Luận án tiến sĩ Ngôn ngữ học: Nghiên cứu cấu trúc và ngữ nghĩa các giáo trình địa chất như một thể loại trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt (Phần 2)

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The study and quantification of these is the subject of

distortions, which occur in response to “Deformation and

forces acting on bodies Strain”

Subject Fin | Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

Theme Theme (marked) Rheme

6 Recall the force of gravity, for example.

Recall the force of gravity, for example.

Transitivity Pro: verbal Verbiage

Non-fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme

7 Pouring syrup on pancakes is easy because of Earth’s gravity,

Pouring syrup on is easy because of Earth’s

8 but in a space station it is quite difficult to keep the syrup in its preferred place.

but in a space it is quite difficult

station to keep the syrup in itspreferred place

Transitivity Circumstance | Carrier Pro: Attributerelational

Mood Adjunct Subject | Fin | Pre ComplementResidue Mood Residue

9 That you are able to read this text sitting down is another convenient effect ofEarth’s gravity;

That you are able to readthis text sitting down

isanother convenient effectof Earth’s gravity,

Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Attribute

Subject Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

10 in a space station you would be floating around (possibly covered by syrup).

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In a space station you would be floating around

Transitivity Circumstance Actor Pro: materialAdjunct Subject Fin PreMood Residue Mood

11 Let us 12 consider a more controlled experiment to analyze the response ofmaterials to an applied force.

Let us consider a more controlled experiment to analyzethe response of materials to applied force

Transitivity | Pro: mental | Senser Pro: Phenomenonmental

Mood Non-fin Pre | Subject | Fin | Pre Complement

Mood ResidueTheme

Theme (unmarked) Rheme

13 We can change the shape of a block of clay or plasticine by the action of, say,your hands or a vise.

We can change the shape ofa | by action of, or say, yourblock of clay or hands or a vise

Transitivity Actor Pro: material Goal Circumstance

Subject Fin Pre Complement Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

14 When forces affect the spatial geometry of a body (syrup, you, plasticine, orrocks) 15 we enter the realm of deformation.

When | forces affect the spatial enter | the realm ofgeometry of deformation

Residue “Mood 1 Residue Mood 2 Residue 2

16 Most simple stated: deformation of a body occurs in response to forces.

Most simple stated: occurs in response to forcesdeformation of a body

Transitivity Existent Pro: existential Circumstance

Subject Fin Pre Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

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17 We will see later 18 that deformation affects stress (force acting on an area),

We will see later | that | deformation | affects stress

Tran Senser Pro: mental Cir Actor materi Goal

R Fi | Pr

Mood Sub 1 Fin Pre Adj Sub 2 nie Comp.

Mood 1 Residue 1 Mood 2 Residue 2Theme

19 so there is no simple stress — deformation relationship.

SO there is no simple — deformationrelationship

Transitivity Pro: existential Existent

Mood Mood Residue

20 The response of a body to forces may have many faces.

The response of may have many facesbody to forces

Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational mu

Mood Mood Residue

21 In some cases, the body is merely displaced or rotated, such as when you get upfrom the chair and move around the room.

In some the is displaced, or rotated such as when you get up

cases, body | merely from the chair and move

around the room

Tran Cir.1 Goal Pro: material Pro: material Cir 2

Adj 1 Sub Fin Pre Fin Pre Adj 2Mood Mood Mood

Theme marke đ) Rheme

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22 In other cases, the body becomes distorted, as in the clay block experiment orwith the flow of syrup.

In other the becomes distorted as in the clay block experiment

cases, body or with the flow of syrup

Transitivity Cir 1 Carrier Pro: Attribute Cir 2relational

Adj 1 Subject | Fin | Pre Complement Adj 2Mood Mood Residue

Theme (marked) Rheme

23 In this chapter, we will examine these responses both qualitatively andquantitatively.

In this we will | examine these both qualitatively and

chapter, responses quantitatively

Transitivity Cir 1 Actor Pro: material Range Cir 2Adj 1 Subject | Fin Pre Complement Adj 2

Folds and Folding

1 Ask a structural geologist, or any other geologist for that matter, about theirfavorite structure 2 and chances are that they will choose folds.

Ask a structural for that matter and chances are that

geologist, about their they

or any other | favorite structure will

geologist choose

folds : Pro:

Tran | Pro: verbal Receiver Verbiage Carrier R Attr.relational

Comp.

Non-fin Pre Comple ment Complement 2 Subject " Pre 3

Mood Mood MoodResidue

3 If you have seen a fold in the field 4 you will have marveled at its appearance.

If you have | seen a fold in you will | marveled at its

the have appearance.

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Tran Senser Pro: mental Pheno 1 cr Senser- Pro: mental Pheno 2

Sub 1 Fin Pre Comp 1 Ad Sub 2 | Fin Pre Comp 2Mood

Mood Residue Mood

5 Let’s face it, 6 it is pretty unbelievable

Let’s face it, it is pretty unbelievable

Tran | Pro: mental Pro: Range | Carrier Pro: Attributematerial relational

Non-fin Pre | Fin Pre conp Subject | Fin Pre Comp 2

Mood Residue Mood

7 that hard rocks are able to change shape in such a dramatic way.

that hard are able to change shape

rocks in such a dramatic way.

Mood Mood Residue

8 In simple terms, a fold is a structural feature that is formed when planar surfaces

are bent or curved.

In simple | a fold is a structural feature that is formed

terms, when planar surfaces are

Transitivity Cir Carrier | Pro: relational Attribute

Adj Subject | Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

9 If such surfaces (like bedding, cleavage, inclusions) are not available 10 you willnot see a fold even through the rock was deformed.

I such are available you will not | see afold | even

ƒ surfaces not through

(like bedding the rock, cleavage, was

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11 Folding is a manifestation of ductile deformation 12 because it can developwithout fracturing,

Folding is a because it can | develop withoutmanifestation fracturing,

of ductiledeformation

Tran Token Pro: Value Actor Pro: Cir.relational material

Sub 1 Fin | Pre Comp 1 Sub Fin| Pre Adj.

Mood Residue Mood

13 and the deformation is (heterogeneously) distributed over the entire structure.

and the deformation is distributed | over the entire structure.Transitivity Goal Pro: material Circumstance

Mood Mood Residue

14 Rather than fracturing, processes, such as grain sliding, kinking, dissolution, andcrystal plasticity dominate.

Rather than processes, such as grain Sliding, kinking, dominatefracturing, dissolution, and crystal plasticity

Transitivity Cir Actor Pro: materialAdj Subject Fin PreMood Mood

15 Looking at a fold from a kinematic perspective, 16 you realize that strain in thisstructure cannot be the same everywhere.

Looking a fold froma you realize that strain can be the sameat kinematic in this not everywher

perspective structure e

Tran Pro: meno Cir.1 Sen Pro: Carrier Pro: Attributemental n sor mental relational

Now fin Comp ' Adj 1 Sub Fin | Pre Sub 2 Fin | Pre | Comp 2

Mood F

Mood 1 Residue 1 Mood 1 Mood 2 Residue 2

137

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ThemeTheme (marked)Rheme

17 We recognize distinct segments in a fold, such as the hinge area and the limbs,the inner and the outer arc, each of which reflect different strain histories, regardlessof scale.

We recognize | distinct segments in a fold such as the hinge area andthe limbs, the inner and the outer arc each of which

reflect different strain histories, regardless of scalesTran Senser Pro: mental Phenomenon

Subject Fin Pre | Complement

Them Rhememe (unmarked) eme

18 Why do folds exist, 19 how do rocks do it,

Why do, exist folds how do, do rocks it

Tran Cir 1 Pro: Existent Cir 2 Pro: material Actor Goalexistential

Adj 1 Fin Pre Sub 1 Adj 2 Fin Pre Sub 2 Comp.

20 and what does folding mean for regional analysis?

and what does mean folding for regional

analysis?Tran Phenomenon Pro: mental Senser Cir.

Complement Fin Pre Subject Adj.

Mood : Mood : Mood :

Residue Residue ResidueTheme Theme (unmarked) Rheme

21 These and other questions were first asked quite some time ago 22 and much of

what we know today about folds and folding was well established before the 1980’s.

ago | folding

Tran | Verbiage | Pro: verbal | Cir 1 Actor Pro: material Cir 2

Sub 1 Fin Pre | Adj.1

Sub 2 Fin Pre Adj 2

Mood Mood 1 Residue 1

Mood 2 Residue 2Theme

Theme | (unmarke Rheme

138

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23 The geometry of folds tells us something about, for example, the degree andorientation of strain, which in turn provides critical information about the

deformation history of a region.

The tells us something about, for example, the degree

geometry of and orientation of strain, which in turns

folds provides critical information about the

deformation history of a regionTran Sayer Pro: verbal | Receiver Verbiage

Mood Mood Residue

24 Much of the work in recent years represents refinements of some of the earlierwork; 25 we can apply increasingly sophisticated numerical and experimentalapproaches.

Much of the | represents | refinements | we can | apply increasinglywork in of some of sophisticatedrecent years the earlier numerical and

work; experimental

Transitivity Actor 1 Pro: Goal 1 Actor Pro: Goal 2material 2 material

: Sub .

Mood Subject 1 | Fin | Pre | Comp.1 2 Fin | Pre Comp 2

Mood 1 | Residue.1 Mood.2 | Residue 2

26 Yet, the fundamental observations remain essentially intact.

Yet the fundamental remains essentially intactobservations

Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational AttributeSubject Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

27 Therefore, in this chapter we will mainly look at some of the first principles offolding and their application of structural analysis.

Therefore, |in this | we will mainly | look at | some of the first

chapter principles offolding and

their application ofstructural analysis

Transitivity Cir 1 Cir 2 | Senser Pro: Cir 3 Pro: Phenomenonmental mental

Adj 1 Adj.2 | Sub Fin | Adj.3 | Pre ComplementMood Mood

139

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28 First, however, we discuss the basic vocabulary needed to communicate aboutfolds and fold systems.

First, however, we discuss the basis vocabulary needed tocommunicate about folds and fold

Transitivity | Circumstance | Sayer | Pro: verbal Phenomenon

Adjunct Subject | Fin | Pre Complement

Mood MoodResidue

Theme markeđ Rheme

6.1.4 INTRODUCTION PART 4

Metamorphism, Metamorphic rocks, and hydrothermal rocks

1 This chapter on metamorphic rocks, the third major category of rocks in the rockcycle, completes our description of earth materials (rocks and minerals).

This chapter on completes our description of earth

metamorphic rocks, the materials (rocks and minerals)third major category of

rocks in the rock cycle

Transitivity Actor Pro: material Goal

Mood Mood Residue

2 The information on igneous and sedimentary processes in previous chapters

should help you understand metamorphic rocks, which form from preexisting rocks.

The information on should help you understand | metamorphic rocks,igneous and sedimentary which form from

Processes in previous preexisting rockschapter

Transitivity Senser Pro: mental Phenomenon

Mood Mood Residue

3 After reading the chapter on weathering, you know how rocks are altered when

exposed at Earth’s surface.

After reading you know how rocks are alteredthe chapter on when exposed at Earth 's

weathering, surface.

Transitivity Cir Senser Pro: mental | Phenomenon

140

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Adj Subject Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

4 Metamorphism (a word from Latin and Greek that means literally “changing ofform”) also involves alterations.

Metamorphism ( a word from also involves AlterationsLatin and Greek that means

literally “changing of form”

Subject Fin | Pre Comp.

Mood Mood d Residue

5 but the changes are due to deep burial, tectonic forces, and/or high temperaturerather than surface conditions

but | the changes are due to deep burial, tectonic forces, and/or hightemperature rather than surface conditions.

Mood Mood Residue

6 As you study this chapter, try to keep clearly in mind how the chemicalcomposition of a rock and the temperature, pressure, and water present eachcontribute to the metamorphic process and the resultant metamorphic rock.

As you study try to keepthis chapter,

clearly in mind how the chemical compositions ofa rock and the temperature, pressure, and water

present each contribute to the metamorphicprocess and the resultant metamorphic rock.Transitivity Cir Pro: mental Phenomenon

Adj Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

7 We also discuss hydrothermally deposited rocks and minerals, which are usuallyfound in association with both igneous and metamorphic rocks.

We also | discuss hydrothermally deposited rocks and minerals,which are usually found in association

with both igneous and metamorphic rocksTran Sayer Cir Pro: Verbiage

141

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Subject Adj | Fin | Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

8 Hydrothermal ore deposits, while not volumetrically significant, are of great

importance to the world’s supply of metals.

Hydrothermal ore are of great importance to the world’sdeposits, while not supply of metals

Mood Mood Residue

9 Because nearly all metamorphic rocks form deep within the earth’s crust, 10 they

provide geologists with many clues about conditions at depth.

Because nearly form deeply | within they provide | geologists with manyall the clues aboutmetamorphic earth’s conditions at

rocks crust depth

Tran Actor 1 Pro: Cir.1 | Cir 2 Actor Pro: Recipient Goalmaterial 2 material

Sub 1 Fin | Pre Ad Adj 2 | Sub 2 | Fin | Pre | Comp 1 Comp 2

Mood Residue Mood

11 Therefore, understanding metamorphism will help you when we considergeologic processes involving Earth’s internal forces.

Therefore, | understanding | will help you when we

12 Metamorphic rocks are a feature of the oldest exposed rocks of the continents

and of major mountain belts.

Metamorphic are a feature of the oldest exposed rocks of the

rocks continent and of major mountain belts

Transitivity Carrier Pro: Attributerelational

Mood Subject Fin | Pre Complement

142

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Mood Residue

13 They are especially important in providing evidence of what happens during duction and plate convergence.

sub-They are especially important | in providing evidence of whathappens during sub- ductionand plate convergence

Tran Carrier relationa Cir Attribute Cir 2

Subject Adj Comp Adj 2

Mood Mood Residue

14 From your study so far of Earth materials and the rock cycle, you know

15 that rocks change, given enough time, when their physical environment changesradically.

From you know that | rocks change given | when theiryour enough | physical

study so time, environment

far of changesEarth radicallymaterials

and therockcycle,

Residue Mood 1 | Residue 1 | Mood 2 Residue 2

Theme marke4) Rheme

16 In chapter 3, you saw how deeply buried rocks melt (or partially melt) 17 to

form magma when temperatures are high enough.

143

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18 What happens to rocks that are deeply buried but are not hot enough to melt?

What happens to rocks that are deeply buried

but are not hot enough to melt?

Transitivity Actor Pro: Goalmaterial

Subject Fin | Pre

Mood Mood Residue

19 They become metamorphosed.

They become metamorphosed

Mood Mood Residue

20 Metamorphism refers to changes to rocks that take place in Earth’s interior.

Metamorphism refers to changes to rocks that

take place in Earth’s interior

Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational AttributeMood Subject Fin Pre Complement

21 The changes may be new textures, new mineral assemblages, or both.

The changes may be new textures, new mineral assemblages, orboth

Mood Mood Residue

22 Transformations occur in the solid state (meaning the rock does not melt).

Transformations occur in the solid state (meaning the rockdoes not melt)

Transitivity Existent Pro: existential CircumstanceMood Subject Fin Pre Adjuct

144

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Mood Residue

23 The new rock is a metamorphic rock.

The new rockisa metamorphic rock

Transitivity Identified Pro: relational Identifier

Subject Fin Pre ComplementMood Mood Residue

24 As most metamorphism takes place in moderate to great depths in Earth’s rust,

As most takes in moderate in Earth’s crustmetamorphism place to great

eyes : Pro: :

Transitivity Existent : : Cir 1 Cir 2existential

Subject Fin Pre | Adj.1 Adj 2

Mood Residue Mood Residue

25 metamorphic rocks provide us with a window to processes that take place deepunderground, beyond our direct observation.

metamorphic | provide us with a window to processes that take place

rocks deep underground, beyond our direct observation

Sub Fin | Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

26 Erosion of mountain belts along with uplift due to isocratic adjustment exposemetamorphic rocks over large regions.

Erosion of belts along with due to isocratic adjustment

mountain uplift exposed metamorphic rocks over

large regions

Transitivity Actor Pro: material | Cir 1 Cir 2

Subject Fin | Pre | Adj.1 Adj 2

Mood Mood Residue

27 In fact, the cores of the continents are largely metamorphic rocks and granitic

In fact, the core of the are largely metamorphiccontinent rocks and granitic

Transitivity Cir Carrier Pro: relational Attribute

Mood Adj Subject Fin Pre Complement

Residue Mood ResidueTheme

145

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28 As described in the chapter on mountain belts and the continental crust, theseform the stable interior of North America, the central lowlands

As described in these form the stable interior of Norththe chapter on America, the central lowlands

mountain belts between the Appalachians and theand the Rocky Mountains and other rangescontinental crust, of western North America

Transitivity Circumstance Actor Pro: Goalmaterial

Adjunct Subject | Fin | Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

6.1.5 INTRODUCTION PART 5

1 This chapter will help you understand the nature and origin of earthquakes.

This chapter | will help you understand | the nature and origin ofearthquakes

Transitivity Senser 1 Pro: mental Senser Pro: Phenomenon2 mental

Subject Fin Pre Sub 2 | Fin | Pre Complement

Mood Mood 1 Residue Mood 2 Residue 2

2 We discuss the seismic waves created by earthquakes and how the quakes aremeasured and located by studying these waves.

We discuss the seismic waves created by earthquakes andhow the quakes are measured and located by

studying these waves.

Transitivity Sayer Pro: verbal Verbiage

Mood Mood Residue

3 We also describe some effects of earthquakes, such as ground motion and

displacement, damage to buildings, and quake-caused fires, landslides, and tsunamis.

We alsodescribesome effects of earthquakes, such asmotions and displacement, damage to

buildings, and quake-caused fires,landslides, and tsunamis.

Transitivity Sayer Pro: verbal Verbiage

146

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4 Earthquakes are largely confined to a few narrow belts on Earth.

Earthquakes are largely | confined to new narrow belt on Earth

Transitivity Carrier Pro: Cir 1 Attributerelational

Subject Fin Adj 1 Complement

Mood Mood Residue

5 This distribution was once puzzling to geologists,

This was once puzzling to geologists,distribution

eyes Pro: : Pro: :

Transitivity Carrier Cir 1 : Cir 2relational relational

Subject Fin Adj 1 Pre Adj 2Mood Mood Residue

6 but here we show 7 how the concept of plate tectonics neatly explains it.

but here we show how the neatly | explains it

of plate

Sayer Pro: Cir : Pro:

Trans 1 verbal 1 Sayer 2 | Cir 2 verbal Phenomenon

Sub 1 | Fin | Pre Aa Sub 2 Adi Fin | Pre | Complement

Mood ResidueMood 1 1 , Mood 2 | Residue 2

Theme | (marke Rheme

8 As geologists learn more about earthquake behavior,

As geologists learn more about earthquake behavior,Transitivity Actor Pro: material Goal

Mood Mood Residue

9 there is the possibility that we will able to forecast earthquakes.

there is the possibility

that we will able to forecast earthquakes.

Transitivity Pro: existential Existent

Mood Mood Residue

147

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10 We conclude the chapter with a look at this developing branch of Earth study.

We conclude the chapter with a look at this developingbranch of Earth study

Transitivity Sayer Pro: verbal Verbiage CircumstanceSubject Fin Pre | Complement Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

6.2 THE BODY PART

6.2.1 BODY PART 1

1 The two most common types of metamorphism are contact metamorphism and

regional metamorphism.

The two most are contact metamorphism

common types of and regional metamorphismmetamorphism

Mood Mood Residue

2 Hydrothermal processes, in which hot water plays a major role duringmetamorphism, is discussed later in this chapter.

Hydrothermal processes, in is discussed later in thiswhich hot water plays a major chapter

role during metamorphism

Contact Metamorphism

3 Contact metamorphism (also known as thermal metamorphism) is metamorphismin which high temperature is the dominant factor.

Contact metamorphism(also known as thermal

temperature is the dominant factormetamorphism in which high

Mood Mood Residue

4 Confining pressure may influence which new minerals crystallize;

148

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Confining may | influence | which new crystallize

pressure minerals

Actor 1 Pro: material Goal 1

Transitivity Goal.2 | Actor 2 Pro:

materialSub 1 Fin Pre Comp | Sub 2 Fin PreMood Mood Residue Mood

5 however, the confining pressure is usually relatively low.

however, | the confining pressure is usually | relativelylow

Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Cir Attribute

Subject Fin Pre Adj Comp.

Mood Mood Residue

6 This is because contact metamorphism mostly takes place not too far beneathEarth’s surface (less than 10 kilometers).

This is because contact metamorphism mostly takesplace not too far beneath Earth’s surface

(less than 10 kilometers)

Mood Mood Residue

7 Contact metamorphism occurs adjacent to a pluton

Contact metamorphism occurs adjacent to a pluton

Transitivity Existent Pro: Cir 1existential

Subject Fin Pre Adj 1

Mood Mood Residue

8 when a body of magma intrudes relatively cool country rock.

when a body of intrudes relatively cool country rock

Transitivity Cir Actor Pro: material Goal

Adj Subject Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood ResidueTheme Theme (unmarked) Rheme

9 The process can be thought of as the “baking” of country rock adjacent to an

intrusive contact;

The process can be | thought as the “baking” of country rock

149

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of adjacent to an intrusive contactTransitivity | Phenomenon |_ Pro: mental Circumstance

Subject Fin | Pre Adjunct

Mood Mood | Residue Residue

10 hence the term contact metamorphism.

hence the term contact metamorphism

Transitivity Token Value

Subject Complement

Mood Mood ResidueTheme

11 The zone of contact metamorphism (also called an aureole) is usually quitenarrow — generally from | to 100 meters wide.

The zone of is usually | quite narrow generally

contact from I to 100metamorphism meters wide

(also called anaureole)

Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational | Cir 1 Attribute Cir 2

Mood Subject Fin Pre | Adj.1 Comp 1 Adj 2

Mood ResidueTheme Theme Rheme

12 Differential stress is rarely significant;

Differential is rarely significant

Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Cir Attribute

Subject Fin Pre Adj Complement

Mood Mood Residue

13 therefore, these rocks typically are nonfoliated.

therefore, these typically are nonfoliated

14 During contact metamorphism, shale is changed into the very fine-grainedmetamorphic rock hornfels.

150

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During contact | shale is changed | the very fine-grained

metamorphism, into metamorphic rock hornfels

Transitivity | Circumstance | Actor Pro: material Goal

Mood Adjunct Subject | ‘Fin Pre ComplementResidue Mood Residue

Theme markeđ Rheme

15 Characteristically, only microscopically visible micas develop.

Characteristically, | only microscopically visible micas develop

Transitivity Circumstance Actor Pro: materialMood Adjunct Subject Fin Pre

Residue Mood Residue

16 Sometimes a few minerals grow large enough to be seen with the naked eyes;

Sometimes a few grow large enough o be seen with the nakedminerals eyes

Transitivity Circumstance Carrier Pro: Attributerelational

Mood Adjunct Subject Fin Pre Complement

Residue Mood ResidueTheme Theme (unmarked) Rheme

17 these are minerals that are especially capable of crystallizing under the particulartemperature attained during metamorphism.

these are that are especially capable ofcrystallizing under the particulartemperature attained

during metamorphism

Transitivity | Identified Pro: relational Identifier

18 Hornfels can also form from basalt, 19 in which case amphibole, rather thanmica, is the predominant fine-grained mineral produced.

Hornfels can | also | from in amphibole, is the predominant

form | basalt, | which | rather than fine-grained

case mica, mineral

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20 Limestone recrystallizes during metamorphism into marble, a coarse-grainedrock composed of interlocking calcite crystals.

Limestone recrystallizes during into marble a coarse-grained rock

metamorphism composed of interlocking calcite

Subject Fin | Pre Adj 1 Adj 2

Mood Residue

21 Dolomite, less commonly found, recrystallizes into a dolomitic marble.

Dolomite, less commonly found recrystallizes | into a dolomiticmarble

eyes Actor l

Transitivity Pro: material Cir.

Subject Fin Pre Adj.

Mood Mood Residue

22 Marble has long been valued as a building material and as a material forsculpture,

Marble has long valued as a building materialbeen and as a material for

Transitivity Goal Pro: material Cir.

Subject Fin Pre Adj.

Mood Mood Residue

Theme (unmarked) Rheme23 partly because it is easily cut and polished

partly because it is easily cut and polished

Transitivity Goal Pro: Cir Pro: materialmaterial

Subject Fin Adj Pre

Mood Mood Residue

24 and partly because it reflects light in a shimmering pattern, a result of theexcellent cleavage of the individual calcite crystals.

and partly it reflects light in a shimmering pattern,

because a result of the excellent cleavage of the

individual calcite crystals

Transitivity Actor Pro: Range Circumstancematerial

Sub | Fin | Pre | Comp Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

152

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Theme Theme

25 Marble is, however, highly susceptible to chemical weathering (see chapter 5).

Marble, is, however, | highly | susceptible to chemical

eyes : Pro: :

Transitivity | Carrier P Cir Attributerelational

Subject Fin | Pre Adj Adj Complement

Mood Mood | Residue

26 Quartzite is produced 27 when grains of quartz in sandstone are welded togetherwhile the rock is subjected to high temperature.

Quartzite is produced | when |_ grains of are welded | together

quartz in whilestone rock

subjectedto high

28 This makes it as difficult to break along grain boundaries as through the grains.

This makes it as difficult to break along grains

boundaries as through the grains

Mood Mood Residue

29 Therefore, quartzite, being as hard as a single quartz crystal, is difficult to crushor break.

Therefore, | quartzite, being as hard as a is difficult

single quartz crystal, to crush or break

Transitivity Pro: AttributeCarrier

Mood Subject Fin | Pre ComplementMood Residue

30 It is the most durable of common rock used for construction, both because of its

153

Trang 23

It is the most durable of common rock used

for construction, both because of its hardness

Transitivity | Carrier Pro: Attributerelational

Mood Mood Residue

31 and because quartz is not susceptible to chemical weathering.

and because quartz is not susceptible to chemicalweathering

Mood Mood Residue

32 Marble and quartzite also form under conditions of regional metamorphism.

Marble and also form under conditions of regional

quartzite metamorphism

Transitivity Actor Cir 1 Pro: Cir 2material

Subject Adj 1 Fin Pre Adj 2

Mood Mood Residue

33 When grains of calcite or quartz recrystallize,equidimensional, rather than elongate or platy.

Transitivity | Cir Actor | Pro: material | Carrier Pro: Attributerelational

Adj Sub 1 | Fin Pre Sub 2 | Fin | Pre Complement

35 For this reason, marble and quartzite do not usually exhibit foliation,

For this marble and do not usually | exhibit foliation

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Theme Theme

36 even though subjected to differential stress during metamorphism.

even though subjected to differential during

stress metamorphism

Transitivity Pro: relational Attribute Cir 1

Fin Pre Complement Adj 1

Mood Mood Residue

Mood Subject Fin Pre Complement

Mood ResidueTheme Theme (unmarked) Rheme

38 which is metamorphism takes place at considerable depth underground (generallygreater than 5 kilometers).

which is metamorphism takes place at considerable depthunderground (generallygreater than 5 kilometers).Transitivity Existent Pro: existential Circumstance

Mood Mood Residue

39 Regional metamorphic rocks are almost always foliated,

Regional are almost always foliated,metamorphic

Tran Goal Pro: material Circumstance Pro: material

Mood Subject Fin Adjunct Pre

155

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MoodResidueTheme Theme

40 indicating differential stress during recrystallization.

indicating differential during recrystallization

41 Metamorphic rocks are prevalent in the most intensely deformed of mountain

Metamorphic are prevalent | in the most intensively deformed ofrocks mountain ranges

Transitivity Carrier Pro: Attribute Circumstancerelational

Subject Fin | Pre | Complement Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

42 They are visible.

They are visibleTransitivity | | Carrier Pro: relational Attribute

Mood Mood Residue

43 where once deeply buried cores of mountain ranges are exposed by erosion.

where | once deeply buried cores | are exposed by erosionof mountain ranges

Transitivity Goal Pro: material Circumstance

Subject Fin Pre AdjunctMood Mood Residue

44 Furthermore, large regions of the continents are underlain by metamorphic rocks,thought to be the roots of ancient mountains along since eroded down to plains orrolling hills.

Furthermore, large regions are underlain | by metamorphic rocks,

of the continent thought to be the rootsof ancient mountains

along since erodeddown to plains or

rolling hills.

Tran Goal Pro: material CircumstanceSubject Fin Pre Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

Theme Theme Rheme

156

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45 Temperatures during regional metamorphism vary widely.

Temperatures during vary widelyregional

46 Usually, the temperatures are in the range of 300 to 800 0 C.

Usually, the are in the range of 300 to 800 0 C

Transitivity Cir 1 Carrier Pro: Attributerelational

Adj 1 Subject Fin Pre Complement

Mood MoodResidueTheme

47 Temperature at a particular place depends to a large extent on depth of burial andthe geothermal gradient of the region (see box 7.4).

Temperature depends to alarge | on depth of burialat a particular place extent and the

geothermalgradient of the

regionTransitivity Carrier Pro: relational Cir Attribute

Subject Fin Pre Adj Complement

Mood Mood Residue

48 Locally, temperature may also increase becausemagma bodies.

of heat given off by nearby

Locally, | temperature | may also because of heat given offincrease by nearby magma bodies

Trans Cir 1 Existent Pro: existential Cir 2

Adj 1 Subject Fin Pre Adj 2Mood

Mood ResidueTheme

157

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49 The high confining pressure 1s due to burial under 5 or more kilometers of rock.

The high confining is due to burial under 5 or more kilometers ofpressure rock

Theme Theme Rheme(unmarked)

50 The differential stress is due to tectonism; that is, the constant movement andsqueezing of the crust during mountain-building episodes.

The different is due to tectonism; that is, the duringstress constant movement and squeezing of mountain-

the crust buildingepisodes

51 Depending on the pressure and temperature conditions during metamorphism, aparticular parent rock may recrystallize into one of several metamorphic rocks.

Depending on the pressure a may | recr into one of

and temperature conditions particular ystal several

during metamorphism, parent lize | metamorphicrock rocks

52 For example, if basalt is metamorphosed at relatively low temperatures and

Mood Mood Residue

Theme Theme (marked)

53 it will recrystallize into a greenschist, a schistose rock containing chlorite (agreen sheet-silicate), actinolite (a green amphibole), and sodium-rich plagioclase.

itwlil] recrystallize into a greenschist, a

schistone rockcontainingchlorite, actinolite, andsodium-rich plagioclase

158

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Transitivity Actor Pro: material CircumstanceSubject Fin Pre Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

Theme Rheme

54 At higher temperatures and pressures, the same basalt would recrystallize into anamphiboleschist (also called amphibolite), a rock composed of hornblende,

plagioclase feldspar, and perhaps, garnet.

At higher the | would | recrystallize into an amphi- boleschist,temperatures | same a rock composed of

and basalt hornblende,

pressures plagioclase feldspar, and

perhaps, garnetTransitivity Cir 1 Actor Pro: material Cir 2

Adj 1 Sub Fin Pre Adj 2

Mood Residue Mood Residue

55 Metamorphism of other parent rocks under conditions similar to those thatproduce amphibole schist form basalt should produce the metamorphic rocks shownin table 7.2.

Metamorphism of other parent rocks | should | produce | the metamorphicunder condition similar to those that rocks shown inproduce amphibole schist form basalt table 7 2

Tran Actor Pro: material Goal

Mood Mood Residue

Progressive Metamorphism

56 To show how rocks are changed by regional metamorphism,

To show how rocks are changed by regionalmetamorphism

Transitivity | Pro: verbal | Cir 1 Goal Pro: material Cir 2

Non-fin Pre | Adj 1 Subject Fin Pre Adj 2Mood Residue Residue

57 we look at what happens to shale during progressive metamorphism — that is, asprogressively greater pressure and temperature act on a rock type with increasing

depth in Earth’s crust (figure 7.9).

we look at what happens to shale during progressivemetamorphism that is, as progressively greaterpressure and temperature act on a rock type

with increasing depth in Earth’s crust (figure

159

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Transitivity Senser Pro: Phenomenonmental

Subject Fin | Pre ComplementMood

Mood Residue

58 Shale, the parent rock, is formed largely of submicroscopic, platy, clay minerals.

Shale, the is formed | largely of submicroscopic, platy, clay

parent rock minerals

Mood Mood Residue

59 The metamorphic rock associated with the lowest pressure and temperature

conditions of regional metamorphism is slate, a very grained rock a very grained rock that splits easily along flat, parallel planes (figure 7.10 and 7.11).

fine-The metamorphic rock associatedwith the lowest pressure and

temperature conditions of regional

isslate, a very fine-grained

rock a very fine-grainedrock that splits easily along

metamorphism flat, parallel planes (figure

60 Slate develops under temperatures and pressures only slightly greater than thosefound in the sedimentary realm.

Slate develops under only slightly greater thantemperatures and those found

pressures in the sedimentary realm

Transitivity | Actor Pro: Cir 1 Cir 2material

: Pr : :

Mood Subject Fin e Adj 1 Adj 2Mood Residue

61 The temperatures are not high enough for the rock to thoroughly recrystallize.

The are not high for the to thoroughlytemperatures enough rock recrystallize.

160

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Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational | Attribute Cir 1 Cir 2Mood Subject Fin Pre Comp Adj.1 Adj 2

Mood Residue

62 The important controlling factor is differential stress.

The important controllingusdifferential stressfactor

Transitivity Token Pro: relational Value

Mood Mood Residue

63 The original clay minerals partially recrystallize into equally fine-grained micas.

The original | partially recrystallize into equally fine- grained

clay minerals micas

Transitivity Actor Cir 1 Pro: material Cir 2

Subject Adj 1 Fin Pre Adj 2

Mood Mood Residue

64 Under differential stress, the old and new platy minerals are aligned, 65 creatingslaty cleavage in the rock.

Under the old are aligned creating slaty in

differential | and new cleavage |_ the

stress, platy rock.

Transitivity Cir 1 Goal 1 Pro: material Pro: Goal 2 | Cir.2material

Mood Residue

66 A slate indicates 67 that a relatively cool and brittle rock has been subjected tointense tectonic activity.

A slate indicates that | arelatively cool | has | been | subjectand brittle rock ed to

Tran Sayer Pro: verbal Carrier Pro Attribrelational ute

Mood Sub 1 Fin | Pr Sub 2 Fin | Pre | Compl

161

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e ement

Mood 1 Residue 1 Mood 2 Residue 2Theme

68 Because of the ease with which it can be split into thin, flat sheets, slate is usedfor making chalkboards, pool tables, and roots.

Because slate is used for making

of the chalkboards, poolease with tables, and roots.

which itcan besplit into

thin, flatsheets,

Transitivity Cir 1 Goal Pro: material Cir 2Adj 1 Subject Fin Pre Adj 2

Mood Mood Residue

Theme markeđa Rheme

69 Phyllite is a rock in which the newly formed micas are larger than in slate,

Phyllite is a rock in which newly formed micasare larger than in slate

Transitivity | Identified Pro: Identifierrelational

Mood Sub Fin Pre Complement

Mood Residue

70 but still cannot be seen with the naked eyes.

but still cannot | be seen with the naked eyes

Transitivity Pro: mental Circumstance

Fin Pre Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

71 This requires a further increase in temperature over that needed for slate to form.

This requires a further over that | for slate to formincrease in needed

Tran Sayer Pro: Verbiage Cir 1 Goal Pro:verbal material

162

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Sub.1 | Fin | Pre | Comp.l Adj.1 | Sub.2 | Nowlin

72 The very fine-grained mica imparts a silky sheen to the rock, which may

otherwise closely resemble slate (figure 7.12).

The very fine- imparts a silky sheen to the rock, which may

grained mica otherwise

closely resemble slate

Transitivity Actor Pro: material Goal

Mood Mood Residue

73 But, the slaty cleavage may be crinkled in the process of conversion of slate tophyllite.

But, the — slaty | may be | crinkled | in the process of conversion of

cleavage slate to phyllite

Mood Mood Residue

74 A schist is characterized by megascopically visible, approprimately oriented minerals.

parallel-A schist is characterized by megascopically visible,

approprimetely parallel-orientedmineral

Subject Fin Pre Adjucnt

Mood Mood Residue

75 Platy or elongate minerals that crystallize from the parent rock are clearly visibleto the naked eye.

Platy or elongate minerals that are clearly visible to the nakedcrystallize from the parent rock eye

Transitivity Carrier Pro: Attribute

163

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Mood Subject Fin | Pre Complement

Mood ResidueTheme Theme (unmarked) Rheme

76 Shale may recrystallize into several mineralogically distinct varieties of schist.

Shale may | recrystallize | into several mineralogically distinctvarieties of schist

Transitivity Actor Pro: material Circumstance

Mood Mood Residue

77 Which minerals form depends on the particular combination of temperature and

pressure prevailing during recrystallization.

Which | form depends on | the particular | prevailing during

miner combination recrystallization

78 For instance, if the rock is a mica schist,

For if | the rock is amica schist,instance,

Tran Token Pro: relational Value

Sub Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

79 metamorphism probably took place at only slightly higher temperatures andpressures than those at which a phyllite forms.

metamorphism | probably |_ took place at only slightly higher temperaturesand pressures

than those at which a phyllite forms

Transitivity Existent Cir 1 Pro: : Cir 2existential

Mood Subject Adj 1 Fin | Pre Adj 2

Mood Residue

164

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ThemeTheme (unmarked)Rheme

80 A garnet- mica schist (figure 7.13) indicates 81 that the temperature and pressurewere somewhat greater than necessary for a mica schist to form (see box 7.3)

A garnet- | indicates | that the were somewhat for to

mica temperature greater mica form

schist and pressure than necessary schist

Transitivity Sayer Pro: Carrier Pro: Attribute Cir 1 Cir 2verbal relational

Sub.1 | Fi | Pr Sub 2 Fin | Pre Adj.1 | Adj 2

Transitivity | Circumstance Carrier Pro: relational Attribute

Adjunct Subject Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

83 so that minerals have separated into layers.

so that minerals have separated into layers

Mood Mood Residue

84 Platy or elongate minerals (such as mica or amphibole) in dark layers alternative

with layers of light-colored minerals of no particular shape

Platy or elongate alternative with layers of minerals in dark colored minerals of no

light-layers particular shapeTransitivity Carrier Pro: relational Attribute

Mood Mood Residue

85 Within the light-colored layers coarse feldspars have crystallized.

165

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Within the light- coarse feldspars have crystallizedcolored layers

Transitivity Circumstance Actor Pro: material

Adjunct Subject Fin Pre

Mood Residue Mood

86 In composition, a gneiss may resemble granite or diorite,

In composition, a gneiss may | resemble granite or diorite

Transitivity Circumstance Actor Pro: material Goal

Adjunct Sub Fin | Pre ComplementMood Mood |

87 but it is distinguishable from those plutonic rocks by its foliation (figure 7.14).but it is distinguishable | from those plutonic rocks

by its foliation

Transitivity Carrier Pro: Attribute Circumstancerelational

Subject | Fin | Pre | Complement Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

88 Temperature conditions under which a gneiss develops approach those at whichgranite solidifies.

Temperature conditions approach | those | at which graniteunder which a gneiss develops solidifies

Tran Actor Pro: mat | Goal | Circumstance

Subject Fin | Pre | Comp | Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

89 It is not surprising,

It is not surprising,

90 then, that the same minerals are found in gneiss and in granite

then, that the same are found in gneiss and inminerals granite

Transitivity Goal Pro: material CircumstanceMood Subject Fin Pre Adjunct

166

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MoodResidueTheme Theme

91 In fact, a previously solidified granite can be converted to a gneiss underappropriate pressure and temperature conditions

In fact, a can be | converted | to a gneiss under appropriate

previously pressure and temperature

92 and if the rock is under differential stress.

| and if the rock is under differential stress

Transitivity | Existent Pro: existential Circumstance

Mood Mood Residue

Theme | Theme (marked) Rheme

93 If the temperature is high enough, 94 partial melting of rock may take place,

If the is high enough, | partial | may | take

temperature melting place

of rock

eyes : Pro: : : Pro:Transitivity Carrier : Attribute | Existent : :

relational existentialSub 1 Fin Pre Complement | Sub.2 | Fin | Pre

Mood Mood 1 Residue 1 Mood 2 Re»

95 and a magma collects in layers within the foliation planes of the solid rock.

and a magma collects in layers within the

foliation planesof the solid rock

Transitivity Actor Pro: material Cir 1 Cir 2

Subject Fin Pre Adj 1 Adj 2

Mood Mood Residue

96 After the

and metamorphic rock (figure 7.15).

magma solidifies, 97 the rock becomes a migmatile, a mixed igneous

After the solidifies, | the rock | becomes a migmatile, a mixed

magma igneous and metamorphicrock.

Trang 37

Mood Mood Residue

99 The metamorphic rocks that we see usually have minerals that formed at or nearthe highest temperature reached during metamorphism.

The metamorphic rocks that | usually have minerals that

we see formed at or nearthe highest

reached duringmetamorphism.

Transitivity Carrier Cir _— Attribute

Subject Adj Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

100 But, why doesn’t a rock recrystallize to one stable at lower temperature and

pressure conditions during its long journey to the surface where we now find it?

But, why doesn’t a recrystalli | to one | atlower | during its

rock ze stable | temperatu longre and journeypressure to thecondition | surface

where wenow find

Trans Cir 1 Pro: Actor Pro: Cir 2 Cir 3 Cir 4material material

168

Trang 38

Adj 1 Fin Sub Pre Adj.2 | Adj.3 Adj 4Mood Mood Residue

The answer is that water, no gets into

which longer rockfacilitates

Transitivity Token Pro: Value | Actor | Cir.1 Pro: Cir.relational material 2

Sub.1 | Fin | Pre comp Sub.2 |Adj.1|Fin| Pre | “dh

103 Tectonic forces at work during the peak of metamorphism fracture the rocksufficiently 104 to permit water to get to the mineral grains.

Tectonic forces | fracture | the rock | sufficiently to water to getat work during permit | to the mineral

the peak of grainsmetamorphism

Tran Actor Pro: Goal Cir 1 Pro: Phenomenonmaterial mental

Subject Fi | pre | Comp Adj 1 Non-fin Comp 2n 1 Pre

Theme marke’) Rheme

105 After tectonic forces are relaxed,

After tectonic forces are relaxed,

Transitivity Cir 1 Carrier Pro: relational AttributeMood Adj 1 Subject Fin Pre Complement

Residue Mood ResidueTheme Theme (marked)

106 the rock move upward as a large block as isostatic adjustment takes place.

the rocks move upward as a large block as isostatic adjustmenttakes place

Mood Mood Residue

Theme Rheme

169

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107 It is unusual to find rocks 108 that indicate retrogressive metamorphism.

It is usual to that indicate retrogressive

find rocks metamorphism

Transitivity Carrier Pro: Attribute Pro: verbal Verbiagerelational

Subject Fin | Pre | Comp 1 Fin | Pre Comp 2

Mood Mood Residue Mood Residue

109 These are rocks that recrystallize under lower temperature and pressureconditions than during the peak of metamorphism.

These are rocks that recrystallize under lower

temperature and pressure conditions thanduring the peak of metamorphism

Mood Mood Residue

110 They were fractured during their ascent 111 permitting water to triggerreactions to new, lower grade minerals.

They were | fractured | during | permitting water to triggertheir reactions

ascent to new, lowergrade minerals

Transitivity Goal Pro: material | Cir 1 Pro: Phenomenonmental

Sub 1 Fin Pre Adj 1 ‘ou Complement

1 Folds are bends or wavelike features in layered rock.

Folds are bends in layer rockor wavelike features

Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Attribute Cir.

Subject Fin Pre Complement Adj.

Mood Mood Residue

170

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2 Folded rock can be compared to several layers of rugs or blankets

Folded rock can be | compared | to several layers of rugs or blanketsthat have been pushed into a series ofarches and troughs.

Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational CircumstanceSubject Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

Transitivity Phenomenon Pro: mental Circumstance

Mood Mood Residue

4 when the arches and troughs of folds are concealed (or when they exist on a

grand scale),

when the arches and troughs are concealedof folds

Transitivity Cir Goal Pro: material

Adj Subject Fin Pre

Mood MoodResidue

5 geologists can still determine the presence of folds by noticing repeated reversalsin the direction of dip taken on outcrops in the field or shown on a geologic map.

geologists | can | still | determine the by noticing repeated reversals inpresence | the direction of dip taken onof fold outcrops in the field or shown on

6 The fact that the rock is folded shows

The fact that is folded showsthe rock

Transitivity Sayer Pro: verbal

Goal Pro: material

Subject 1 Fin Pre

Mood Mood 1 Res 1 Fin Pre

Subject 2

171