2. Direct Method 1–3 1.1.3. When to Use Direct vs. Sequential 1–3 1.1.4. Miscellaneous Analysis Methods 1–3 1.1.4.1. Reduced Order Modeling 1–3 1.1.4.2. Coupled Physics Circuit Simulation 1–3 1.2. System of Units 1–3 1.3. About GUI Paths and Command Syntax 1–8 2. Sequentially Coupled Physics Analysis 2–1 2.1. What Is a Physics Environment? 2–2 2.2. General Analysis Procedures 2–2 2.3. Transferring Loads Between Physics 2–5 2.3.1. Compatible Element Types 2–5 2.3.2. Types of Results Files You May Use 2–7 2.3.3. Transient Fluid-Structural Analyses 2–7 2.4. Performing a Sequentially Coupled Physics Analysis with Physics Environments 2–8 2.4.1. Mesh Updating 2–9 2.4.2. Restarting an Analysis Using a Physics Environment Approach 2–12 2.5. Example Thermal-Stress Analysis Using the Indirect Method 2–12 2.5.1. The Problem Described 2–12 2.6. Example Thermal-Stress Analysis Using Physics Environments 2–14 2.7. Example Fluid-Structural Analysis Using Physics Environments 2–17 2.7.1. The Problem Described 2–17 2.7.2. The Procedure 2–17 2.7.2.1. Build the Model 2–18 2.7.2.2. Create Fluid Physics Environment 2–18 2.7.2.3. Create Structural Physics Environment 2–20 2.7.2.4. Fluid/Structure Solution Loop 2–21 2.7.3. Results 2–22 2.8. Example Induction-heating Analysis Using Physics Environments 2–28 2.8.1. The Problem Electric ConductionFluidElectrostaticMagneticThermalStructural PLANE67-PLANE121PLANE53PLANE77PLANE82 SHELL157 SHELL57, SHELL131 SHELL63, SHELL181 SHELL132SHELL91, SHELL93 LINK68FLUID116 LINK33LINK8 Note — If a mesh involves a degenerate element shape, the corresponding element type must allow the same degenerate shape. For example, if a mesh involves FLUID142 pyramid elements, SOLID70 elements are not compatible. SOLID70 elements can not be degenerated into a pyramid shape. To be compatible, elements with a VOLT degree of freedom must also have the same reaction force (see Element Compat- ibility in the ANSYS Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide). 1. Supports only first order elements requiring forces. 2. Element KEYOPT option required to support first order elements requiring forces. 2.3.2. Types of Results Files You May Use In an indirect coupled-field analysis or a physics environment analysis, typically you work with several different types of results files containing different types. All results files for your analysis will have the same filename (the jobname you specified using either the /FILNAME command (Utility Menu> File> Change Jobname)). However, you can distinguish among different results files by looking at their extensions: FLOTRAN results file Jobname.RFL Electromagnetic results file Jobname.RMG Thermal results file Jobname.RTH All other types of results files (structural and multiple physics) Jobname.RST 2.3.3. Transient Fluid-Structural Analyses In a transient fluid-structural analyses, you may choose to perform structural analyses at intermediate times corresponding to ramped changes in fluid boundary conditions. For example, suppose you want to perform a structural analysis at 2.0 seconds and the inlet velocity ramps from 1.0 in/sec at 0.0 seconds to 5.0 in/sec at 4.0 seconds. You first perform the structural analysis at 2.0 seconds in the usual manner. When the PHYSICS,READ,FLU- ID (Main Menu> Solution> Physics> Environment> Read) command is issued to resume the fluid analysis, you reapply the transient ramp. You apply the inlet boundary velocity of 3.0 in/sec at 2.0 seconds and then indicate that this is an “old” condition by issuing the following: Command(s): FLOCHECK,2 GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flocheck This means that the 3.0 in/sec inlet boundary condition at 2 seconds is the starting point for a ramp. You then input the final point of the ramp, 5.0 in/sec at 4 seconds, and specify a ramped boundary condition by issuing the following: Command(s): FLDATA4,TIME,BC,1 GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl You execute the transient analysis as usual using the SOLVE command. For more information about applying transient boundary conditions with FLOTRAN, see Chapter 5, “FLOTRAN Transient Analyses”. Section 2.3: Transferring Loads Between Physics 2–7 ANSYS Coupled-Field Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 10.0 . 002184 . © SAS IP, Inc. 2.4. Performing a Sequentially Coupled Physics Analysis with Physics Environments This section outlines the physics environment approach to a sequentially coupled physics analysis. 1. Build a model that meets the requirements of each physics discipline that will be addressed. Keep the following points in mind: • Each ANSYS solid model area or volume defined has its own particular needs with respect to element type, material properties, and real constants. All solid model entities should have element type numbers, real constant set numbers, material numbers, and element coordinate system numbers applied. (Their meaning will change according to the physics environment.) • Certain groups of areas or volumes will be used in two or more different physics environments. The mesh you use must be suitable for all environments. 2. Create the physics environment. You perform this step for each physics discipline that is part of the se- quentially coupled physics analysis. • Refer to various sections of the ...PHÂN TÍCH FORCE FIELD Lực thúc đẩy Lực cản Nội dung Nội dung Nội dung Nội dung NỘI DUNG Nội dung Nội dung 2 Nội dung Nội dung 10 slide.tailieu.vn PHÂN TÍCH FORCE FIELD HIỆN TẠI Nội dung... Nội dung dung Tổng Tổng Tổng Tổng 9 7 slide.tailieu.vn PHÂN TÍCH FORCE FIELD Bậc Bậc mong mong Bậc Bậc muốn muốn PHÂN TÍCH FORCE FIELD Lực thúc đẩy Lực Lực cản cản Lực cản Lực thúc đẩy 4 Lực cản... TÍCH FORCE FIELD Phản Phản đối đối NỘI NỘI DUNG DUNG Tổng Lực cản Nội dung Nội dung Lực cản Nội dung Nội dung - Lực cản Nội dung Nội dung Lực cản Nội dung Nội dung slide.tailieu.vn PHÂN TÍCH FORCE