The layer rock
usually dips toward the syncline’s hinge line
Transitivity Actor Cir. 1 Pro: material Cir. 2
Mood
Subject Adj. 1 Fin Pre Adj. 2
Mood Mood
Residue
Theme (unmarked)Theme Rheme
27. In the series of folds shown in figure 15.11, two anticlines are separated by a syncline.
In the series of folds two are | separated by a syncline
shown in figure 15.11 anticlines
Transitivity Cir. 1 Goal Pro: material Cir. 2
Adj. 1 Subject Fin Pre Adj. 2 Mood Mood
Residue
Theme Theme (marked) Rheme
175
28. Each syncline and adjacent syncline share a limb.
Each syncline and adjacent share a limb syncline
Transitivity Actor Pro: material Range
Subject Fin Pre Complement
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
29. Note the hinge lines on the crests of the two anticlines and bottoms of the syncline.
Note the hinge lies on the crests of the two anticlines and bottoms of
the syncline
Transitivity | Pro: mental Existent Pro: existential Circumstance
Non -fn Pre | Complement | Fin Pre Adjunct Mood Mood Residue Mood
Theme Theme Rheme (unmarked)
30. Similar hinge lines could be located in the hinge areas at the contacts between any two adjacent folded layers.
Similar hinge could | located in the at the contact between any lines be hinge two adjacent folded layers
area
Transitivity Existent Pro: existential Cir. 1 Cir. 2 Subject Fin Pre Adj. 1 Adj. 2
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme
(unmarked) Rheme
31. For each anticline and the syncline, the hinge lines are contained within the shaded vertical planes.
For each the hinge lines are contained | within the shaded vertical anticline and the planes
syncline,
Transitivity Cir. 1 Carrier Pro: relational Attribute
Adj. 1 Subject Fin Pre Complement Mood Mood
Residue Theme Theme
(marked) Rheme
32. Each of these planes is an axial plane, an imaginary plane containing all the hinge lines of fold.
Each of is an axial plane, an imaginary plane these planes containing all the hinge lines of fold
Transitivity Carrier Pro: Attributerelational
Mood Subject Fin | Pre Complement
176
Mood Residue
Theme Theme Rheme(unmarked)
33. The axial plane divides the fold into two limbs.
The axial plane Divides the fold into limbs
Transitivity Actor Pro: material Goal Cir.1 Subject Fin Pre Complement Adj. 1
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme
(unmarked) Rheme
34. It is important to remember 35. that anticlines are not necessarily related to ridges or synclines to valleys,
It is important that | anticlines | are to ridges or
to remember not | relat synclines to neces | ed valleys
sarily
Tran Carrier Pro: Attribute Carrier Pro: Cir.
relation relational
al
sub.1 | Fi | Pr | Complement Sub.2 | Fin | Pre Adj.
Mood n e
Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2 Theme
Theme (unmar Rheme ked)
36. because valleys and ridges are nearly always erosional features.
because valleys and are nearly always
ridges erosional features
Transitivity Carrier Pro: Attribute
relational
Subject Fin | Pre Complement
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
37. In an area that has been eroded to a plain, the presence of underlying anticlines and synclines is determined by the direction of dipping beds in exposed bedrock, as shown in figure 15.12
Inan the presence is determined by the direction area that | of underlying of dipping beds
has been | anticlines and in exposed bedrock, as
eroded to synclines shown in figure 15.12
a plain
Transitivity Cir. 1 Goal Pro: material Cir. 2 Adj. 1 Complement Fin Pre Adj. 2
Mood Residue Mood
Theme
Theme (marked) Rheme
177
38. Figure 15.12 also illustrates 39. how determining the relative ages of the rock layers, or beds, can tell us whether a structure is an anticline or a syncline.
Figure also how can tell us whether a structure is an
15.12 illustrates determining the anticline or a syncline relative ages of
the rock layers, or beds,
Reci .
Tran Sayer. 1 Pro: verbal Sayer. 2 Pro: verbal pient Verbiage
Sub. 1 Fin Pre Comp. 1 Fin Pre " Comp. 3
Mood we °
Mood Residue Residue
Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
40. Observe 41. that the oldest exposed rocks are along the hinge line of the anticline.
Observe that the oldest are along the hinge line exposed of the anticline
rocks
eyes : Pro: .
Transitivity | Pro: mental Carrier : Attribute
relational
Fin Pre Subject | Fin| Pre Complement
Mood Res Mood Residue
Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
42. This is because lower layers in the originally flat-lying sedimentary or volcanic rock were moved upward and are now in the core of the anticline.
This is because lower layers in the originally flat-lying
sedimentary or volcanic rock were moved upward and are now in the core of the anticline.
Tran Carrier Pro: rel Attribute
Subject Fi | Pr Complement
Mood nie
Mood Residue
Theme Theme Rheme(unmarked)
43. The youngest rocks, on the other hand, which were originally in the upper layers, were folded downward
The youngest rocks, on the other hand, which were folded downward
178
were originally in the upper layers,
Tran Goal Pro: material
Subject Fin Pre
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme (marked) Rheme 1
44. and are now exposed along the synclinal hinge line.
are now exposed along the syncline hinge line.
Transitivity | Pro: relational Attribute Circumstance Fin Pre Complement Adjunct
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Rheme 2
Plunging fold
45. The examples shown so far have been of folds with horizontal hinge lines.
The examples shown have been of folds with horizontal so far hinge lines
Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Attribute Subject Fin Pre Complement
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
46. These are the easiest to visualize.
These are | the easiest to visualize Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational | Attribute
Subject Fin Pre Complement Mood
Mood Residue
Theme Theme Rheme(unmarked)
47. In nature, however, anticlines and synclines are apt to be plunging folds- that is, folds in which the hinge lines are not horizontal.
In nature, however, | anticlines Are apt to be plunging folds that is, folds in and which the hinge lines are not horizontal.
synclines
Transitivity Cir. Carrier Pro: Attribute
relational
Mood Adj. Subject | Fin | Pre Complement
Residue Mood Residue Theme Theme (marked) Rheme
48. On a surface leveled by erosion, the patterns of exposed strata (beds) resemble Vs or horseshoes (figures 15.13 and 15.14) rather than the striped patterns of non- plunging folds.
On a surface the patterns of | resemble Vs or horseshoes leveled exposed strata rather than
by erosion, (beds) the stripped patterns of non- plunging folds
Tran Circumstance Carrier Pro: Attribute
relational
179
Mood Adjunct Subject Fin | Pre Complement
°° Residue Mood Residue
Theme | Theme (marked) Rheme
49. However, plunging anticlines and synclines are distinguished from one another in the same way as are non-plunging folds-by directions of dip or by relative ages of beds as are non-plunging folds — by directions of dip or by relative ages of beds.
However, plunging are distinguished | from one | in the same way anticlines another | as dre non-
and plunging folds —
synclines by directions of
dip or by relative ages of beds.
Transitivity Goal Pro: material Cir. 1 Cir. 2 Subject Fin Pre Adj. 1 Adj. 2
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme Rheme (marked)
50. A plunging syncline contains the youngest rocks in its center or core,
A plunging contains the youngest in its center or core,
syncline rocks
Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Attribute Circumstance Mood Subject Fin Pre Complement Adjunct
Mood Residue Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
51. and the V or horseshoe points in the direction opposite of the plunge.
and the Vor points in the direction
horseshoe opposite of the plunge.
Transitivity Sayer Pro: verbal Circumstance
: . Adjunct Mood Subject | Fin Pre
Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
52. Conversely, a plunging anticline contains the oldest rocks in its core
Conversely, a plunging contains the oldest in its core anticline rocks
Transitivity Carrier Pro: Attribute Circumstance
relational
Mood Subject Fin Pre Complement Adjunct Mood Residue
Theme Theme Rheme (marked)
180
53. and the V points in the same direction as the plunge of the fold.
and the V points in the same directions
as the plunge of the fold.
Transitivity Sayer Pro: verbal Circumstance
Subject | Fin Pre Complement
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
Structural Domes and Structural Basins
54. A structural dome is a structure in which the beds dip away from a central point.
A structural is a structure in which the beds dome dip away from a central point.
Transitivity Carrier Pro: Attributerelational
Subject Fin | Pre Complement
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme Rheme(unmarked)
55. In cross section, a dome resembles an anticline 56. and is sometimes called a