I. Tectonics is the study of the origin and arrangement of the broad structural features of Earth’s surface, including not only folds and faults, but also mountain
92. Wegener’s work dealt with the wandering of Earth’s geographic poles of rotation
Wegener’s dealt with the wandering of Earth’s geographic poles
work of rotation
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93. The magnetic poles are located close to the geographic poles, 94. as you saw in the chapter on Earth’s interior.
The are located | close to the | as you saw in the
magnetic geographic chapter on poles poles, Earth’s
interior
eyes : Pro: : :
Transitivity | Existent l : Cir. 1 Senser | Pro: mental Cir. 2 existential
Mood Sub. 1 Fin Pre Adj.1 Sub. 2 | Fin Pre Adj. 2 Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2
Theme
Theme (unmar Rheme ked)
95. Historical measurements show 96. that the position of the magnetic poles moves from year to year.
Historical
measurements
show that the moves from year
position of to year, the
240
magnefic
poles
eyes Pro: : Transitivity Sayer Pro: verbal Actor . Cir.
material
Mood Sub. 1 Fin Pre Sub.2 | Fin | Pre Adj.
Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 | Residue. 2
Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
97. but that the magnetic poles stay close to the geographic poles 98. as they move.
but that the stay | close to the | as | they move
magnetic geographic poles poles
Pro:
Transitivity Carrier relat Attribute Actor Pro: material
ional FỊP
Sub. 1 i |r | Complement Sub.2 | Fin Pre
nije
Mood
Mood. 1 Residue, 1 Mood. 2 Res. 2
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
99. As we discuss magnetic evidence for polar wandering, 100. we are referring to an apparent motion of the magnetic poles.
As we discuss magnetic we are referring to an apparent
evidence motion of the for polar magnetic poles wandering,
Transitivity Sayer. 1 Pro: Verbiage. | Sayer. Pro: verbal Verbiage. 2verbal 2
Sub.1 | Fin | Pre Comp. 1 Sub. 2 Fin Pre Comp. 2
Mood Residue Mood Residue
Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
101. Because the magnetic and geographic poles are close together, 102. our discussion will refer to apparent motion of the geographic poles as well.
Because the are close our will | refer | to apparent motion
magnetic together, | discussion of the geographic
and poles as well geographic
poles
Transitivity Carrier. Pro: Attribut | Carrier. Pro: Attribute. 2
1 relational e.Í 2 relational
Mood Sub.I | Fin | Pre | Comp. 1 Sub.2 | Fin | Pre Comp. 2
°° Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2
241
Theme Theme (marked) Rheme
103. As we discussed in chapter 17, 104. many rocks record the strength and direction of Earth’s magnetic field at the time the rocks formed.
As we discussed in many record | the strength and direction of
chapter | rocks Earth’s magnetic field at the time 17, the rocks
formed
Pro: . Pro:
Tran Sayer Cir. Actor R Goal
verbal material
Mood Sub. 1 | Fin | Pre | Adj. 1 Sub. Fin | Pre Complement
Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2 Theme Theme (marked) Rheme
105. Magnetite in a cooling basaltic lava flow acts like a tiny compass needle, 106. preserving a record of Earth’s magnetic field
Magnetite in a acts like a tiny preserving a record of Earth’s
cooling basaltic compass magnetic field when the lava
lava flow needle, cools below the Curie point.
Transitivity Actor Pro: Cir. 1 Pro: Goalmaterial material Subject Fin | Pre Adj. 1 Non-fin Comp. 2
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107. when the lava cools below the Curie point.
when the lava cools below the Curie point Transitivity Cir. 1 Actor Pro: material Cir. 2
Adj. 1 Subject Fin Pre Adj. 2 Mood Mood
Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) | Rheme
108. Iron-stained sedimentary rocks such as red shale can also record Earth magnetism.
Tron-stained sedimentary can also record Earth magnetism rocks such as red shale
Transitivity Actor Pro: material Goal
Subject Fin Adj. Pre Complement
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
109. The magnetism of old rocks can be measured 110. to determine the direction and strength of the magnetic field in the past.
The magnetism | can be measured to the direction and strength of the of old rocks determine magnetic field in the past
Transitivity Goal. 1 Pro: material Pro: Phenomenon
242
mental
Subject Fin Pre Non-fin Complement
Mood Pre
Mood Residue
Theme Theme Rheme(unmarked)
111. The study of ancient magnetic fields is called paleomagnetism.
The study of ancient magnetic is called paleomagnetism fields
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Subject Fin Pre Complement
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
112. Because magnetic lines of force dip more steeply as the north magnetic pole is approached,
Because magnetic dip more | as the north magnetic pole
lines of steeply | is approached, force
Transitivity Actor Pro: Cir. 1 Cir. 2material
Sub. 1 Fin | Pre | Adj. 1 Adj. 2
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
113. the inclination (dip) of the magnetic alignment preserved in the magnetite
minerals in the lava flows can be used 114. to determine the distance from a flow to the pole at the time that the flow formed (figure 19.8)
the inclination of the magnetic
alignment preserved
in the
magnetite minerals in the lava
flows
can used be
to
determine
the distance from a flow
to the pole at the time that the flow formed
Transitivity Goal
Pro: material Pro:
mental Phenomenon Mood Subject Fin Pre Non-fin Complement
Mood Residue
Theme Theme
(marked) Rheme
243
115. Old pole positions can be determined from the magnetism of old rocks.
Old pole can be | determined from the magnetism of old rocks
positions
Transitivity | Phenomenon Pro: material Circumstance
Subject Fin Pre Adjunct
Mood Mood Residue
Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
116. The magnetic alignment preserved in the magnetite minerals points to the pole, 117. and the dip of the alignment tells how far away the pole was.
The magnetic points to the and the dip of tells | how far away alignment pole, the the pole
preserved in the alignment was
magnetite minerals
tyes Pro: Verbiag Pro: :
Transitivity Sayer verbal e Sayer verbal Verbiage
Sub. 1 Fi; P Comp. 1 Sub. 2 Fi | Pr Comp. 2n | re nie
Mood :
Residue ResidueMood
Theme Theme (marked) Reme
118. Figure 19.9 shows 119. how Permian lava flows in North America indicate a Permian pole position in eastern Asia.
The figure shows | how | Permian | indicate a in eastern 19.9 lava Permian Asia.
flows in pole
North position
America
eyes Pro: Cir. Pro: : :
Transitivity | Sayer. 1 verbal 1 Sayer. 2 verbal Verbiage Cir. 2
: Adj. : :
Mood Sub. 1 Fin | Pre 1 Sub. 2 | Fin | Pre | Comp. Adj. 2 Mood 1 Residue 1 Mood 2 Residue 2
Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
120. For each geologic period, North America rocks reveal a different magnetic pole position; 121. this path of the apparent motion of the north magnetic pole through
time is shown in figure 19.10.
For each | North reveal a this path | is | shown in figure
geologic | America different of the 19.10 period, rocks magnetic | apparent
pole motion of
position; | the north magnetic
244
pole through
time
Tran Cir. 1 Carrier Pro: Attribute | Verbiage | Pro: verbal Cir. 2relational
Adj. 1 Sub. 1 | Fin | Pre | Comp. Sub.2 | Fin | Pre Adj. 2
Mood Residue. Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2
Theme
Theme (marked) Rheme
122. Paleomagnetic evidence thus verifies Wegener’s idea of polar wandering (which he based on paleoclimatic evidence).
Paleomagnetic verifies Wegener’s idea of polar wandering
evidence thus
Transitivity Sayer Pro: verbal Verbiage
Subject Fin | Pre Complement
Mood Mood Residue
Theme
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123. Like Wegener’s paleoclimatic evidence, the paleomagnetic evidence from a single continent can be interpreted in two ways: either the continent stood still and the magnetic pole moved or the pole stood still and the continent moved.
Like Wegener’s the can | interpreted in two ways:
paleoclimatic paleomagnetic be either the
evidence, evidence from a continent stood
single continent still and the magnetic pole moved or the pole stood still and the
continent moved
Transitivity Cir. 1 Verbiage Pro: verbal Cir. 2
Adj. 1 Subject Fin Pre Adj. 2 Mood Mood
Residue
Theme Theme (marked) Rheme
124. At first glance, paleomagnetic evidence does not seem to be a significant advance over paleo climatic evidence.
At first | paleomagnetic | doesnot | seem a significant over paleo climate
glance, evidenece to be advance evidence
Transitivity | Cir. 1 Carrier Pro: relational Attribute Cir. 2 Mood Adj. 1 Subject Fin Pre | Complement Adj.2
Residue Mood Residue
Theme
Theme (marked) Rheme
125. But when paleomagnetic evidence from different continents was compared, 126. an important discovery was made.
245
But | when | paleomagnetic | was compared, an was made
event important from different discovery
continents
Transitivity Cir Carrier Pro: relational Goal Pro: material Adj Sub. 1 Fin Pre Sub. 2 Fin Pre
Mood Res. Mood. 1 Res. 1 Mood. 2 Res. 2
Theme Theme (marked) Rheme
127. Although Permian rocks in North America point to a pole position in eastern
Asia, 128. Permian rocks in Europe point to a different position (closer to Japan), as shown in figure 19.10.
Although | Permian point toapole | Permian point to a different
rocks in in eastern | rocks in position, as shown
North Asia, Europe in figure 19.10
America
tyes Pro: Verbiage. Pro: R
Transitivity Sayer. 1 verbal 1 Sayer. 2 verbal Verbiage. 2
Mood Sub. 1 | Fin | Pre | Comp.1 | Sub.2 | Fin | Pre Comp. 2 Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2
Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
129. Does this mean 130. there were two north magnetic poles in the Permian Period?
Does this mean there were two north in the magnetic Permian
poles Period?
see Pro: Pro: . :
Transitivity Sayer verbal existential Existent Cir.
Fin Sup. Pre | Sub.2 | Fin | Pre| Comp. Adj.
Mood ResidueMood. 1 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2 Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
131. In fact, every continent shows a different position for the Permian pole.
In fact, every shows a different for the Permian pole.
continent position
Transitivity Sayer Pro: verbal Verbiage Circumstance Subject | Fin Pre Complement Adjunct
Mood Mood Residue
Theme
Theme (marked) Rheme
246
132. A different magnetic pole for each continent seems highly unlikely.
A different magnetic seems highly unlikely pole for each
continent
Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational | Circumstance Attribute Subject Fin Pre Adjunct Complement
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
133. A better explanation is 134. that a single pole stood still
A better explanation is that a stood still single
pole
Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Carrier Pro: Attributerelational
Mood Sub. 1 Fin Pre Sub.2 | Fin | Pre Comp.
Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2 Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
135. while continents split apart and rotated 136. as they diverged.
while | continents split apart and as | they diverged
rotated
Transitivity Actor Pro: Circumstance Actor Pro: materialmaterial Sub. 1 Fin | Pre Adjunct Sub. Fin Pre
Mood , J 2
Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Res. 2 Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
137. Note the polar wandering paths for North America and Europe in figure 19.10.
Note the polar wandering paths for North America and Europe
in figure 19.10
Transitivity | Pro: mental Phenomenon Non-fin Pre Complement
Mood Mood Residue
Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
138. The paths are of similar shape, 139. but the path for European poles is to the east of the North American path.
The paths are of similar | but | the path is to the east of the
shape, for North American
European path poles
Tran | Carrier. 1 Pro: Attribute. Carrier. Pro: Attribute. 2relational 1 2 relational 247
Mood Sub. 1 Fin | Pre | Comp. 1 Sub. 2 | Fin | Pre Comp. 2
00 Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2
Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
140. If we mentally push North America back toward Europe, closing the Atlantic Ocean, 141. and then consider the paths of polar wandering,
If we mentally push North back and consider the paths of polar
America | toward | then wandering, Europe,
closing the
Atlantic Ocean,
Transitivity Senser | Cir. 1 Pro: Pheno. Cir. 2 Pro: Pheno. 2mental 1 mental
Sub.1 | Adj.1 | Fin | Pre Comp. Adj. 2 Fin | Pre Comp. 2
Mood Mood Residue Mood
Theme Theme (marked) Rheme
142. we find 143. that the path for North America lies exactly on the path for Europe.
we find that | the path lies exactly on the path
for for Europe.
North America
eye Pro: . P nF R :
Transitivity Senser Existent | existentia | Cir. 1 Cir. 2mental l
Mood Sub. 1 " Pre Sub.2 | Fin Pr Adj. 1 Adj.2
Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2 Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
144. This strongly suggests 145. that there was one north magnetic pole
This suggests | that | there was one north magnetic pole
strongly
Transitivity Sayer Pro: Pro: Existent verbal existential
Sub. 1 Fin | Pre Sub. Fin | Pre Complement
Mood ResidueMood. 1 1 “| Mood. 2 Residue. 2
Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
248
146. and that the continents were joined together.
and that the continents were Joined together
Transitivity Goal Pro: material Cir.
Subject Fin Pre Adj.
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme Rheme(unmarked)
147. There appear to be two north magnetic poles 148. because the rocks of North America moved west;
There appear to two north because | the rocks moved west;
be magnetic of North
poles America
Transitivity | Carrier Pro: Attribute Actor | Pro: material Cir.relational
Mood Subject | Fin | Pre | Complement Sub. 2 | Fin Pre Adj.
Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2 Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
149. their magnetic minerals now point to a different polar position than they did when the minerals first formed.
their magnetic now point to a different polar position than
minerals they did when the minerals first moved Transitivity Sayer Pro: verbal Verbiage
Subject Fin Pre Complement
Mood Mood Residue
Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
Recent Evidence for Continental Drift
150. As paleomagnetic evidence revived interest in continental drift, 151. new work was done on fitting continents together.
As | paleomagnetic revived interest in new | was | done | on fitting continent evidence continent | work together.
drift,
Transitivity Actor. 1 Pro: | Goal | Cir.1 |C9AL| Pro: Cir. 2material 2 material
. Comp. : Sub. . .
Mood Sub. 1 Fin | Pre 1 Adj.1 2 Fin | Pre Adj. 2
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Theme (unmarked) Rheme
152. By defining the edge of continent as the middle of the continental slope, rather than the present (constantly changing) shoreline, a much more precise fit has been found between continents (figure 19.11).
By defining the edge of continent as amuch has | found between
the middle of the continent slope, more been continents.
rather than the present (constantly precise changing )shoreline, fit
. Phenome .
Tran Circumstance. 1 non Pro: mental Cir. 2
Mood Adjunct. 1 Subject Fin Pre Adj. 2
249
Residue Mood
Theme Theme (marked) Rheme
153. The most convincing evidence for continental drift came from greatly refined rock matches between now-separated continents.
The most convincing evidence for continent
came from greatly refined rock matches between now-separated continents.
drift
Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Attribute Subject Fin Pre Adjunct
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
154. If continents are fitted together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, 155. the “picture”
should match from piece to piece.
If | continents | are | fitted | together the should | match from like “picture” piece to pieces of piece.
jigsaw
puzzle,
Transitivity Goal Pro: Cir. 1 Actor. 2 Pro: material Cir. 2material
Mood Sub. 1 Fin | Pre Adj. 1 Sub. 2 Fin Pre Adj. 2 Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2 Theme Theme (marked) Rheme
156. The matches between South America and Africa are particularly striking.
The matches between are particularly striking.
South America and Africa
Transitivity Carrier Pro: Circumstance Attributerelational
Mood Subject Fin | Pre Adjunct Complement
Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
157. Some distinctive rock contacts extend out to sea along the shore of Africa.
Some distinctive rock extent out to sea along the shore of Africa
contacts
Transitivity Actor Pro: material Circumstance
Subject Fin Pre Adjunct
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
158. If the two continents are fitted together, 159. the identical contacts are found in precisely the right position on the shore of South America (figure 19.11).
If the two are | fitted | together, the are | found in precisely the continents identical right position on
contacts the shore of South
America.
tt Pro: : Pro: R
Transitivity Goal R Cir.1 | Pheno Cir. 2material mental
Mood Sub. 1 Fin | Pre | Adj.1 | Sub.2 | Fin | Pre Adj. 2
00 Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2
Theme Theme (marked) Rheme
160. Isotopic ages of rocks also match between these continents.
250
Isotopic ages of rocks also matches between these continents.
Transitivity Actor Cir. 1 | Pro: material Cir. 2 Subject Adj.1 | Fin Pre Adj. 2
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
161. Glacial striations show 162. that during the late Paleozoic Era continental glaciers moved from Africa toward the present Atlantic Ocean,
Glacial show that | during | continent | moved from Africa
striations the late | glaciers toward the
Paleozoic present Atlantic Era Ocean,
eyes Pro: . Pro: .
Transitivity Sayer verbal Cir. 1 Actor material Cir. 2
Sub.l | Fin | Pre Adj.1_| Sub.2 | Fin | Pre Adj. 2
Mood Mood. 1 Residue 1 Restaue- Mood. 2 Residue. 2
Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
163. while similar glaciers seemingly moved from the Atlantic Ocean onto South America (figure 19.11).
while similar | seemingly moved from the Atlantic Ocean onto glaciers South America
Transitivity Actor Cir. 1 Pro: material Cir. 2
Subject Adj. 1 Fin Pre Adj. 2
Mood Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
164. Continental glaciers, however, cannot move from sea onto land.
Continent | however, cannot move from sea onto land.
glaciers,
Transitivity Actor Pro: material Circumstance
Subject Fin Pre Adjunct
Mood Mood Residue
Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
165. If the two continents had been joined together, 166. the ice that moved off Africa could have been the ice that moved onto South America.
If | the two has been joined | together | the ice could have been | the ice that
continents that moved onto South
moved off America Africa
Transitivity Goal Pro: material Cir. Carrier Pro: relational Attribute Mood Sub. 1 Fin Pre Adj. Sub. 2 Fin Pre Comp.
Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2
Theme Theme (marked) Rheme
167. This hypothesis has now been confirmed; 168. from their lithology, many of the boulders in South America still have been traced to a source that is now in
Africa.
This
hypothesis
has
now
confirmed; from their
many of | still the
have | traced been
to a source
that
251
been lithology, | boulders is now in Africa in South
America
Transitivity | Phenomenon Pro: verbal Cir. 1 Goal Cir. Pro: Cir. 32 material
. : Adj. ‘i .
Mood Sub. 1 Fin Pre Adj.1 Sub. 2 2 Fin Pre Adj. 3 Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2 Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
169. Some of the most detailed matches have been made between rocks in Brazil and rocks in the African country of Gabon.
Some of the most have made between rocks in Brazil and rocks in detailed matches been the African country of Garbon
Transitivity Goal Pro: material Circumstance Subject Fin Pre Adjunct
Mood Mood Residue
Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
170. These rocks are similar in type, structure, sequence, fossils, ages, and degree of metamorphism.
These rocks are similar in type, structure, sequence, fossils, ages, and degree of
metamorphism.
Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Attribute Circumstance Mood Subject Fin Pre Complement Adjunct
Mood Residue Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
171. Such detailed matches are convincing evidence that continental drift did, in fact, take place.
Such detailed are convincing evidence that continent drift did,
matches in fact, take place.
Transitivity Carrier Pro: Attributerelational
Subject Fin Pre Complement
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme Rheme(unmarked)
172. There is also an abundance of satellite geodetic data from the Global Positioning Satellite system (GPS)
There us also an abundance of satellite geodetic data
from the Global
Positioning Satellite system (GPS)
Transitivity Pro:
existential Existent Circumstance 252
Subject Fin | Pre Complement Adjunct
Mood Mood Residue
Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
173. so we can now watch the continents move—it is about as eventful as watching your fingernails grow!
SO we can watch the move- it is about as eventful now continents as watching
your fingernails grow
Transitivity Senser Pro: mental Actor Pro: Circumstance
material
Mood Sub. 1 Fin Pre Sub.2 | Fin | Pre Adjunct
Mood. 1 Residue. Mood. 2 Residue. 2
1
Theme Theme Rheme (unmarked)
History of Continental Positions
174. Rock matches show 175. when continents were together;
Rock show when continents were together,
matches
Tran Sayer Pro: Cir. 1 Carrier Pro: relational Attributeverbal
Fi R :
Mood Sub. 1 n Pre Adj.1 Sub. 2 Fin Pre Complement Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2
Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
176. once the continents split, 177. the new rocks formed are dissimilar.
once the split, the new are similar continents rocks formed
Tran Actor Pro: Carrier Pro: Attributematerial relational
Mood Sub. 1 Fin | Pre Sub. 2 Fin Pre Comp.
Mood. 1 Re Mood. 2 Residue. 2
Theme Theme (marked) Rheme
178. Paleomagnetic evidence indicates the direction and rate of drift, 179. allowing maps of old continental positions, such as figure 19.2, to be drawn.
Paleomagnetic | indicates the allowing | maps of old to be
evidence direction continental drawn.
and rate positions, of drift, such as
figure 19.2
eyes Pro: Verbiage. | Pro: Verbiage. : Transitivity Sayer verbal 1 verbal | 2 Cir.
Mood Sub. 1 Fin | Pre | Comp.1 Now fin Comp. 2 Adj.
253