Luận án tiến sĩ Ngôn ngữ học: Nghiên cứu cấu trúc và ngữ nghĩa các giáo trình địa chất như một thể loại trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt (Phần 2)

Pouring syrup on pancakes is easy because of Earth’s gravity, Pouring syrup on is easy because of Earth’s pancakes gravity Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Attribute Circumstance Sub

Trang 1

The study and quantification of these is the subject of

distortions, which occur in response to “Deformation and

forces acting on bodies Strain”

Subject Fin | Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

Theme Theme (marked) Rheme

6 Recall the force of gravity, for example

Recall the force of gravity, for example.

Transitivity Pro: verbal Verbiage

Non-fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme

7 Pouring syrup on pancakes is easy because of Earth’s gravity,

Pouring syrup on is easy because of Earth’s

pancakes gravity Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Attribute Circumstance

Subject Fin Pre Complement Adjunct

Mood

Mood Residue

8 but in a space station it is quite difficult to keep the syrup in its preferred place

but in a space it is quite difficult

station to keep the syrup in its

preferred place

Transitivity Circumstance | Carrier Pro: Attributerelational

Mood Adjunct Subject | Fin | Pre Complement

Residue Mood Residue

9 That you are able to read this text sitting down is another convenient effect of

Earth’s gravity;

That you are able to read

this text sitting down

is another convenient effect

of Earth’s gravity,

Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Attribute

Subject Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

10 in a space station you would be floating around (possibly covered by syrup)

132

Trang 2

In a space station you would be floating around

Transitivity Circumstance Actor Pro: material

Adjunct Subject Fin Pre Mood Residue Mood

11 Let us 12 consider a more controlled experiment to analyze the response of

materials to an applied force

Let us consider a more controlled experiment to analyze

the response of materials to applied force

Transitivity | Pro: mental | Senser Pro: Phenomenonmental

Mood Non-fin Pre | Subject | Fin | Pre Complement

Mood Residue Theme

Theme (unmarked) Rheme

13 We can change the shape of a block of clay or plasticine by the action of, say,

your hands or a vise

We can change the shape ofa | by action of, or say, your

block of clay or hands or a vise

plasticineTransitivity Actor Pro: material Goal Circumstance

Subject Fin Pre Complement Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

14 When forces affect the spatial geometry of a body (syrup, you, plasticine, or

rocks) 15 we enter the realm of deformation

When | forces affect the spatial enter | the realm of

geometry of deformation

a body

Tran Cir Actor Pro: material Goal Actor Pro: Goal

1 material Adj Sub 1 Fin Pre Comp 1 Sub 2 Ị Pre Comp 2

Mood 7 :

Residue “Mood 1 Residue Mood 2 Residue 2

16 Most simple stated: deformation of a body occurs in response to forces.

Most simple stated: occurs in response to forces deformation of a body

Transitivity Existent Pro: existential Circumstance

Subject Fin Pre Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

133

Trang 3

17 We will see later 18 that deformation affects stress (force acting on an area),

We will see later | that | deformation | affects stress

Pro:

Tran Senser Pro: mental Cir Actor materi Goal

al

R Fi | Pr

Mood Sub 1 Fin Pre Adj Sub 2 nie Comp.

Mood 1 Residue 1 Mood 2 Residue 2 Theme

19 so there is no simple stress — deformation relationship

SO there is no simple — deformation

relationshipTransitivity Pro: existential Existent

Mood Mood Residue

20 The response of a body to forces may have many faces

The response of may have many faces body to forces

Attribut

Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational mu

Mood Mood Residue

21 In some cases, the body is merely displaced or rotated, such as when you get up

from the chair and move around the room

In some the is displaced, or rotated such as when you get up

cases, body | merely from the chair and move

around the room

Tran Cir.1 Goal Pro: material Pro: material Cir 2

Adj 1 Sub Fin Pre Fin Pre Adj 2 Mood Mood Mood

Residue

Theme marke đ) Rheme

134

Trang 4

22 In other cases, the body becomes distorted, as in the clay block experiment or

with the flow of syrup

In other the becomes distorted as in the clay block experiment

cases, body or with the flow of syrup

Transitivity Cir 1 Carrier Pro: Attribute Cir 2relational

Adj 1 Subject | Fin | Pre Complement Adj 2Mood Mood Residue

23 In this chapter, we will examine these responses both qualitatively and

quantitatively

In this we will | examine these both qualitatively and

chapter, responses quantitatively

Transitivity Cir 1 Actor Pro: material Range Cir 2

Adj 1 Subject | Fin Pre Complement Adj 2

Mood Mood

Residue

6.1.3 INTRODUCTION PART 3

Folds and Folding

1 Ask a structural geologist, or any other geologist for that matter, about their

favorite structure 2 and chances are that they will choose folds

Ask a structural for that matter and chances are that

geologist, about their they

or any other | favorite structure will

Non-fin Pre Comple ment Complement 2 Subject " Pre 3

Mood Mood Mood

Residue

3 If you have seen a fold in the field 4 you will have marveled at its appearance

If you have | seen a fold in you will | marveled at its

the have appearance.

135

Trang 5

Tran Senser Pro: mental Pheno 1 cr Senser- Pro: mental Pheno 2

Sub 1 Fin Pre Comp 1 Ad Sub 2 | Fin Pre Comp 2Mood

Mood Residue Mood

5 Let’s face it, 6 it is pretty unbelievable

Let’s face it, it is pretty unbelievable

Tran | Pro: mental Pro: Range | Carrier Pro: Attribute material relational

Non-fin Pre | Fin Pre conp Subject | Fin Pre Comp 2

Mood

Mood Residue Mood

7 that hard rocks are able to change shape in such a dramatic way

that hard are able to change shape

rocks in such a dramatic way.

Mood Mood Residue

8 In simple terms, a fold is a structural feature that is formed when planar surfaces

are bent or curved

In simple | a fold is a structural feature that is formed

terms, when planar surfaces are

Transitivity Cir Carrier | Pro: relational Attribute

Adj Subject | Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

9 If such surfaces (like bedding, cleavage, inclusions) are not available 10 you will

not see a fold even through the rock was deformed

I such are available you will not | see afold | even

ƒ surfaces not through

(like bedding the rock , cleavage, was

Trang 6

11 Folding is a manifestation of ductile deformation 12 because it can develop

without fracturing,

Folding is a because it can | develop without

manifestation fracturing,

of ductile deformation

Tran Token Pro: Value Actor Pro: Cir relational material

Sub 1 Fin | Pre Comp 1 Sub Fin| Pre Adj.

Mood

Mood Residue Mood

13 and the deformation is (heterogeneously) distributed over the entire structure

and the deformation is distributed | over the entire structure.Transitivity Goal Pro: material Circumstance

Mood Mood Residue

14 Rather than fracturing, processes, such as grain sliding, kinking, dissolution, and

crystal plasticity dominate

Rather than processes, such as grain Sliding, kinking, dominate fracturing, dissolution, and crystal plasticity

Transitivity Cir Actor Pro: material

Adj Subject Fin Pre Mood Mood

Residue Theme Theme (marked) Rheme

15 Looking at a fold from a kinematic perspective, 16 you realize that strain in this

structure cannot be the same everywhere

Looking a fold froma you realize that strain can be the same

at kinematic in this not everywher

perspective structure e

Pheno

Tran Pro: meno Cir.1 Sen Pro: Carrier Pro: Attributemental n sor mental relational

Now fin Comp ' Adj 1 Sub Fin | Pre Sub 2 Fin | Pre | Comp 2

Mood F

Mood 1 Residue 1 Mood 1 Mood 2 Residue 2

137

Trang 7

17 We recognize distinct segments in a fold, such as the hinge area and the limbs,

the inner and the outer arc, each of which reflect different strain histories, regardless

of scale

We recognize | distinct segments in a fold such as the hinge area and

the limbs, the inner and the outer arc each of which reflect different strain histories, regardless of scales Tran Senser Pro: mental Phenomenon

Subject Fin Pre | Complement

Theme Them Rhememe (unmarked) eme

18 Why do folds exist, 19 how do rocks do it,

Why do, exist folds how do, do rocks it

Tran Cir 1 Pro: Existent Cir 2 Pro: material Actor Goalexistential

Adj 1 Fin Pre Sub 1 Adj 2 Fin Pre Sub 2 Comp.

Moo : Resid Mood a1 Res Mood 1 Residue 2 ue 2 Mood 2 Res 2

Theme

Theme | (unmarke Rheme

d)

20 and what does folding mean for regional analysis?

and what does mean folding for regional

analysis?

Tran Phenomenon Pro: mental Senser Cir.

Complement Fin Pre Subject Adj.

Mood : Mood : Mood :

Residue Residue Residue Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme

21 These and other questions were first asked quite some time ago 22 and much of

what we know today about folds and folding was well established before the 1980’s.

other first some | we know today well the questions time | about folds and 1980 %

ago | folding

Tran | Verbiage | Pro: verbal | Cir 1 Actor Pro: material Cir 2

Sub 1 Fin Pre | Adj.1

Sub 2 Fin Pre Adj 2

Mood Mood 1 Residue 1

Mood 2 Residue 2 Theme

Theme | (unmarke Rheme

d)

138

Trang 8

23 The geometry of folds tells us something about, for example, the degree and

orientation of strain, which in turn provides critical information about the

deformation history of a region.

The tells us something about, for example, the degree

geometry of and orientation of strain, which in turns

folds provides critical information about the

deformation history of a region Tran Sayer Pro: verbal | Receiver Verbiage

Mood Mood Residue

24 Much of the work in recent years represents refinements of some of the earlier

work; 25 we can apply increasingly sophisticated numerical and experimental

approaches

Much of the | represents | refinements | we can | apply increasingly

work in of some of sophisticated recent years the earlier numerical and

work; experimental

approaches

Transitivity Actor 1 Pro: Goal 1 Actor Pro: Goal 2 material 2 material

: Sub

Mood Subject 1 | Fin | Pre | Comp.1 2 Fin | Pre Comp 2

Mood 1 | Residue.1 Mood.2 | Residue 2

26 Yet, the fundamental observations remain essentially intact

Yet the fundamental remains essentially intact

observationsTransitivity Carrier Pro: relational Attribute

Mood Mood Residue

27 Therefore, in this chapter we will mainly look at some of the first principles of

folding and their application of structural analysis

Therefore, |in this | we will mainly | look at | some of the first

chapter principles offolding and

their application of structural analysis

Transitivity Cir 1 Cir 2 | Senser Pro: Cir 3 Pro: Phenomenon mental mental

Adj 1 Adj.2 | Sub Fin | Adj.3 | Pre Complement Mood Mood

139

Trang 9

28 First, however, we discuss the basic vocabulary needed to communicate about

folds and fold systems

First, however, we discuss the basis vocabulary needed to

communicate about folds and fold

systems

Transitivity | Circumstance | Sayer | Pro: verbal Phenomenon

Adjunct Subject | Fin | Pre Complement

Mood Mood

Residue

Theme markeđ Rheme

Metamorphism, Metamorphic rocks, and hydrothermal rocks

1 This chapter on metamorphic rocks, the third major category of rocks in the rock

cycle, completes our description of earth materials (rocks and minerals)

This chapter on completes our description of earthmetamorphic rocks, the materials (rocks and minerals) third major category of

rocks in the rock cycleTransitivity Actor Pro: material Goal

Mood Mood Residue

2 The information on igneous and sedimentary processes in previous chapters

should help you understand metamorphic rocks, which form from preexisting rocks.

The information on should help you understand | metamorphic rocks, igneous and sedimentary which form from

Processes in previous preexisting rocks

chapter

Transitivity Senser Pro: mental Phenomenon

Mood Mood Residue

3 After reading the chapter on weathering, you know how rocks are altered when

exposed at Earth’s surface.

After reading you know how rocks are altered the chapter on when exposed at Earth 's

weathering, surface.

Transitivity Cir Senser Pro: mental | Phenomenon

140

Trang 10

Adj Subject Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

4 Metamorphism (a word from Latin and Greek that means literally “changing of

form”) also involves alterations

Metamorphism ( a word from also involves Alterations Latin and Greek that means

literally “changing of form”

Subject Fin | Pre Comp.

Moo Mood Mood d Residue

5 but the changes are due to deep burial, tectonic forces, and/or high temperature

rather than surface conditions

but | the changes are due to deep burial, tectonic forces, and/or high

temperature rather than surface conditions.

Mood Mood Residue

6 As you study this chapter, try to keep clearly in mind how the chemical

composition of a rock and the temperature, pressure, and water present each

contribute to the metamorphic process and the resultant metamorphic rock

As you study try to keep this chapter,

clearly in mind how the chemical compositions of

a rock and the temperature, pressure, and water

present each contribute to the metamorphic process and the resultant metamorphic rock.

Transitivity Cir Pro: mental Phenomenon

Adj Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

7 We also discuss hydrothermally deposited rocks and minerals, which are usually

found in association with both igneous and metamorphic rocks

We also | discuss hydrothermally deposited rocks and minerals,

which are usually found in association with both igneous and metamorphic rocksTran Sayer Cir Pro: Verbiage

141

Trang 11

Subject Adj | Fin | Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

8 Hydrothermal ore deposits, while not volumetrically significant, are of great

importance to the world’s supply of metals.

Hydrothermal ore are of great importance to the world’s deposits, while not supply of metals

volumetrically significant,

Mood Mood Residue

9 Because nearly all metamorphic rocks form deep within the earth’s crust, 10 they

provide geologists with many clues about conditions at depth

Because nearly form deeply | within they provide | geologists with many

all the clues about metamorphic earth’s conditions at

rocks crust depth

Tran Actor 1 Pro: Cir.1 | Cir 2 Actor Pro: Recipient Goalmaterial 2 material

Sub 1 Fin | Pre Ad Adj 2 | Sub 2 | Fin | Pre | Comp 1 Comp 2

Mood

Mood Residue Mood

11 Therefore, understanding metamorphism will help you when we consider

geologic processes involving Earth’s internal forces

Therefore, | understanding | will help you when we

Transitivity Actor Pro: material Receiver Circumstance

Mood Subject Fin Pre | Complement Adjunct

Mood Residue

Theme Theme Rheme

(marked)

12 Metamorphic rocks are a feature of the oldest exposed rocks of the continents

and of major mountain belts

Metamorphic are a feature of the oldest exposed rocks of the

rocks continent and of major mountain belts

Transitivity Carrier Pro: Attributerelational

Mood Subject Fin | Pre Complement

142

Trang 12

Mood Residue

13 They are especially important in providing evidence of what happens during

sub-duction and plate convergence

They are especially important | in providing evidence of what

happens during sub- duction and plate convergence

Pro:

Tran Carrier relationa Cir Attribute Cir 2

]

Subject Adj Comp Adj 2

Mood Mood Residue

14 From your study so far of Earth materials and the rock cycle, you know

15 that rocks change, given enough time, when their physical environment changes

and the rock cycle,

Residue Mood 1 | Residue 1 | Mood 2 Residue 2

Theme marke4) Rheme

16 In chapter 3, you saw how deeply buried rocks melt (or partially melt) 17 to

form magma when temperatures are high enough

143

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18 What happens to rocks that are deeply buried but are not hot enough to melt?

What happens to rocks that are deeply buried

but are not hot enough to melt?

Transitivity Actor Pro: Goalmaterial

Subject Fin | Pre

Mood Mood Residue

19 They become metamorphosed

They become metamorphosed

Mood Mood Residue

20 Metamorphism refers to changes to rocks that take place in Earth’s interior

Metamorphism refers to changes to rocks that

take place in Earth’s interior

Mood Subject Fin Pre Complement

Mood Theme

21 The changes may be new textures, new mineral assemblages, or both

The changes may be new textures, new mineral assemblages, or

both

Mood Mood Residue

22 Transformations occur in the solid state (meaning the rock does not melt)

Transformations occur in the solid state (meaning the rock

does not melt)

Transitivity Existent Pro: existential Circumstance

Mood Subject Fin Pre Adjuct

144

Trang 14

Mood Residue

23 The new rock is a metamorphic rock

The new rock is a metamorphic rock

Transitivity Identified Pro: relational Identifier

Mood Mood Residue

24 As most metamorphism takes place in moderate to great depths in Earth’s rust,

As most takes in moderate in Earth’s crust

metamorphism place to great

depths

eyes : Pro: :

Transitivity Existent : : Cir 1 Cir 2

existential

Subject Fin Pre | Adj.1 Adj 2

Mood Residue Mood Residue

25 metamorphic rocks provide us with a window to processes that take place deep

underground, beyond our direct observation

metamorphic | provide us with a window to processes that take place

rocks deep underground, beyond our direct observation

Sub Fin | Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

26 Erosion of mountain belts along with uplift due to isocratic adjustment expose

metamorphic rocks over large regions

Erosion of belts along with due to isocratic adjustment mountain uplift exposed metamorphic rocks over

large regions

Transitivity Actor Pro: material | Cir 1 Cir 2

Subject Fin | Pre | Adj.1 Adj 2

Mood Mood Residue

27 In fact, the cores of the continents are largely metamorphic rocks and granitic

plutons

In fact, the core of the are largely metamorphic

continent rocks and granitic

plutons

Transitivity Cir Carrier Pro: relational Attribute

Mood Adj Subject Fin Pre Complement

Residue Mood Residue Theme

Theme (marked) Rheme

145

Trang 15

28 As described in the chapter on mountain belts and the continental crust, these

form the stable interior of North America, the central lowlands

As described in these form the stable interior of North the chapter on America, the central lowlands mountain belts between the Appalachians and the

and the Rocky Mountains and other ranges continental crust, of western North America

Transitivity Circumstance Actor Pro: Goalmaterial

Adjunct Subject | Fin | Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

Earthquakes

1 This chapter will help you understand the nature and origin of earthquakes

This chapter | will help you understand | the nature and origin of

earthquakes

Transitivity Senser 1 Pro: mental Senser Pro: Phenomenon2 mental

Subject Fin Pre Sub 2 | Fin | Pre Complement

Mood Mood 1 Residue Mood 2 Residue 2

2 We discuss the seismic waves created by earthquakes and how the quakes are

measured and located by studying these waves

We discuss the seismic waves created by earthquakes and

how the quakes are measured and located by

studying these waves.

Transitivity Sayer Pro: verbal Verbiage

Mood Mood Residue

3 We also describe some effects of earthquakes, such as ground motion and

displacement, damage to buildings, and quake-caused fires, landslides, and tsunamis

We also describe some effects of earthquakes, such as

motions and displacement, damage to buildings, and quake-caused fires,

landslides, and tsunamis.

Transitivity Sayer Pro: verbal Verbiage

146

Trang 16

4 Earthquakes are largely confined to a few narrow belts on Earth

Earthquakes are largely | confined to new narrow belt on Earth

Transitivity Carrier Pro: Cir 1 Attributerelational

Subject Fin Adj 1 Complement

Mood Mood Residue

5 This distribution was once puzzling to geologists,

This was once puzzling to geologists,distribution

eyes Pro: : Pro: :Transitivity Carrier Cir 1 : Cir 2

relational relationalSubject Fin Adj 1 Pre Adj 2

Mood Mood Residue

6 but here we show 7 how the concept of plate tectonics neatly explains it

but here we show how the neatly | explains it

concept

of plate

tectonicsSayer Pro: Cir : Pro:

Trans 1 verbal 1 Sayer 2 | Cir 2 verbal Phenomenon

Sub 1 | Fin | Pre Aa Sub 2 Adi Fin | Pre | Complement

Mood Residue Mood 1 1 , Mood 2 | Residue 2

Theme Theme | (marke Rheme

d)

8 As geologists learn more about earthquake behavior,

As geologists learn more about earthquake behavior, Transitivity Actor Pro: material Goal

Mood Mood Residue

9 there is the possibility that we will able to forecast earthquakes

there is the possibility

that we will able to forecast earthquakes.

Transitivity Pro: existential Existent

Mood Mood Residue

147

Trang 17

(unmarked)

Theme

Rheme

10 We conclude the chapter with a look at this developing branch of Earth study

We conclude the chapter with a look at this developing

branch of Earth study

Transitivity Sayer Pro: verbal Verbiage Circumstance

Subject Fin Pre | Complement Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

6.2 THE BODY PART

Mood Mood Residue

2 Hydrothermal processes, in which hot water plays a major role during

metamorphism, is discussed later in this chapter

Hydrothermal processes, in is discussed later in this which hot water plays a major chapter role during metamorphism

Contact Metamorphism

3 Contact metamorphism (also known as thermal metamorphism) is metamorphism

in which high temperature is the dominant factor

Contact metamorphism (also known as thermal

metamorphism)

is

temperature is the dominant factor

metamorphism in which high

Mood Mood Residue

4 Confining pressure may influence which new minerals crystallize;

148

Trang 18

Confining may | influence | which new crystallize

pressure minerals

Actor 1 Pro: material Goal 1Transitivity Goal.2 | Actor 2 Pro:

material Sub 1 Fin Pre Comp | Sub 2 Fin PreMood Mood Residue Mood

5 however, the confining pressure is usually relatively low

however, | the confining pressure is usually | relatively

low

Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Cir Attribute

Subject Fin Pre Adj Comp.

Mood Mood Residue

6 This is because contact metamorphism mostly takes place not too far beneath

Earth’s surface (less than 10 kilometers)

This is because contact metamorphism mostly takes

place not too far beneath Earth’s surface (less than 10 kilometers)

Mood Mood Residue

Theme

7 Contact metamorphism occurs adjacent to a pluton

Contact metamorphism occurs adjacent to a pluton

Transitivity Existent Pro: Cir 1existential

Subject Fin Pre Adj 1

Mood Mood Residue

8 when a body of magma intrudes relatively cool country rock

when a body of intrudes relatively cool country rock

magma

Transitivity Cir Actor Pro: material Goal

Adj Subject Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme

9 The process can be thought of as the “baking” of country rock adjacent to an

intrusive contact;

The process can be | thought as the “baking” of country rock

149

Trang 19

of adjacent to an intrusive contact Transitivity | Phenomenon |_ Pro: mental Circumstance

Subject Fin | Pre Adjunct

Mood Mood | Residue Residue

10 hence the term contact metamorphism

hence the term contact metamorphism

Transitivity Token Value

Subject Complement

Mood Mood Residue

11 The zone of contact metamorphism (also called an aureole) is usually quite

narrow — generally from | to 100 meters wide

The zone of is usually | quite narrow generally contact from I to 100 metamorphism meters wide (also called an

aureole)

Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational | Cir 1 Attribute Cir 2

Mood Subject Fin Pre | Adj.1 Comp 1 Adj 2

Mood Residue Theme Theme Rheme

(unmarked)

12 Differential stress is rarely significant;

Differential is rarely significant

stress

Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Cir Attribute

Subject Fin Pre Adj Complement

Mood Mood Residue

13 therefore, these rocks typically are nonfoliated

therefore, these typically are nonfoliated

14 During contact metamorphism, shale is changed into the very fine-grainedmetamorphic rock hornfels

150

Trang 20

During contact | shale is changed | the very fine-grained

metamorphism, into metamorphic rock hornfels

Transitivity | Circumstance | Actor Pro: material Goal

Mood Adjunct Subject | ‘Fin Pre Complement

Theme markeđ Rheme

15 Characteristically, only microscopically visible micas develop

Characteristically, | only microscopically visible micas develop

Mood Adjunct Subject Fin Pre

16 Sometimes a few minerals grow large enough to be seen with the naked eyes;

Sometimes a few grow large enough o be seen with the naked

minerals eyes

Transitivity Circumstance Carrier Pro: Attributerelational

Mood Adjunct Subject Fin Pre Complement

Residue Mood Residue Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme

17 these are minerals that are especially capable of crystallizing under the particular

temperature attained during metamorphism

these are that are especially capable of

crystallizing under the particular temperature attained

during metamorphism Transitivity | Identified Pro: relational Identifier

Mood Mood Residue

18 Hornfels can also form from basalt, 19 in which case amphibole, rather than

mica, is the predominant fine-grained mineral produced

Hornfels can | also | from in amphibole, is the predominant

form | basalt, | which | rather than fine-grained

case mica, mineral

Residue Theme Theme Rheme

(unmarked)

151

Trang 21

20 Limestone recrystallizes during metamorphism into marble, a coarse-grained

rock composed of interlocking calcite crystals

Limestone recrystallizes during into marble a coarse-grained rock

metamorphism composed of interlocking calcite

crystals

Subject Fin | Pre Adj 1 Adj 2

Mood

Mood Residue

21 Dolomite, less commonly found, recrystallizes into a dolomitic marble

Dolomite, less commonly found recrystallizes | into a dolomitic

marble

eyes Actor l

Transitivity Pro: material Cir.

Subject Fin Pre Adj.

Mood Mood Residue

22 Marble has long been valued as a building material and as a material for

sculpture,

Marble has long valued as a building material

been and as a material for

sculpture

Transitivity Goal Pro: material Cir.

Subject Fin Pre Adj.

Mood Mood Residue

23 partly because it is easily cut and polished

partly because it is easily cut and polished

Transitivity Goal Pro: Cir Pro: materialmaterial

Subject Fin Adj Pre

Mood Mood Residue

24 and partly because it reflects light in a shimmering pattern, a result of the

excellent cleavage of the individual calcite crystals

and partly it reflects light in a shimmering pattern,

because a result of the excellent cleavage of the

individual calcite crystals

Transitivity Actor Pro: Range Circumstancematerial

Sub | Fin | Pre | Comp Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

152

Trang 22

Theme Theme

25 Marble is, however, highly susceptible to chemical weathering (see chapter 5)

Marble, is, however, | highly | susceptible to chemical

weathering eyes : Pro: : Transitivity | Carrier P Cir Attribute

relational

Subject Fin | Pre Adj Adj Complement

Mood Mood | Residue

26 Quartzite is produced 27 when grains of quartz in sandstone are welded together

while the rock is subjected to high temperature

Quartzite is produced | when |_ grains of are welded | together

quartz in while stone rock

28 This makes it as difficult to break along grain boundaries as through the grains

This makes it as difficult to break along grains

boundaries as through the grains

Mood Mood Residue

Theme

29 Therefore, quartzite, being as hard as a single quartz crystal, is difficult to crush

or break

Therefore, | quartzite, being as hard as a is difficult

single quartz crystal, to crush or break

Transitivity Pro: Attribute

Carrier

relational

Mood Residue

30 It is the most durable of common rock used for construction, both because of its

hardness

153

Trang 23

It is the most durable of common rock used

for construction, both because of its hardness

Transitivity | Carrier Pro: Attributerelational

Mood Mood Residue

31 and because quartz is not susceptible to chemical weathering

and because quartz is not susceptible to chemical

weathering

Mood Mood Residue

32 Marble and quartzite also form under conditions of regional metamorphism

Marble and also form under conditions of regional

quartzite metamorphism

Transitivity Actor Cir 1 Pro: Cir 2material

Subject Adj 1 Fin Pre Adj 2

Mood Mood Residue

33 When grains of calcite or quartz recrystallize,

equidimensional, rather than elongate or platy

34 they tend to be

When | grains crystallize, they tend to be | equidimensional,

of rather thancalcite elongate or platy

or

quartz

Transitivity | Cir Actor | Pro: material | Carrier Pro: Attributerelational

Adj Sub 1 | Fin Pre Sub 2 | Fin | Pre Complement

Mood Mood Mood

35 For this reason, marble and quartzite do not usually exhibit foliation,

For this marble and do not usually | exhibit foliation

Trang 24

Theme Theme

36 even though subjected to differential stress during metamorphism

even though subjected to differential during

stress metamorphism

Transitivity Pro: relational Attribute Cir 1

Fin Pre Complement Adj 1

Mood Mood Residue

Mood Subject Fin Pre Complement

Mood Residue Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme

38 which is metamorphism takes place at considerable depth underground (generallygreater than 5 kilometers)

which is metamorphism takes place at considerable depth

underground (generally greater than 5 kilometers).Transitivity Existent Pro: existential Circumstance

Mood Mood Residue

39 Regional metamorphic rocks are almost always foliated,

Regional are almost always foliated, metamorphic

rocks

Tran Goal Pro: material Circumstance Pro: material

Mood Subject Fin Adjunct Pre

155

Trang 25

Mood Residue

Theme Theme

40 indicating differential stress during recrystallization

indicating differential during recrystallization

stress

Transitivity Pro: verbal Verbiage Circumstance

Non-fin Pre Complement Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

41 Metamorphic rocks are prevalent in the most intensely deformed of mountain

ranges.

Metamorphic are prevalent | in the most intensively deformed of

rocks mountain ranges

Transitivity Carrier Pro: Attribute Circumstancerelational

Subject Fin | Pre | Complement Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

42 They are visible

They are visible Transitivity | | Carrier Pro: relational Attribute

Mood Mood Residue

43 where once deeply buried cores of mountain ranges are exposed by erosion

where | once deeply buried cores | are exposed by erosion

of mountain ranges

Transitivity Goal Pro: material Circumstance

Mood Mood Residue

44 Furthermore, large regions of the continents are underlain by metamorphic rocks,

thought to be the roots of ancient mountains along since eroded down to plains orrolling hills

Furthermore, large regions are underlain | by metamorphic rocks,

of the continent thought to be the roots

of ancient mountains along since eroded down to plains or

rolling hills.

Tran Goal Pro: material Circumstance

Mood Mood Residue

Theme Theme Rheme

156

Trang 26

45 Temperatures during regional metamorphism vary widely

Temperatures during vary widely

regional metamorphism

Transitivity Actor Cir 1 Pro: material Cir 2

Subject Adj 1 Fin | Pre Adj 2

Mood Mood : Mood

Residue Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme

46 Usually, the temperatures are in the range of 300 to 800 0 C

Usually, the are in the range of 300 to 800 0 C

temperatures

Transitivity Cir 1 Carrier Pro: Attributerelational

Adj 1 Subject Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood

Residue Theme

47 Temperature at a particular place depends to a large extent on depth of burial and

the geothermal gradient of the region (see box 7.4)

Temperature depends to alarge | on depth of burial

at a particular place extent and the

geothermal gradient of the

regionTransitivity Carrier Pro: relational Cir Attribute

Subject Fin Pre Adj Complement

Mood Mood Residue

48 Locally, temperature may also increase because

magma bodies

of heat given off by nearby

Locally, | temperature | may also because of heat given off

increase by nearby magma bodies

Trans Cir 1 Existent Pro: existential Cir 2

Adj 1 Subject Fin Pre Adj 2 Mood

Mood Residue

157

Trang 27

49 The high confining pressure 1s due to burial under 5 or more kilometers of rock.

The high confining is due to burial under 5 or more kilometers of

Theme Theme Rheme(unmarked)

50 The differential stress is due to tectonism; that is, the constant movement and

squeezing of the crust during mountain-building episodes

The different is due to tectonism; that is, the during

stress constant movement and squeezing of

mountain-the crust building

episodes

Pro: : Tran Carrier R Attribute Circumstance

relational

Mood Subject Fin | Pre Complement Adjunct

Mood Residue Theme

51 Depending on the pressure and temperature conditions during metamorphism, a

particular parent rock may recrystallize into one of several metamorphic rocks

Depending on the pressure a may | recr into one of

and temperature conditions particular ystal several

during metamorphism, parent lize | metamorphic

rock rocks

eyes Pro:

Transitivity Circumstance 1 Actor Cir 2

material Mood Adjunct 1 Subject | Fin | Pre : Adjunct 2

Mood Residue Theme Theme (marked) Rheme

52 For example, if basalt is metamorphosed at relatively low temperatures and

pressures,

if basalt is metamorphised | at relatively low temperatures

and pressuresTran Goal Pro: material Circumstance

Mood Mood Residue

Theme Theme (marked)

53 it will recrystallize into a greenschist, a schistose rock containing chlorite (a

green sheet-silicate), actinolite (a green amphibole), and sodium-rich plagioclase

it wlil] recrystallize into a greenschist, a

schistone rockcontaining chlorite, actinolite, and sodium-rich plagioclase

158

Trang 28

Transitivity Actor Pro: material Circumstance

Mood Mood Residue

Theme Rheme

54 At higher temperatures and pressures, the same basalt would recrystallize into an

amphiboleschist (also called amphibolite), a rock composed of hornblende,

plagioclase feldspar, and perhaps, garnet

At higher the | would | recrystallize into an amphiboleschist, temperatures | same a rock composed of

and basalt hornblende,

pressures plagioclase feldspar, and

perhaps, garnetTransitivity Cir 1 Actor Pro: material Cir 2

Adj 1 Sub Fin Pre Adj 2

Mood Residue Mood Residue

55 Metamorphism of other parent rocks under conditions similar to those that

produce amphibole schist form basalt should produce the metamorphic rocks shown

in table 7.2

Metamorphism of other parent rocks | should | produce | the metamorphic under condition similar to those that rocks shown in produce amphibole schist form basalt table 7 2

Tran Actor Pro: material Goal

Mood Mood Residue

Progressive Metamorphism

56 To show how rocks are changed by regional metamorphism,

To show how rocks are changed by regional

metamorphism

Transitivity | Pro: verbal | Cir 1 Goal Pro: material Cir 2

Non-fin Pre | Adj 1 Subject Fin Pre Adj 2 Mood Residue Residue

Mood

57 we look at what happens to shale during progressive metamorphism — that is, as

progressively greater pressure and temperature act on a rock type with increasing

depth in Earth’s crust (figure 7.9)

we look at what happens to shale during progressive

metamorphism that is, as progressively greater pressure and temperature act on a rock type

with increasing depth in Earth’s crust (figure

7.9).

159

Trang 29

Transitivity Senser Pro: Phenomenonmental

Subject Fin | Pre Complement Mood

Mood Residue

58 Shale, the parent rock, is formed largely of submicroscopic, platy, clay minerals

Shale, the is formed | largely of submicroscopic, platy, clay

parent rock minerals

Mood Mood Residue

59 The metamorphic rock associated with the lowest pressure and temperature

conditions of regional metamorphism is slate, a very grained rock a very

fine-grained rock that splits easily along flat, parallel planes (figure 7.10 and 7.11)

The metamorphic rock associated

with the lowest pressure and temperature conditions of regional

is slate, a very fine-grained

rock a very fine-grained rock that splits easily along

metamorphism flat, parallel planes (figure

60 Slate develops under temperatures and pressures only slightly greater than those

found in the sedimentary realm

Slate develops under only slightly greater than

temperatures and those found

pressures in the sedimentary realm

Transitivity | Actor Pro: Cir 1 Cir 2material

: Pr : :

Mood Subject Fin e Adj 1 Adj 2

Mood Residue

61 The temperatures are not high enough for the rock to thoroughly recrystallize

The are not high for the to thoroughly temperatures enough rock recrystallize.

160

Trang 30

Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational | Attribute Cir 1 Cir 2

Mood Subject Fin Pre Comp Adj.1 Adj 2

Mood Residue

62 The important controlling factor is differential stress

The important controlling us differential stress

factor

Transitivity Token Pro: relational Value

Mood Mood Residue

63 The original clay minerals partially recrystallize into equally fine-grained micas

The original | partially recrystallize into equally fine- grained

clay minerals micas

Transitivity Actor Cir 1 Pro: material Cir 2

Subject Adj 1 Fin Pre Adj 2

Mood Mood Residue

64 Under differential stress, the old and new platy minerals are aligned, 65 creating

slaty cleavage in the rock

Under the old are aligned creating slaty in

differential | and new cleavage |_ the

stress, platy rock.

minerals

Transitivity Cir 1 Goal 1 Pro: material Pro: Goal 2 | Cir.2material

Mood

Mood Residue

66 A slate indicates 67 that a relatively cool and brittle rock has been subjected to

intense tectonic activity

A slate indicates that | arelatively cool | has | been | subject

and brittle rock ed to

intense

tectonic

activity

Tran Sayer Pro: verbal Carrier Pro Attrib relational ute

Mood Sub 1 Fin | Pr Sub 2 Fin | Pre | Compl

161

Trang 31

e ement

Mood 1 Residue 1 Mood 2 Residue 2 Theme

68 Because of the ease with which it can be split into thin, flat sheets, slate is used

for making chalkboards, pool tables, and roots

Because slate is used for making

of the chalkboards, pool ease with tables, and roots.

which it can be split into thin, flat sheets,Transitivity Cir 1 Goal Pro: material Cir 2

Adj 1 Subject Fin Pre Adj 2

Mood Mood Residue

Theme markeđa Rheme

69 Phyllite is a rock in which the newly formed micas are larger than in slate,

Phyllite is a rock in which newly formed micas

are larger than in slate

Transitivity | Identified Pro: Identifierrelational

Mood Sub Fin Pre Complement

Mood Residue

70 but still cannot be seen with the naked eyes

but still cannot | be seen with the naked eyes

Transitivity Pro: mental Circumstance

Fin Pre Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

71 This requires a further increase in temperature over that needed for slate to form

This requires a further over that | for slate to form

increase in needed

temperature

Tran Sayer Pro: Verbiage Cir 1 Goal Pro: verbal material

162

Trang 32

Sub.1 | Fin | Pre | Comp.l Adj.1 | Sub.2 | Nowlin

Mood Mood Mood

Residue

72 The very fine-grained mica imparts a silky sheen to the rock, which may

otherwise closely resemble slate (figure 7.12)

The very fine- imparts a silky sheen to the rock, which may

grained mica otherwise

closely resemble slate

Transitivity Actor Pro: material Goal

Mood Mood Residue

73 But, the slaty cleavage may be crinkled in the process of conversion of slate to

phyllite

But, the — slaty | may be | crinkled | in the process of conversion of

cleavage slate to phyllite

Mood Mood Residue

74 A schist is characterized by megascopically visible, approprimately

parallel-oriented minerals

A schist is characterized by megascopically visible,

approprimetely parallel-oriented

mineral

Subject Fin Pre Adjucnt

Mood Mood Residue

75 Platy or elongate minerals that crystallize from the parent rock are clearly visible

to the naked eye.

Platy or elongate minerals that are clearly visible to the naked crystallize from the parent rock eye

Transitivity Carrier Pro: Attribute

163

Trang 33

Mood Residue Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme

76 Shale may recrystallize into several mineralogically distinct varieties of schist

Shale may | recrystallize | into several mineralogically distinct

varieties of schist

Mood Mood Residue

77 Which minerals form depends on the particular combination of temperature and

pressure prevailing during recrystallization

Which | form depends on | the particular | prevailing duringminer combination recrystallization

78 For instance, if the rock is a mica schist,

For if | the rock is amica schist, instance,

Tran Token Pro: relational Value

Sub Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

79 metamorphism probably took place at only slightly higher temperatures and

pressures than those at which a phyllite forms

metamorphism | probably |_ took place at only slightly higher temperatures

and pressures than those at which a phyllite forms

Transitivity Existent Cir 1 Pro: : Cir 2existential

Mood Subject Adj 1 Fin | Pre Adj 2

Mood Residue

164

Trang 34

80 A garnet- mica schist (figure 7.13) indicates 81 that the temperature and pressure

were somewhat greater than necessary for a mica schist to form (see box 7.3)

A garnet- | indicates | that the were somewhat for to

mica temperature greater mica form

schist and pressure than necessary schist

Transitivity Sayer Pro: Carrier Pro: Attribute Cir 1 Cir 2verbal relational

Sub.1 | Fi | Pr Sub 2 Fin | Pre Adj.1 | Adj 2

82 In a gneiss, a rock consisting of light and dark mineral layers or lenses, the

highest temperatures and pressures have changed the rock

Ina gneiss, a the highest have changed the rock rock consisting | temperatures

of light and and pressures dark mineral

layers or lenses,

Transitivity | Circumstance Carrier Pro: relational Attribute

Adjunct Subject Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

83 so that minerals have separated into layers

so that minerals have separated into layers

Mood Mood Residue

84 Platy or elongate minerals (such as mica or amphibole) in dark layers alternative

with layers of light-colored minerals of no particular shape

Platy or elongate alternative with layers of minerals in dark colored minerals of no

light-layers particular shape Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Attribute

Mood Mood Residue

85 Within the light-colored layers coarse feldspars have crystallized

165

Trang 35

Within the light- coarse feldspars have crystallized colored layers

Adjunct Subject Fin Pre

Mood Residue Mood

86 In composition, a gneiss may resemble granite or diorite,

In composition, a gneiss may | resemble granite or diorite

Transitivity Circumstance Actor Pro: material Goal

Adjunct Sub Fin | Pre Complement Mood Mood |

87 but it is distinguishable from those plutonic rocks by its foliation (figure 7.14)

but it is distinguishable | from those plutonic rocks

by its foliation

Transitivity Carrier Pro: Attribute Circumstancerelational

Subject | Fin | Pre | Complement Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

88 Temperature conditions under which a gneiss develops approach those at which

granite solidifies

Temperature conditions approach | those | at which granite under which a gneiss develops solidifies

Tran Actor Pro: mat | Goal | Circumstance

Subject Fin | Pre | Comp | Adjunct

Mood Mood Residue

89 It is not surprising,

It is not surprising,

Mood Mood Residue

90 then, that the same minerals are found in gneiss and in granite

then, that the same are found in gneiss and in

minerals granite

Mood Subject Fin Pre Adjunct

166

Trang 36

Mood Residue

Theme Theme

91 In fact, a previously solidified granite can be converted to a gneiss under

appropriate pressure and temperature conditions

In fact, a can be | converted | to a gneiss under appropriate

previously pressure and temperature

solidified conditions

granite

Mood Mood Residue

92 and if the rock is under differential stress

| and if the rock is under differential stress

Transitivity | Existent Pro: existential Circumstance

Mood Mood Residue

Theme | Theme (marked) Rheme

93 If the temperature is high enough, 94 partial melting of rock may take place,

If the is high enough, | partial | may | take

temperature melting place

of rock

eyes : Pro: : : Pro:

Transitivity Carrier : Attribute | Existent : :

relational existentialSub 1 Fin Pre Complement | Sub.2 | Fin | Pre

Mood Mood 1 Residue 1 Mood 2 Re»

95 and a magma collects in layers within the foliation planes of the solid rock

and a magma collects in layers within the

foliation planes

of the solid rock

Transitivity Actor Pro: material Cir 1 Cir 2

Subject Fin Pre Adj 1 Adj 2

Mood Mood Residue

96 After the

and metamorphic rock (figure 7.15)

magma solidifies, 97 the rock becomes a migmatile, a mixed igneous

After the solidifies, | the rock | becomes a migmatile, a mixed

magma igneous and metamorphic

Trang 37

e n e

Re : Mood 1 5.1 Mood 2 Residue 2 Theme Theme (marked) Rheme

98 A migmatite can be thought of as a “twilight zone” rock that is neither fully

igneous nor entirely metamorphic

A migmatite | can be | thought as a “twilight zone” rock that is

of neither fully igneous nor entirely

metamorphic Transitivity | Phenomenon |_ Pro: mental Circumstance

Mood Mood Residue

99 The metamorphic rocks that we see usually have minerals that formed at or near

the highest temperature reached during metamorphism

The metamorphic rocks that | usually have minerals that

we see formed at or near

the highest

temperature

reached during metamorphism.

Transitivity Carrier Cir _— Attribute

Subject Adj Fin Pre Complement

Mood Mood Residue

100 But, why doesn’t a rock recrystallize to one stable at lower temperature and

pressure conditions during its long journey to the surface where we now find it?

But, why doesn’t a recrystalli | to one | atlower | during its

rock ze stable | temperatu long

re and journey pressure to the condition | surface

where we now find

it?

Trans Cir 1 Pro: Actor Pro: Cir 2 Cir 3 Cir 4 material material

168

Trang 38

Adj 1 Fin Sub Pre Adj.2 | Adj.3 Adj 4 Mood Mood Residue

Theme Theme | (marke Rheme

d)

101 The answer is that 102 water, which facilitates chemical reactions, no longer

gets into rock

The answer is that water, no gets into

which longer rock facilitates

chemical reactions,

Transitivity Token Pro: Value | Actor | Cir.1 Pro: Cir relational material 2

Sub.1 | Fin | Pre comp Sub.2 |Adj.1|Fin| Pre | “dh

103 Tectonic forces at work during the peak of metamorphism fracture the rock

sufficiently 104 to permit water to get to the mineral grains

Tectonic forces | fracture | the rock | sufficiently to water to get

at work during permit | to the mineral the peak of grains

metamorphism

Tran Actor Pro: Goal Cir 1 Pro: Phenomenon material mental

Subject Fi | pre | Comp Adj 1 Non-fin Comp 2n 1 Pre

Theme marke’) Rheme

105 After tectonic forces are relaxed,

After tectonic forces are relaxed,

Transitivity Cir 1 Carrier Pro: relational Attribute

Mood Adj 1 Subject Fin Pre Complement

Residue Mood Residue Theme Theme (marked)

106 the rock move upward as a large block as isostatic adjustment takes place

the rocks move upward as a large block as isostatic adjustment

takes place

Mood Mood Residue

Theme Rheme

169

Trang 39

107 It is unusual to find rocks 108 that indicate retrogressive metamorphism.

It is usual to that indicate retrogressive

find rocks metamorphism

Transitivity Carrier Pro: Attribute Pro: verbal Verbiagerelational

Subject Fin | Pre | Comp 1 Fin | Pre Comp 2

Mood Mood Residue Mood Residue

109 These are rocks that recrystallize under lower temperature and pressure

conditions than during the peak of metamorphism

These are rocks that recrystallize under lower

temperature and pressure conditions than

during the peak of metamorphism

Mood Mood Residue

110 They were fractured during their ascent 111 permitting water to trigger

reactions to new, lower grade minerals

They were | fractured | during | permitting water to trigger

their reactions ascent to new, lower

grade minerals

Transitivity Goal Pro: material | Cir 1 Pro: Phenomenonmental

Sub 1 Fin Pre Adj 1 ‘ou Complement

Mood

Mood Residue Mood

6.2.2 BODY PART 2

Earthquakes-Folds

1 Folds are bends or wavelike features in layered rock

Folds are bends in layer rock

or wavelike features

Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Attribute Cir.

Subject Fin Pre Complement Adj.

Mood Mood Residue

170

Trang 40

2 Folded rock can be compared to several layers of rugs or blankets

Folded rock can be | compared | to several layers of rugs or blankets

that have been pushed into a series of arches and troughs.

Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Circumstance

Mood Mood Residue

Transitivity Phenomenon Pro: mental Circumstance

Mood Mood Residue

4 when the arches and troughs of folds are concealed (or when they exist on a

grand scale),

when the arches and troughs are concealed

of folds

Transitivity Cir Goal Pro: material

Adj Subject Fin Pre

Mood Mood

Residue Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme

5 geologists can still determine the presence of folds by noticing repeated reversals

in the direction of dip taken on outcrops in the field or shown on a geologic map

geologists | can | still | determine the by noticing repeated reversals in

presence | the direction of dip taken on

of fold outcrops in the field or shown on

a geologic map

Tran Actor Pro: | Cir Pro: Goal Cir 2mat 1 material

: Cir .Mood Subject Fin 1 Pre Comp Adj 2

Mood Residue

6 The fact that the rock is folded shows

The fact that is folded shows

the rock

Transitivity Sayer Pro: verbal

Goal Pro: material

Subject 1 Fin Pre

Mood Mood 1 Res 1 Fin Pre

Subject 2

171

Tiêu đề	Research on the structure and semantics of geological textbooks as a genre in English and Vietnamese
Chuyên ngành	Linguistics
Thể loại	Doctoral Thesis

Định dạng
Số trang	330
Dung lượng	71,11 MB

Luận án tiến sĩ Ngôn ngữ học: Nghiên cứu cấu trúc và ngữ nghĩa các giáo trình địa chất như một thể loại trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt (Phần 2)

HIEN TUQNG DONG DAT 1. Khái niệm về động dat (earthquake)