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Để nhấn mạnh ý nào trong câu mà mình muốn diễn đạt, ta dùng phép đảo ngữ. Thông thường, phép đảo ngữ được thực hiện bằng cách đưc một trạng từ hoặc một cụm trạng ngữ ra đầu câu, đồng thời đảo trợ dộng từ hay động từ khiếm khuyết lên trước chủ ngữ hoặc tự dộng thêm trợ động từ “DO DOES” cho câu ở thì hiện tại hay “DID” cho câu ở thì quá khứ.
INVERSION Để nhấn mạnh ý câu mà muốn diễn đạt, ta dùng phép đảo ngữ Thông thường, phép đảo ngữ thực cách đưc trạng từ cụm trạng ngữ đầu câu, đồng thời đảo trợ dộng từ hay động từ khiếm khuyết lên trước chủ ngữ tự dộng thêm trợ động từ “DO/ DOES” cho câu hay “DID” cho câu khứ V+S+V+O Cấu trúc câu nhấn mạnh bắt đầu bằng: Only, Only by, Never, Until, Not until, Not only, No sooner, In no circumstances(chẳng trường hợp nào), in no where else(chẳng có nơi khác), No longer, Only when (chỉ khi) E.g: We can never live without air and water => Never can we live without air and water (Không sống không khí nước) Eg: She never eats out ==> Never does she eat out Đảo từ với câu điều kiện: Đảo từ với câu điều kiện loại a) Câu điều kiện loại có sử dụng “ should” thay không xác định khả xáy tương lai Đảo “should” lên đầu câu thay “If” Eg: If it should rain tonight, I will stay at home ==> Should it rain b) Điều kiện loại có sử dụng thời hoàn thành Lấy “should” thay “If” để nguyên thể hoàn thành với “have done” tất Eg: If she has finished the work, she can go home ==> Should she have finished Điều kiện loại a) Mệnh đề điều kiện loại có dùng động từ “tobe” số nhiều “were” dùng “were” thay”if” Eg: Iif I were you, i would love him ==> Were I you b) Trong mẫu câu điều kiện loại đặc biệt có dùng “If” đầu câu ( “were” khỏi “not’’sau đảo lên đầu câu thay “if”) Eg: If it weren’t for your progress, I wouldn’t be here ==> Were it not your c) Mẫu câu điều kiện loại đặc biệt If + S+ were+ to Thay động từ khứ mệnh đề điêu kiện loại Eg: If i were to speak ==> Với mẫu câu đảo “were” lên đầu câu thay “If” Điều kiện loại a) Dùng “Had” đảo lên đầu câu thay “If” Eg: If she had worked harder last year, she wouldn’t have failed the exam ==> Had she worked harder last year b) Câu điều kiện loại đặc biệt với đại từ “it” đầu câu If it hadn’t been for + N ==> Nếu ==> Tách “had” khỏi “not” đảo lên đầu câu thay “If” Eg: If it hadn’t been for hot weather,we would have had a wonderful holiday ==> Had it not been for c) Mệnh để điều kiện loại đặc biệt có sử dụng” were to have done” thay khứ hoàn thành Eg; If she had driven carefully, she wouldn’t have cause the accident ==> If she were to have driven Đảo “were” lên đầu câu thay “If” ==> Were she to have driven Đảo ngữ với… So….that…./ ……such……… that…… 1 So + adj : Trong mẫu câu trạng từ kết eg; She is so rich that she can buy what she likes Đảo “so + adj” lên đầu câu ==> So rich is she that So + adv that : Mệnh đề trạng ngữ kết sau trạng từ Đảo “ so to+ adv” lên đầu câu eg: He worked so hard in the past that he is now weak ==> So hard did he work in the past that Câu có sử dụng “such” thường gặp dạng: a) Trong câu có dùng “ so great, so much” biến đổi “ so great, so much” ==> “ such” đảo lên đầu câu để nhấn mạnh eg; The question was so great that he had to think it over ==> Such was the question b)Trong câu có dùng “such” S + tobe+ such+ that+ mệnh đề Đảo “such” lên đầu câu để nhấn mạnh eg: She is so poor that she can’t go school Her poverty is such that ==>Such is her poverty that Các cấu trúc đảo ngữ khác: Never Ex: I never come to work late → Never I come to work late At no time=never Ex: They never suspected him of being a spy → At no time did they suspect him of being a spy Seldom, rarely, scarcely Ex: Rarely has Big Ben gone wrong I remember very few thing about my early childhood → scarcely I remember things about my early childhood Only by + Ving, Aux + SV Ex: You can’t succeed unless you try hard → Only by trying hard can you succeed Only with + Noun, Aux + SV Ex: The bank lent him some money, which enabled him to buy a car → Only with the bank’s money could he buy a car Only after + Noun, Aux + SV Ex: He only realized what his father meant to him after his death → Only after his father’s death did he realize what he meant Only when/after SV, Aux + SV Ex: I only recognized who he was when he called hi name → Only when he called his name, did I recognize who he was On no account Aux + SV: không lí Ex: You should never come to work late → On no account should you come to work late Not until: đến tận a Not until + Noun, Aux + SV Ex: Man didn’t fly into pace until the early 1960s → Not until the early 1960s did man fly into space b Not until + SV, Aux + SV Ex: They continued to feel unsafe until they got home → Not until they got home did they feel safe 10 Little Aux + SV Ex: I don’t know much about astronomy → Little I know about astronomy 11 Hardly Aux + SV: không Ex: They hardly had arguments → Hardly did they have arguments + Hardly anyone wears a hat nowadays Hardly anything is worth buying 12 In/Under no circumstances Aux + SV: dù hoàn cảnh (không dùng phủ định mệnh đề sau) Ex: Under no circumstances must you betray your country 13 Hardly had S done when S did: vừa mới………… No sooner had S done than S did: chưa kịp………….thì Ex: - He had just gone out when his friend called → Hardly had he gone out when when his friend called - The doorbell rang the moment she lay down → No sooner had she lain down than the door bell rang 14 No longer Aux + SV Ex: They no longer keep in touch with each other → No longer they keep in touch with each other 15 So/Such + adj/adv Aux + SV Ex: - He became so suspicious that he didn’t let anyone in → So suspicious did he become that he didn’t let anyone in - He was such a fast speaker that it was difficult for us to follow him → Such was he a fast speaker that it was difficult for us to follow him/ So fast did he speak that that it was difficult for us to follow him 16 Not only Aux + SV, but S also V Ex: They robbed him They beat him Not only did they rob him, but they also beat him 17 Nor Aux + SV: Ex: She couldn’t speak Italian nor could she speak Spanish 18 Neither and so - A:"I am not into hip hop." B: "Neither am I." (Or: "Nor am I.") - A: "I am fond of flamenco dancing." B: "So am I." 19 Conditionals with inversions - Should SV, SV; - Were SC, SV - Had S done, S would have done Ex: -Should you meet him in Ha noi, give him my regards - Were I you, I would try again - Were they to escape, they would be arrested again - Had he kept calm, he would have succeeded 20 Here/ There đầu câu: Ex: There is a letter for you on the desk Here is your pen 21 Here/ There câu cảm Ex: There goes the bus! Here comes George! 22 Inversions after adjectives Ex: Blessed are the children who are still unaware of what the future holds Gone are the days when I could have been happy 23 Under/in/out/above V+S Ex: The dog lay under the chair → Under the chair lay the dog 24 Inversions with "as" Ex: Elisabeth was too shy to dance, as was Gerald She decided to leave early, as did Gerald EXERCISES: I Rewrite each sentences so that it contains the word or words in capitals, and so that the meaning stay the same a Were Smith to resign, I might stand a chance of getting his job …………………………………………………………………………… b Such was the demand for the tickets that people queued day and night ……………………………………………………………………………… c The money is not to be paid under no circumstances ……………………………………………………………………………… d Three days passed before we arrived at the first oasis ……………………………………………………………………………… e Hardly had the ship left port, than a violent storm developed ……………………………………………………………………………… f They would have discovered land sooner had they carried a compass ……………………………………………………………………………… g Little did Brenda know what she was letting herself in for ……………………………………………………………………………… h It was only when I stopped that I realized something was wrong ……………………………………………………………………………… i The accused never expressed regret for what he had done ……………………………………………………………………………… j So exhausted were the runners that none of them finished the race ……………………………………………………………………………… IF GREAT NO NOT UNTIL SOON AFTER IF IDEA DID I AT NO TIME TOO II Rewrite each sentences so that it contains the word or words in capitals, and so that the meaning stay the same If Smith were to resign , I might stand a chance of getting his job The demand for tickets was so great that people queued night and day Under no circumstances is the money to be paid Not until three days had passed did we arrived at the first oasis/ It was not until three days later that we arrived at the first oasis Soon after the ship left port , a violent storm developed If they had carried a compass they would have discovered the land sooner Brenda had no idea what she was letting herself in for Only when I stopped did I realize that something was wrong At no time did the accused express regret for what he has done 10 The runners were too exhausted to finish the race EXERCISES I Choose the most suitable words underlined Jim promised that he would never/ never would he tell anyone else Not until it was too late I remembered / did I remember I call Susan Hardly had we settle down in our seats than/when the lights went out Only after checking three times I was/was I certain of the answer At no time I was aware/was I aware of anything out of usual Only Mary sang Sally passed/ did they pass the final examination So the waves were high/ So high were the waves that swimming was dangerous Only when Peter has arrived / has Peter arrived can we begin the program No sooner had it stopped raining than/when the sun came out 10 If should you leave early/ should you leave early could you leave me a lift? II Rewrite these sentences, using NEVER She has never been so happy before …………………………………………………………………………………… I have never heard such nonsense! …………………………………………………………………………………… I have never seen such a mess in my life …………………………………………………………………………………… Our profits this year are higher than they have ever been …………………………………………………………………………………… She would never again trust her own judgment when buying antiques …………………………………………………………………………………… The firm has never before laid on such a sumptuous celebration …………………………………………………………………………………… I’ve never come across such a horrifying film …………………………………………………………………………………… I have never been so moved by a Shakespeare production …………………………………………………………………………………… I never for one moment thought the consequences would be so far- reaching …………………………………………………………………………………… 10 I had never tasted such a wonderful combination of flavors before …………………………………………………………………………………… III Rewrite these sentences, using RARELY, SELDOM or LITTLE One rarely find good service these days …………………………………………………………………………………… She has rarely traveled more than fifty miles from her village …………………………………………………………………………………… It is very unusual for a military campaign to have been fought with so little loss of life …………………………………………………………………………………… It is unusual for the interior of the island to be visited by tourists …………………………………………………………………………………… Public borrowing has seldom been so high …………………………………………………………………………………… They had seldom participated in such a fascinating ceremony …………………………………………………………………………………… They little suspected that the musical was going to be a runaway success …………………………………………………………………………………… The embassy staff little realized that Ted was a secret agent …………………………………………………………………………………… She didn’t realized what would happen to her next …………………………………………………………………………………… 10 I didn’t think that one day I’d be appearing in films rather then just watching them …………………………………………………………………………………… IV Rewrite these sentences, using IN, AT , UNDER, or ON Keith certainly can’t be held responsible for the accident …………………………………………………………………………………… The children themselves are not in any way to blame for the disaster ………………………………………………………………………………… 3.The existence of extraterrestrial is not confirmed by the report ……………………………………………………………………………………… I was never shown how to operate the machinery …………………………………………………………………………………… He never suspected that she was a witch …………………………………………………………………………………… There has never been a time when the English language was not in a state of change ………………………………………………………………………………… Miss Weaver will not be offered the job under any circumstances …………………………………………………………………………………… You should not send money to us by post under any circumstances …………………………………………………………………………………… 9.We can’t exchange tickets in any circumstances …………………………………………………………………………………… 10.I won’t go out that way to visit him again on my account! …………………………………………………………………………………… V Rewrite these sentences, using inversion with NOT He is my friend as well as yours …………………………………………………………………………………… He booked tickets for the afternoon performance and the evening performance as well …………………………………………………………………………………… Burglars stole a thousand pounds’ worth of electrical goods, and left the flat in an awful mess …………………………………………………………………………………… Tony was not only late, but he had left all his books behind …………………………………………………………………………………… You will enhance your posture and improve your acting ability on this course …………………………………………………………………………………… It isn’t worth considering his suggestion for a moment …………………………………………………………………………………… She didn’t shed a tear when the story ended in tragedy …………………………………………………………………………………… The manager not once offered us an apology …………………………………………………………………………………… She made no sound as she crept upstairs …………………………………………………………………………………… 10.He only thought about having a holiday abroad after he retired ………………………………………………………………………………… VI Rewrite these sentences, using inversion with ONLY I only realized how dangerous the situation had been when I got home ………………………………………………………………………………… It wasn’t until last week that the Agriculture Minister admitted defeat …………………………………………………………………………………… I understood Hamlet only after seeing it on the stage …………………………………………………………………………………… They didn’t get round to business until they had finished eating …………………………………………………………………………………… They had to wait for twelve hours before their flight left …………………………………………………………………………………… I didn’t realize who he was until later …………………………………………………………………………………… The door could not be opened without using force …………………………………………………………………………………… I won’t agree until Tom’s apologized …………………………………………………………………………………… To get the 40% discount, you must buy all twelve books at the same time …………………………………………………………………………………… 10.The only way you can become a good athlete is by training hard every day …………………………………………………………………………………… VII Rewrite these sentences, using inversion with SHOULD If the Government were forced into another election, it would be the favourite to win …………………………………………………………………………………… If you should wish to make an appointment to see Dr Simons, she is available between 9.00 and 11.00 …………………………………………………………………………………… If you should have further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice …………………………………………………………………………………… If you should decide to accept the post, you will be expected to start work on 1st April …………………………………………………………………………………… If we hear any further news, we will be in touch immediately ………………………………………………………………………………… If you wish to take advantage of the offer, kindly tick the box on your order form …………………………………………………………………………………… If the film should be a post office success, they may be sequel …………………………………………………………………………………… If you should change your mind, there will always be a job for you here …………………………………………………………………………………… VIII Rewrite these sentences, using inversion with WERE OR HAD If the chemical were to leak, a large area of the sea would be contaminated …………………………………………………………………………………… If Germany were to beat Romania, they would face Italy in the final …………………………………………………………………………………… If Mr Morgan were still head master, he would not permit such bad behavior …………………………………………………………………………………… If you had given it on time, you would have got a high mark …………………………………………………………………………………… If she had become a lawyer, as her parents wished, she would have earn a large salary …………………………………………………………………………………… If anything has gone wrong with my plan, I would have held responsibility …………………………………………………………………………………… 7.If it hadn’t been for Henry,I might not have met you …………………………………………………………………………………… If only they had confirmed by phone, the airline could have warned them …………………………………………………………………………………… The coast guards could have saved the vessels if they had been notified …………………………………………………………………………………… 10 If his solicitor hadn’t advised him, he would have made a serious mistake …………………………………………………………………………………… IX Rewrite each of the following sentences with the given words in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed above it He spent all his money He even borrowed some from me Not only _ He had hardly left the office when the telephone rang No sooner _ I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back Hardly _ He didn’t finish his work until the bell rang Not until We only began to see the symptoms of the disease after several months Only _ I have never seen anyone in my life drink as much as you Never A sleeping dog was lying under the table Under the table _ His brother had rarely been more excited Rarely _ The facts were not all made public until later Only 10 If I had realized what would happen, I wouldn’t have accepted the job Had _ 11 The response to our appeal was so great that we has to take on more staff Such 12 Harry broke his leg, and also injured his shoulder Not only 13 The police didn’t at all suspect that the judge was the murderer Little _ 14 If you happen to see Helen, could you ask her to call me? Should 15 The bus driver can not be blamed for the accident in any way In _ 16 The snowfall was so heavy that all the trains had to be cancelled So _ 17 If the government raised interest rates They would lose the election Were 18 As soon as I got into the bath, someone knocked at the door No sooner _ 19 There was so much uncertainty that the financial markets remained closed Such 20 It’s not common for there to be so much rain in March Seldom 21 You won’t allowed in until your identify has been checked Only 22 Just after the play started there was a power failure Hardly 23 The Prime Minister has hardly ever made a speech as inept as this Rarely _ 24 We had only just arrived home when the police called Scarcely _ 25 Press photographers are banned from taking photographs backstage On no _ 26 The way so much money has been spent to so little purpose must be a record Never before _ 27 The judge was taken ill just after the trial proceedings began Barely X Complete each sentences with a suitable word or phrase 1.………… had we arrived at the hotel, when there was a power cut 2……… are members of staff to accept gratuities from clients ……….Detective Dawson realized what she was to discover! ………….so many employees taken sick leave at the same time ……… to pay the full amount now, there would be a ten per cent discount I supposed, as……….most people, that I would be retiring at 60 ……………… the doctor seen more difficult case ………….Jean win first prize, but she was also offered a promotion ……….will late arrival be admitted to the theatre before the interval 10 …………one missing child been found, than another three disappeared XI Complete each sentence with a suitable word or phrase Scarcely …………………………….the pilot had to make an emergent landing Little ………………………….what has been going on in her absent No sooner ……………………….tan I realized I’d left my bag on the platform Only when ……………………….on the light did we notice the hole of the ceiling Not until I asked a passer –by ………………… where I was Seldom does ………………………below freezing at this time of the year Hardly ………………… his speech, when the minister interrupted On no account am ……………… while I am in a meeting Rarely has ………………………this school written a better composition 10 In no way …………………… bear responsibility for injured passengers ……………………………………………………………………………… XII Rewrite these sentences with the adverbial phrase of direction or place at the front of clause Use inversion where possible The people dived for cover as the bullets flew over their heads …………………………………………………………………………………… That night, just as John has predicted , a heavy snowfall came down …………………………………………………………………………………… The two men were talking in front of the station …………………………………………………………………………………… A line of police officers was behind the protesters …………………………………………………………………………………… A small stream ran at the end of the street There was an overgrown garden across the stream …………………………………………………………………………………… She could hear the sound of the tractor and suddenly it came round the corner …………………………………………………………………………………… A while pillar was in front of them and a small, marble statue stood on top of it …………………………………………………………………………………… The teacher blew a whistle and the children ran off …………………………………………………………………………………… KEYS I Choose the most suitable words underlined he would never passed did I remember so high were the waves when Peter has arrived was I than was I aware 10 should you leave early II Rewrite these sentences, using NEVER Never before had she been so happy Never have I heard such nonsense! Never in my life have I seen such a mess Never have our profits been higher than/ as higher as they are this year Never again would she trust her own judgment when buying antique Never before had the firm laid on such a sumptuous celebration Never have I come across such a horrifying film Never have I been so moved by a Shakespeare production Never for one moment did I think the consequences would be so far reaching 10 Never before had I tasted such a wonderful combination of flavours III Rewrite these sentences, using IN, AT, UNDER, or ON In no way can Keith be held responsible for the accident In no way are the children themselves to blame for the disaster In no way is the existence of extraterrestrial life confirmed by the report At no time was I shown how to operate the machine At no time did he suspect that he was a witch At no time has the English language not been in a state of change Under no circumstance will Miss Weaver be offered the job Under no circumstance should you send money to us by post Under no circumstance can we exchange tickets 10 On any account will I go all that way to visit him again IV Rewrite these sentences, using inversion with NOT Not only is he your friend, but he’s mine too Not only did he book tickets for the afternoon performance but he also booked for the evening performance as well Not only did the burglars steal a thousand pounds’ worth of electrical goods, they also left the flat in an awful mess Not only was Tom late, but he had left all his books behind Not only will you enhance your posture but you will (also) improve your acting ability (as well) on this course Not for one moment is it worth considering his suggestion /is his suggestion worth considering Not a tear did she shed when the story ended in tragedy Not once did the manager offer is an apology Not a sound did she make as she crept upstairs 10 Not until he retired did he think about having a holiday abroad V Rewrite these sentences, using inversion with ONLY Only when I got home did I realize how dangerous the situation had been Only last week did the Agriculture Minister admit defeat Only after seeing Hamlet on the stage did I understand it Only after they had finished eating did they get round to business Only after they waited for twelve hours did their flight leave Only after did I realize who she was Only by (using) force could the door be opened Only when Tom’s apologized will I agree Only when you buy all twelve books at the same time can/will you get the 40% discount 10 Only by training hard can/will/could you become a good athlete VI Rewrite these sentences, using inversion with SHOULD Should the government be forces into another election, it would be the favorite to win Should you wish to make an appointment to see Dr Simons, she is available between 9.00 and 11.00 Should you have further problems with your printer, contact your deal for advice Should you decide to accept the post, you will be expected to start work on 1st April Should we hear any further news, we will be in touch immediately Should you wish to take advantage of the offer, kindly tick the box on your order Should the film be a box- office success, they may be a sequel Should you change your mind, there will always be a job for you here VII Rewrite these sentences, using inversion with WERE or HAD Were the chemical to leak, a large area of sea would be contaminated Were Germany to beat, they would face Italy in the final Were Mr Morgan still headmaster, he would not permit such bad behavior Had you given it in on time, you would have got a high mark Had she become a lawyer, as her parents’ wishes, she would have earned a large salary Had anything gone wrong, I would have been held responsible Had it not been for Henry, I might not have met you Had the coast guards been notified they could have saved the vessels Had they confirmed by phone, the airline could have warned them 10 Had it not been for his solicitor’s advice, he would have made a serious mistake VIII Rewrite each of the following sentences with the given words in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed above it Not only did he spend all his money but she also borrowed some from me No sooner had I left the office than the phone rang Hardly had I put the phone down when the boss rang back Not until the bell rang did he finish his work Only after several months did we begin to see the symptoms of the disease Never in my life have seen anyone drink as much as you Under the table was lying a sleeping dog 10 Rarely had his brother been more excited Only later were all the facts made public 10 Had I realized what would happen, I wouldn’t have accepted the job 11 Such was the responsible to our appeal that we has to take on more staff 12 Not only did Harry break his leg but he also injured his shoulder 13 Little did the police suspect that the judgment was the murderer 14 Should you see Helen, could you ask her to call me? 15 In no way can the bus be blamed for the accident 16 So heavy was the snowfall that all the trains had to be cancelled 17 Were the government to write interest rates they would lose the election 18 No sooner had I got into the bath than someone knocked on the door 19 Such was the uncertainty that the financial markets remained closed 20 Seldom is there so much rain in March 21 Only when your identity has been checked will you be allowed in 22 Hardly had the play started when there was a power failure 23 Rarely has the Prime Minister made so inept a speech 24 Scarcely had we arrived home when the police called 25 On no account are press photographers allowed to take photographs backstage 26 Never before has so much money been spent to so little purpose! 27 Barely had the trial proceedings begun when the judge was taken ill IX Complete each sentences with a suitable word or phrase Hardly/ Scarcely Under no circumstances Never had /have Little did Not only did Never had / Rarely had Under no circumstances Were you 10 No sooner had X Complete each sentence with a suitable word or phrase (Suggested answers) had the plane taken off, when the temperature fall Does she know had he begun had the train left I to be disturbed we turned a pupil at this / a student from did I know 10 does the company XI Rewrite these sentences with the adverbial phrase of direction or place at the front of clause Use inversion where possible ………… … as over their heads flew the bullets …………… down came a heavy snow In front of the station, the two men were talking.(no inversion) Behind the protesters was a line of police officers At the end of the street ran a small stream Across the stream was an overgrown garden ………… and suddenly round the corner it came ( no inversion) In front of them was a white pillar, and on top of it stood a small, marble statue …………….and off ran the children 11 ... chair → Under the chair lay the dog 24 Inversions with "as" Ex: Elisabeth was too shy to dance, as was Gerald She decided to leave early, as did Gerald EXERCISES: I Rewrite each sentences so... front of clause Use inversion where possible ………… … as over their heads flew the bullets …………… down came a heavy snow In front of the station, the two men were talking.(no inversion) Behind the... I." (Or: "Nor am I.") - A: "I am fond of flamenco dancing." B: "So am I." 19 Conditionals with inversions - Should SV, SV; - Were SC, SV - Had S done, S would have done Ex: -Should you meet him