I. Tectonics is the study of the origin and arrangement of the broad structural features of Earth’s surface, including not only folds and faults, but also mountain
50. Crossbedded sandstones can indicate ancient deserts near 30° North and 30°
South latitude.
Crossbedded can indicate ancient near 30° North and 30° South
sandstones desert latitude.
Transitivity Sayer Pro: verbal Verbiage Circumstance : : Complement :
Mood Subject Fin Pre Adjunct
Mood Residue
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51. If ancient climate had the same distribution on Earth that modern climates have,
If | ancient had the same distribution on Earth climate that modern climate have,
Transitivity Carrier Pro: Attributerelational
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Theme
Theme (marked) Rheme
52. then sedimentary rocks can show 53. where the ancient poles and Equator were located.
then sedimentary | can | show | where the were located
rocks ancient poles
and
Equator
Transitivity Sayer Pro: Cir. | Existent Pro: existentialverbal
Mood Sub. 1 Fin | Pre | Adj. | Sub. 2 Fin Pre Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Res. 2 Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
54. Wegener determined the positions of the North and South Poles for each geologic period.
Wegener determined the positions of the | for each geologic period.
North and South Poles
Transitivity Senser Pro: mental Phenomenon Circumstance Subject Fin Pre Complement Adjunct
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55. He found 56. that ancient poles were in different positions than the present poles (figure 19.5A).
233
He found that | ancient were in different positions
poles than
the present poles (figure 19.5)
eyes Pro: : Pro: :
Transitivity Senser Existent . : Circumstance mental existential
Mood Sub. 1 Fin | Pre Sub.2 | Fin | Pre Adjunct
°° Mood. 1 Residue. 1 | Mood.2 Residue. 2
Theme
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57. This apparent movement of the poles he called polar wandering. 58. Polar wandering, however, is a deceptive term.
This apparent movement of the poles however, is a deceptive term.
he calledpolar wandering. Polar wandering,
Trans Carrier Pro: Attributerelational
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59. The evidence can actually be explained in the following ways:
The evidence can actually | explained | in the following ways:
Transitivity Verbiage ” Pro: verbal Circumstance
Mood Subject Ta Fin Pre ET NG
Theme (unmarke d) Rheme
60. The continents remained motionless 61. and the polea actually did move-polar wandering (figure 19.5A).
The remained | motionless | and | actually did move-polar
continents the wandering (figure polea 19.5)
Transitivity Carrier Pro: Attribute | Actor Cir. Pro: Goal relational material
Mood Sub. 1 Fin | Pre Comp. 1 Sub. 2 Adj. Fin | Pre Comp. 2
Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2 Theme Theme Rheme
(unmarked)
62. The poles stood still 63. and the continents moved—continental drift (figure 19.5B).
The poles stood still and the moved- continental continents drift (figure
19.5 B)
Transitivity | Carrier. 1 Pro: Attribute Actor Pro: Goal relational 1 material
234
Mood Sub. 1 Fin | Pre | Comp. 1 Sub.2 | Fin| Pre | Comp.2 Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2
Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
64. Both occur—this is the most likely scenario.
Both occur this is most scenario
likely
Transitivity | Existent Pro: . Identified Pro: Cir. Identifierexistential relational
Sub. 1 Fin Pre Sub. 2 | Fin | Pre | Adjunct Complement
Mood Mood Residue Mood Residue
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65. Wegener plotted curves of apparent polar wandering (figure 19.6).
Wegener plotted curves of apparent polar wandering
Transitivity Actor Pro: material Goal
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66. Since one interpretation of polar wandering data was 67. that the continents moved,
Since one interpretation was that the continent | moved of polar wandering
data
Transitivity Carrier Pro: Actor Pro:relational material Mood Sub. 1 Fin | Pre Sub. 2 n Pre. Fi
Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Res. 2 Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
68. Wegener believed 69. that this supported his concept of continental drift.
Wegener believed that this supported his concept of
continental drift.
Transitivity Senser Pro: mental Actor Pro: Goalmaterial
Mood Sub. 1 Fin | Pre Sub. 2 | Fin | Pre Complement
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Theme (unmarked) Rheme
Skepticism about Continental Drift
70. Although Wegener presented the best case possible in the early 1900s for continental drift, 71. much of his evidence was not clearcut.
235
Although | Wegener | presented | the best | in the for much of | was not clear case early | continental his cut
possible | 1900s drift, evidence
Tran Actor Pro: Goal Cir.1 Cir. 2 Carrier Pro: Attributematerial relational
Sub.1 | Fin | Pre Comp. Ad Adj. 2 Sub.2 | Fin | Pre Comp. 2
Mood Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
72. The presence of land-dwelling reptiles throughout the scattered continents was explained by land bridges, which were postulated to somehow rise up from the sea floor and then subside again.
The presence of land- dwelling
replites throughout the scattered continents
was explained by land bridges, which were postulated to somehow rise up
from the sea floor and then subside again.
Transitivity Verbiage Pro: verbal Circumstance Subject Fin Pre Complement
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
73. The existence or nonexistence of land bridges was difficult to prove without data on the topography of the sea floor.
The existence or
nonexistence of land
was difficult to prove without data on the topography of the sea floor
bridges
Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Attribute
Subject Fin Pre
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
74. Also, fossil plants could have been spread from one continent to another by winds or ocean currents.
Also, fossil could have |_ spread from one by winds or ocean plants been continent currents
to another
Transitivity Goal Pro: material Cir. 1 Cir. 2
Subject Fin Pre Adj. 1 Adj. 2 M hood Mood Residue
Theme
Theme (marked) Rheme
75. Their distribution over more than one continent does not require 76. that the continents were all joined in the supercontinent, Pangaea.
Their does | require | that the were all in the supercontinent, distribution | not continents joined Pangaea.
over more
than one
continent
Transitivity Actor Pro: Goal Pro: Cir. material material
236
Mood Sub. 1 Fin | Pre Sub.2 | Fin | Pre Adj.
00 Mood. 1 Residue. 1 Mood. 2 Residue. 2
Theme
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77. In addition, polar wandering might have been caused by moving poles rather than by moving continents.
In addition, polar might caused by moving poles rather than
wandering have by moving continents
been
Transitivity Goal Pro: material Circumstance Mood Subject Fin Pre Adjunct
Mood Residue
Theme Theme Rheme(marked)
78. Because his evidence was not conclusive, 79. Wegener’s ideas were not widely accepted.
Because his was not | conclusive, Wegener's were | widely accepted evidence ideas not
Tran Carrier Pro: Attribute | Phenomenon Pro: Cir. Pro: mentalrelational mental
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80. This was particularly true in the United States, largely because of the mechanism Wegener proposed for continental drift.
This was particularly true in the largely because of the United mechanism Wegener
States, proposed for continental
drift
Tran Carrier Pro: Cir. 1 Attribute Cir. 2 Cir. 3
relational
Mood Sub. 1 Fin | Pre Adj. 1 Comp. 1 Adj. 2 Adj. 3 Mood Residue
Theme Theme Rheme (unmarke
d)
81. Wegener proposed 82. that continents plowed through the oceanic crust
(figure 19.7), perhaps crumpling up mountain ranges on the leading edges of the continents where they pushed against the sea floor.
Wegener proposed that continents plowed through the
oceanic crust,
perhaps
crumpling up
mountain ranges
on the leading edges of the
continents where they pushed
against the sea floor.
237
Transitivity Actor. 1 Pro: material Actor. 2 Pro: Circumstancematerial
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Theme (unmarked) Rheme
83. Most geologists in the United States thought 84. that this idea violated what was known about the strength of rocks at the time.
Most thought | that this violated what was known about
geologists in idea the strength of rock at the the United time
States
eyes Pro: R
Transitivity Senser Actor | Pro: material Goal
mental
Mood Sub. 1 " Pre Sub.2 | Fin Pre Complement
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Theme
Theme (unmarked) Rheme
85.The driving mechanism proposed by Wegener for continental drift was a combination of centrifugal force from Earth’s rotation and the gravitational forces that cause tides.
The driving mechanism proposed by Wegener
for continent drift
was a combination of centrifugal force from
Earth’s rotation and the gravitation forces that cause tides
Transitivity Carrier Pro: relational Attribute
Sub. 1 Fin Pre Complement
Mood Mood Residue
Theme Theme (unmarked) Rheme
86. Careful calculations of these forces showed them to be too small to move continents.
Careful calculation showed them to be too small to move of these forces continents
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Theme
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238
87. Because of these objections, Wegener’s ideas received little support in the United