JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE DOI 10 18173/2354 1075 2016 0017 Educalional Sci, 2016, Vo! 61 No I pp 146 154 This paper is available online at htip''''//stdb hnue edu vn BIEN PHAP TAO HlJNG THU HOC TAP CHO[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educalional Sci, 2016, Vo! 61 No I pp 146-154 This paper is available online at htip'//stdb hnue.edu.vn DOI: 10.18173/2354-1075.2016-0017 BIEN PHAP TAO HlJNG THU HOC TAP CHO HOC SINH TRONG DAY HOC MON Mi THUAT T R U N G TRUNG HOC CO S d Nguyen Thu Tuan Khoa Nghi thudt, Trudng Dgi hoc Su phgm Hd Ngi Tom tat Lam ihl nao de khdi day dudc hffng Ihu hpc tap, khdi diiy dtfde khii nang siing tao cung nhu hoat dong tich ctfe, dpc lap cua hpc sinh qua trinh hoc mon MT Ihuat trtfdng Trung hpc cd sd la mot nhffng nhiem vu quan trgng ciia ngtfbi giiio vien Bai viel de cap mgt s6 vin dl li luan ve hffng thii hpc tap, cac bien phap Iao htfng thu va nilm say me de hgc sinh phat huy dtfde tinh sang tao cua minh Ihong qua mon hoc MI Ihuiit Tti khda: Htfng thii hoc tiip; Hffng thu sang tao; MT thuat Mb dau Mot nhffng quan diem chu dao cua viec ddi mdi phtfdng phdp day hgc (PPDH) hien la phdt huy tfnh tfch etfc Irong boat dpng nhan thffc cua ngffbi hpe Day hgc (DH) muon co hieu qua, nhit thilt pbai dtfde td chffc cho hgc sinb (HS) thtfc stf hoat ddng mdi trtfbng cd sff Iffdng tac giffa tbay vbi irb, giffa cd nhan vdi cd nhan, giffa ea nhan vbi lap the Tat ca nhflng hoat dgng chi thtfc stf dat dtfde hflng thu hgt tap (HTHT) va nhu cau nhan Ihffc cua ngffbi hpc da dtfde khdi day Hffng thu cd vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi boat ddng eua ea nhan, ddc biet la hoai ddng nhan ihffc ndi chung va boat ddng hge tap ndi rieng Da cd rit nhilu edng trinh khoa hgc tren the gidi cung nhtf d Viet Nam nghien effu ve hffng thu va HTHT d cdc tudi va cdc cap hgc khac Nhffng nghien effu da diln gin day nhffng eho din hien nd van edn nguyen gidtfj ca vl li luan va Ihtfc tien anh htfdng eua xa hdi - nhit la cdc phtfdng lien iruyin thong va nhu ciu nhan Itfc da Iam thay doi hflng thff cua HS [5] O Viet Nam cd nhieu cong trinh nghien cflu vl hffng tbu efla eae nha tam li hgc nhfl: Pham Minh Hac, Pham Ttt Dong, Ha Nhat Thang, Trin Trgng Thuy, Nguyin Quang Uan, Nguyin Xuan Thffc, Pham Hoiing Gia Nhom tac gia Pham Minh Hae, Pham Hoang Gia, Trin Trong Thuy [3] nghien cflu dac diem nhiin each cua Iffa tudi thilu nien cho ring: hffng thfl cua cac em thien ve hiinh tjgng thffc tiln hdn la nhan thffc li thuylt; ddng thbi hffng thd eua cdc em mang tfnh chat bay bdng, cao xa chff khdng thiet thffc, khdng sat vdi yeu ciu boat dgng cua ban than De din dan dtfa cac em tdi chd cd bffng thfl vdi nhflng van dl If luan, chung ta phai dfla cdc em vao hoai dgng cu the Kel qua nghi&i cffu cua lac gia Pham Tat Dong [2] da coi hffng thu nhff la mgt ylu to de hinh nang lUe kT thuat eho HS phd thdng; coi ham mudn hgc, tbi'cb thfl hgc la dieu kien tien quyet de hinh kT nang, kT xao Ngiiy nhan bai 8/9/2015 Ngay nhan dang: 2/2/2016 Lien he: Nguyen Thu Tudn, e-mail thuiuan dhsphn®gmail,com W^ Bien phdp Igo hdng ihii hetc tap tho hot sinh trtmg dgy heic mdn Mi thudi Theo tae gia Nguyen Quang Uan [13] th! hflng thu la mdt thiinh td he thdng nhflng ddng Iuc quy dmh tfnh lfch etfc hoat dong eua ca nhan va quy dinh stf ltfa chgn thai cua nd Hflng thfl bieu hien d stf tap Irung y chf cao dd, stf me say hap dan bdi ngi dung hoai ddng, d bl rgng va be sau cua stf thfch thu Hffng Ihfl Iam sinh khat vgng hanh dong, Iam tang hieu qua cua hoat dong nhan thfle, tang sfle lam viec «i I Nhfl vay, cac nha tam Ii hoc Viet Nam da coi hffng thu nhu la mot dpng lUe de phdt trien vil hinh nhan cdch cua ngUbi Trong hge tap, hffng thu phal trien theo Iffa tudi HS va viee djnh htfdng htfng thfl se giffp cdc em cd dong cd lanh manh, say me hoat ddng vd chiem linh Ui thffc Ro rang, viec nghien cffu phal irien hffng thfl cua HS irong qua trinh hgc tap se gop phan giup ngUbi hgc phat trien toan dien ve nhan each, kfch thi'cb cac em say me hoat ddng, tim hieu khoa hoc Theo quan diem cua chflng tdi, viec hinh va phat trien HTHT cho HS vffa la muc dich, vfla la nhiem vu quan cua mgi giao vien (GV) qud trinh DH Mudn HS hoe tap tot, cdng hgc tap, GV phai biel tao hflng thu va nilm say me de cdc em phdt huy dtfde tinh sang tao cua minh Trong DH MT Ihuat (MT) d irtfdng phd thdng ndi ehung va Trung hge ed sd (THCS) ndi rieng, dilu quan trgng nhat la phai khdi day dtfde d HS long ham thich tdi hien mdt dl tai ma cac em yeu thfch Khi HS da hflng thfl, da ttf y thflc dtfde nhiem vu htic tap, ngubi hgc se ttf dat minh vao trang thai san sang hoat dgng Khi ed hflng thu, HS se say me vdi mdn hge, se Itf tin, chu dgng chilm ITnh kien thfle mdi, se tfch etfc va sdng tao giai quylt cac nhiem vu hgc tap Cd the ndi, HTHT la dilu kien tit ylu de mdi HS phdt huy tinh tfch ctfe, ehu dgng va Iff giac cua minh qua trinh hgc tap [8] Vi nhflng li dd, chung tdi dat van de nghien eflu hflng thu hoc lap cho HS DH mdn MT d trudng THCS vbi hai muc tieu: I) HTHT va nhffng bieu hien de ddnh gia ve HTHT cfla HS, 2) Bien phap tao bffng ihu cbo HS qua trinh day MT d Irflbng THCS; tff dd giup HS tfeh etfc hgc tap va bgc lap cd kit qua cao Noi dung nghien cihi 2.1 Mot so van de li luan ve HTHT 2.1.1 Khai niem HTHT * Hffng thfl la vin de dffbc nghien cffu nhieu tam If hgt Tuy nhien, hien van dang tdn tai nhilu each tiep can va quan mem khac ve hflng Ihfl Trong bai vilt nay, chung toi sff dung khai niem cua tac gia Nguyin Quang Uan va eac cong stf: "Hffng Ihfl la thai dac biet cua ca nhan ddi vbi ddi tffdng ndd dd, vfla cd y nghla ddi vdi cube sdng, vfla ed kha nang mang Iai khoai cam cho ca nhan qua trinh boat dong" [4; tr 111 ] Khai niem vfla neu dtfde ban chit cua hffng thu, vffa gan bffng thu vdi boat ddng cua ca nhan Theo tac gia Vffdng Huy Tbg [II], mgt stf vat/ hien Iffdng niio dd chi cd the Ird Ihanh ddi Mdng Clia bffng thu chung thda man ddng thbi hai dilu kien sau day: - Cd y nghTa vdi cugc sdng cua ca nhan Dilu kien quyet djnh din stf nhan thfle, ddi ttfdng nao cang cd y nghTa Idn ddi vdi cudc sdng cua ca nhan thi cang de dang tao hflng thu Muon hinh hffng thu, thu the phai nhan thffc rd y nghTa cua ddi ttfdng vdi cugc song cua rninh, nlu nhan thfle cang sau sac va diy du thi ciing dat nen mdng vffng chat cho sff hinh va phat trien cua hffng thu - Cd kha nang mang lai khoai cam cho ea nhan Khodi cam sinh qua Irinh hoat dgng vdi ddi tfldng, ddng thbi khoai cam cd tac dung thuc day ca nhan tfch ctfe boat dgng Diltf dd chflng id hflng thu cbi cd the hinh va phat trien qua trinh boat dgng cfla ca nhan Nguyen Thu Tuin Bien phap quan trgng nhat, ehfl ylu nhat de gay hffng thfl la to chffc hoat dgng, qua trinh boat dgng va bang hoat ddng vdi ddi ttfdng, mdi cd the nang cao dtfde hflng thu cua ca nhan * Hffng thfl hpc tap: Hgc tap la mdt qua trinh nhan thflc dae biet Qua trinb niiy ed muc dfch, ed ddi ttfdng rd rimg, dtfde id chffc, dtfde dieu khien bdi ngffbi GV Vi vay, HTHT la mot dang cu the eua hffng thff nhan thffc (hflng thu nhan thffc Irong pham vi DH va giao due) 2.1.2 Vai tro cua HTHT Cdc nha nghien cffu tiim li hpc cho rang, hffng thu la thdi dac biet cua ea nhan ddi vdi ddi ttfdng nao dd; nd ed vai trd quan Irong ddi sdng va ed kha niing mang lai khodi cam cii nhan qua trinb hoat ddng Hffng thu bieu hien trffdc het d stf tap trung ehfl y eao dp, stf say me cua chu the htiat dgng va gan lien vdi tlnh cam eon ngtfdi Trong bit cff edng viec gl, neu co hffng thfl lam viee, eon ngtfdi se sinh khat vgng hanh ddng mdt each cd sang tao Ngtfdc Iai, neu khong cd hflng thfl, ngtfbi cung se khdng dem lai hieu qua cao bat efl hoat dong gi - nhat la eae boat dpng nhan thffc, sang Iao va tham chi xuat hien cam xflc tieu ctfe [9] Trong hgc tap, hffng thu giup cho ngffbi hgc nam bat tri thffc nhanh hdn, sau sac hdn, no lam khdi day Idng ngtfbi hoc stf khat vgng va Idng say me nhan thffc Cd hffng thu nhan thffc, ngtfbi hgc se htfdng loan bd stf ehu y cua minh vao ddi ttfdng nhan thffc Hffng thu se liim eho ngtfbi hgc trd nen nhay ben va lmh hoat, ghi nhd nhanh va chfnh xdc hdn, Itf tfeh ctfe vii sang tao hdn hoat dgng hge tap eua minb Dieu dd tat yeu dtf a din ket qua hgc tap se tdt hbn [10] Doi vdi HS, viec hinh nang lire phu thuge vao nhieu yeu Id, irong dd hffng thff eua HS doi vdi mdn hgc la rat quan Hffng thu gdp phan khdng nhd de tao sang tao, va sang tao Iai thfle day hffng thu mdi Trong qua trinh DH MT, viec khdi day HTHT cho HS la vo cung cin thiet - bdi dd chi'nh la dgng Itfc thflc day y ehi, giflp HS vtfdn len lam chu kiln thfle efla minh va dat kit qua cao qua trinh hoe tap Khi HS da bffng thfl vdi mdt van de nao dd thi cae em se tich etfc tim hieu, nghien eflu de chiem ITnh nd, cac em se nd ltfc phan dau vdi mpl niem vui, niem tin, hflng khdi va cam thay sung sUdng dat dtfde mdt tich nao dd hoc tap Khi co HTHT, tinh than HS cang phan chin, hgc tap khdng biet met mdi, cang hgc cang cam thiy hu'ng thfl, Iau dan, hgc tap se trd mdt nhu cau eua HS cupc sdng Dieu dd xay nhfl mdt phan xa day chuyen rat ttf nhien va trtfc tiep ma khdng can mol tdc dgng trung gian nao Khi tre khdng mudn hge, khong cd hflng thu ttf gidc hgc Ia bdi viee hgc da Ird ap Itfc nang ne ddi vdi tre Cho du GV ed dau tff viio bai day, cd ddi mdi PPDH den miy, nlu khdng cd stf say me, hflng thu cua HS tbi gib hgc cung khong cd ket qua eao Ngtfdc Iai, neu ed HTHT, HS se tfeh ctfe, ehu dgng, sang tao irong hgc lap Nhtf vay, de qua trinh DH MT tren Idp dat hieu qua eao, GV can tao dffdc hffng Ihu chd HS gib hpc bang viec GV bilt dieu chinh hbp li ngi dung, phtfdng phap, phtfdng tien, hinh thflc td ehfle, each kiem tra, danh gia v.v se tao nen d HS stf htfng thfl, xuc cam doi vdi bai hge va de Iai cac em nhflng in tffdng sau sac khdng bao gib phai mb; ddng thbi nd cung lit chat xuc tae rat quan trgng viec ehuyen kien thffc Ihanh thai do, niem tin va dao dffc ndi chung [6] 2.2 Bien phap tao HTHT cho HS DH mon MT d trtfbng THCS Dtfa vao dac diem tam - sinh li cua HS, dtfa vao ddc diem mdn MT THCS, chung tdi de xuat cac bien phap nhdm tao HTHT eho HS DH mdn MT; 2.2.1 Lira chon PPDH va hinh thiic to chiic DH theo htfdng phat trien HTHT cho HS Ltfa chgn PPDH va hinh thffc td chffc DH eho HS la nhim khai thac het eac ylu id gay HTHT cho HS, Iam cho eac em thay dtfde viec hpe cac ndi dung cua mdn MT cd y nghTa rat Idn ddi vdi cugc sdng eua cac em Ltfa chgn PPDH dtfde ihtfc hien de htfdng tdi muc tieu loi da hda Bien phdp tgo thu he>c lap eho hetc smh Iremg dgy hgc mem Mi ihudt boat dong eua HS tham gia vao qua trinh DH Muc tieu se dai dtftlc GV sff dung Iinh boat cdc PPDH khac (nhtf phtfdng pbap dam thoai, phtfdng phap thdo luan, phtfdng phap giai quyet van de ) hoac phdi hdp cdc PPDH khac mol bai hge [ 11 ] Viec itfa chgn PPDH nao la thudc vao mue tieu va noi dung cua bai hgc dd Viec ltfa chgn PPDH phai dffdc kit hdp vdl Iffa chpn hinh thffc td chtfc DH thi mdi phu hdp va lam cho bai hoc cd kit qua tdt nhat Vdi quan die'm ltfa ebon PPDH va hinh ihffc td chffc DH theo htfdng phat trien HTHT cho HS ihl hinh thffc td ehfle DH mon MT d irtfbng THCS hdp If hdn ca la hinh Ihffc td chflc DH theo nhdm Td chflc DH theo nhdm cd the iiln hanh dfldi cdc hinh thffc nhtf nghien cu'u theo nhdm hgc nhdm, Ihao Iuan theo nhdm Tuy theo noi dung va muc tieu dat cua DH theo nhdm, GV se chgn hinh thfle td chflc DH thich hdp De trien khai DH theo nhdm dffgc thuan lgi, viec tbill ke phdng hpe eung phai thay doi mot cdch hbp If (chu ylu la sap xep chd ngdi cua HS cho phu hdp vdi each Irao ddi Ihao luan bai) Ngoai viec sfl dung hinh thffc DH theo nhom, mdt hinh thffc khac la hoat ddng ngoai khda bang viee td chffc cho HS hoat dgng Iheo kieu vfla hoc vffa vui chdi Day la mgt hinh thfle to ehffe DH ft dfldc GV MT THCS sfl dung eac phan mdn MT Caeh id ehflc vffa ggn nhe lai khong tdn kem, de thtfc hien ma hieu qua lai cao 2.2.2 Dtfa tinh huong co van de de tao hu'ng thii, kich thich ttf sang tao cua HS MT thuat la mgt boat ddng nghe thuat ma d tre nhd cd nhffng tiem nang sang tao nhat dinh Y nghi thd eua tre cd the dem lai mot y ttfdng ma nhilu ngtfdi ldn khdng nghT Mac dfl tre chtfa cd kT nang tao hinh dieu luyen eung nhtf hie'u bill vl cudc sdng xung quanh han che nhffng nhflng dubng net ngd nghTnh, nhffng khdm pha bit ngd cd lai tao nen mot tac pham nghe thuat mang nhilu y nghia Vi vay, lam Ihl nao de khdi day dtfde hffng thfl, khdi day dffdc kha nang sang tao cung nhtf boat ddng tfeh ctfe, doc lap d tre la mgt nhflng nhiem vu quan trgng cua qua trinh DH MT Xay dtfng tinh hudng cd van de la mpt khau quan eua qud trinh DH Nlu thilu nd thi qud trinh tu sang tao khdng the khdi phdt dtfde Thtfc hien DH theo phtfdng phap neu va giai quyet van de, HS vfla nam dtfde, hieu dUdc tri thffc mdi, vffa nam dtfde each ITnh hgi In thflc dd, phdt trien dtfde tfl tich cffc, ehu dgng, sang tao, dflde chuan bj nang luc thfch ffng vbi dbi sdng xa hpi, phat hien kjp thbi va giai quyet hdp If cac vin dl smh Ve cb ban, HS dang tap trung ve, GV khdng nen ndi thay cac em GV can khuyin khfch stf suy nghT dgc lap ciia HS, khong nen dp dat y kien cua minh hay efla ngtfdi khae cho HS; nen chap nhan nhflng y kiln khac nhau, tham chf Irdi ngfldc nhau, va hoan nghenh viee tranh luan gifla HS vdi HS, giffa GV va HS Mudn tao dtfde khdng khf soi ndi gid boc va cudn hut dtfde HS thi GV phai bill neu len cac tinh hudng ed vin de bai day Hieu qua cfla tinh hudng cd vin de la d chd nd cd tac ddng tdi HS: giup cat em ed dtfde ttf kboa hoc, ttf sang tao, ddng Ihdi cd nhffng cam xflc tham mi vl tae pham MT mil GV gibi thieu Mudn phai huy tinh tich etfc sang tao eua HS sudt gib hgc, GV phdi tao dtfde mgt he thdng iinh hudng cd vin dl Mdi tinh hudng cd mot vi trf nhat djnh phfl hdp vbi ngi dung bai hgc va phu hdp vbi tflng ddi ttfdng HS cua ldp hge Tmh hudng Irtfdc la ed sd efla tinh hudng sau, tlnh hudng sau la sff phdt Irien tiep tue, la kll qua cua tinh hudng irUde Theo kinh nghiem cua ehflng tdi, HS rat hffng thu vdl nhflng tinh hudng cd van de, cac em hang hai phdt bieu de dtfa y kien, quan diem cua minh, (J day, GV khdng cbi tao hflng thu, kfch thfeh Itf cua HS ma cdn gdp phin hinh d eac em kT nang sdng, cd ban ITnh ddi mat vbi nhflng van dl dang dat cudc sdng Nguyen Thu Tuan 2.2.3 Sd dung cac phtfdng tien DH nham kich thi'eh niem say me va kha nang sang tao cuaHS * Thtfc te DH MT d irtfdng phd thdng ndi chung va THCS ndi rieng cho thay, viec xiiy dtfng tinh hudng cd van de se gap nhieu khd khan nlu khdng cd nhflng phfldng tien day hgc (PTDH) can thilt Mot PTDH de Iham gia vao viee xay dtfng tlnh hudng ed van de cin phai thda man nhffng yeu cau sau: - Tao dtfde mau thuan eua thong tin - Mau thuan phai kfch thfeh hffng thu eua HS ddi vdi van de nghien ctfu - Mau thuan phai dam bao tfnh vffa sffc cua HS De xdc dinh dtfde each thffc sff dung PTDH nham xay dtfng linh huong cd van de, phai bat diu Iff stf phan tfch noi dung kiln thffc dtfde quy dinh sach giao khoa (SGK) Kiln thffc trinh biiy SGK bao gid cung chffa dtfng nhflng mau thuan giffa cac van de ma HS da bilt va nhflng van de mdi ma HS se hoc Sau nhin nhan dtfde mau thuan, cdc PTDH - vdi ttf each la phtfdng tien Ihdng Un, phai dtfde sff dung sad ehd hai vl efla mau Ihuan xfch lai gan De lao mau thuan nhan thffc, khdng phai la mdt qua Irinh ddn gian Dieu dang chff y la irong qua trinh viec sfl dung PTDH phai gan hen vbi lbi giai thi'cb efla GV Cach tao hflng thu d npi dung nhtf sau' PTDH phai tao mau thuan gifla kiln thflc mdi va kien thflc cu Nhtfng neu nhffng mau Ihuan cht ldn tai nhtf mol khdch the doi vbi HS thi no chtfa the ird dgng ltfc cua qua trinh DH Mau thuan chi trd dgng ltfc cua qua irinh DH nd dtfde HS tiep nhan, irb mgt mau thuan y thffc HS - mot mau ihuan noi tai Dieu dd chi cd dtfde HS hge tap mdt each ttf giac va vdi mdt nilm hflng thu thtfc stf Hffng thii cua mgt ngtfdi ddi vdi mot stf vai, mgt hien ttfdng la stf phdn dnh thdt cua ngtfdi dd ddi vdi the gibi khach quan Nhtfng day la stf phan dnh cd chon lgc, vi the gidi ben ngoai rat da dang, ma ngtfbi chi hffng thff ddi vdi mgt sd vat the va hien ttfdng nao diy Chf nhffng vai the niio can thiet, quan trpng, co gid iri ddi vdi ea nhan - nghia la cd the thda man nhu eiu vat chit vii Iinh thiin ddi vdi ea nban Ihl mdi ed the gay hffng Ihfl Hffng Ihu cdn gan lien vdi kien thfle va kinh nghiem, gan hen vdi stf phdt irien ttfdng lai cfla ngtfbi Vl mat quan he, hflng thu chi sinh cd stf thong nhal gifla ca nhan va moi irtfbng (thi gibi khaeh quan) NbU vay, de dieu khien dtfde hffng Ihfl eua cd nhan, phai cat tao ea ban cbat ngtfbi lan mdi irtfdng ben ngoai, Iam cho hai yeu to xfch lai gan nhau, thdng nhat vdi Dd la dieu kien rat quan trpng de sinb htfng Ihu [4] * Sff dung PTDH DH MT mgt cdch hdp li se mang lai hieu qud cao, phat huy dffdc lfnh tith etfc, sang tao cua HS viec tilp Ihu ngi dung bai hge [1], Nhflng phtfdng tten ihfldng dung ehu ylu trffdc day cua GV MT la vat that, la tranh, anh, bang dia Hien nay, vdi sff phdt trien cua edng nghe thdng tin va bien dai hda cd sd vat chit tac irtfbng hoc, nhilu GV sff dung phin mgm Power Point de thiet ke, trinh bay bai day Di cung vdi gido dn dien iff, eac kenh hinh, kenh lilng dtfde sff dung da Iao dtfpc hflng thu cho HS hpe tap, Nhffng thtfde phim ttf lieu, binh anh minb hga dtfde trinh chieu tren may se thu hut dtfde stf chu y cua HS va tilt kiem Ihbi gian cho GV Tuy nhien, dilu quan irong ddi vdi DH MT khdng phai Id PTDH cd nhieu hay fl, hoanh trang hay khong hoanh trang, hien dai hay chtfa hien dai ma la viec sff dung ede phtfdng bpn dd nhtf ihl nad? Cd dung luc, dflng chd khong? Cd khai Ihdc Uiet de dtfde tinh nang, tae dung cua no hay khdng? Co dam bao dtfdt dac Iixfng cua gid day va bpc MT hay khdng*> Cd tao dtfpc hffng thu cho HS khong vd dat hieu qua eao cho gid hgc khdng? Co the khang djnh: PTDH la can thiet va quan Irong qua Irinh DH cua ngtfdi GV nhtfng nd khdng phdi la yeu td nhal de quylt dinh cong bai giang; sfl dung PTDH dat hieu qua din mtfc nao Id phu thudc vao irinh chuyen mon va nang ltfc stf pham cua Iffng GV 'h k Bien phdp lao hdng thii heic lap cho he>c sinh tremg dgy hgc mdn MT ihudl Vbi bai day Ve theo mau Lg hoa va qua (bai 11, SGK MT ldp 7), de tao hffng thu cho HS, GV CO the id chffc cho cae nhdm HS ltf chon va ttf bay mau (man da dtfde GV phan edng cho HS chuan bj tfl tilt hgc trtfdc) Qua viec GV cho HS Iham gia bay mau (mdu chung va mau cua nhdm), giup cac em bilt each tim chpn dtfde bd cue hdp If, cd tfnh tham mT eao cho bai ve eua minh, cua nhdm minh Cdch lam vfla phat huy dflde tfnh tu gide, ddc lap, sang tao hgc tap cua HS, vfla gay dUOc hffng thu decae em nang cao nhan Ihffc ve cai dep Sau cae nhdm bay mau xong, GV phan tfch nhflng Uu, nhtfdc diem cua viec bay mau dd, rdi GV dieu chinh bay lai cho dep Qua dd HS hieu dtfde: de cd mau ve dep can phai chgn mau nhtf Ihl nao'^ Cd mau dep chfla du ma can phai dat mau de ed bd cue dep? Doi vdi nhflng bai hpe diu, vi HS chtfa ed kT nang nen GV can danh nhieu thbi gian hdn cho boat dong * Vf du vl viec khdi day hflng thu cho HS qua lilt day MT dfla vao PTDH nhdm phat huy Ifnh sdng tao cua HS: Bai Ve tranh dl tai ttf (bai 17, SGK MT Ibp 6), GV cho HS ttf chgn mgt vat ma em yeu thfeh Sau phan gibi thieu md dau bai hgc, GV eho HS xem binh anh nhffng eon ga that (anb chup), phan tfch cho HS biet dtfde nhflng hffu fch cua ga, phan tfch ve dep lao hinh Iff nhien cua no, gdi cam xflc yeu thich ga tam tri eae em Tiep theo, GV eho HS xem nhffng bflc Iranh ve ve ga cdc hga sT the hien dtfdi cac gdc khac nhau, mau sac khdc (nham kich thich stf htfng phan, sang tao cua HS) Sau HS dtftlc quan sat nhflng blnh anh that vil nhffng bflc tranh cua cac hga sT ve ve ga, GV tiep tuc gia tang stf hffng thu cua cac em, kich thfch su sang tao eua eac em bang ngdn ngfl va hanh vi bieu cam cua GV, tao lap moi trtfbng hpc tap cdi md, than thien, giliu xue cam de eac em ed ed hdi dtfde giao tiep, dtfde ehia se nhffng suy nghT, nhffng y ttfdng sdng tao cung nhtf edeh bleu cam rieng efla minh, vit eac em dtfde lam viee hdp tac vdi Kit qua la: HS da ldi tad Iai cac hinh ttfdng ve eon gii mil cac em da Iri gidc dtfde theo each cam nhan, cdch bieu hien cua rieng minh Dd ehfnh lit nhflng bieu Itfgng sang tao dtfde hinh qua trinh nhan thfle trtfe lilp Iff ihdng tin GV eung cap Vdi each gdi md tao hffng thfl, gdi niem say me sdng lao cua HS tren day, cho Ihay: Ket qua bgc tap cua HS phu thudc vao "nghe thuat truyen dat" cfla GV, nhtfng quan trgng hdn ea la kha nang cam nhan cua HS Bdi le HS ed htfng Ihfl thi eac em mdi chju khd suy nghT, lim tdi va the bien bing cam xuc tbang hoa cua minh Stf phdi hdp giffa quan sat cua HS vdi trinh bay trtfc quan cd ket hbp vdi ngdn ngfl bieu cam cua GV dtfde eac nha If luan DH xem dd la dac trffng cd ban cfla PPDH dtfa vao PTDH Van dl dUde If giai la stf thdng nhil giffa cai cu the vdi cai Uffu IUdng, gifla he thdng tfn hieu thff nhat vdi he Ihdng tfn hieu thfl hai, giffa tde dong bdng hinh anh trtfc quan vdi tac dpng bang ngdn ngfl Theo tdc gia Tran Trong Thuy [12]: "HS quan sat cd mol y nghTa ti'ch cflc Tuy nhien, vin dh ma cac em ltf quan sdt Ihi hinh anh ma cdc em thu dtfde se rat mb nhat Se la ldt hdn va hieu qua hdn neu GV biet kit hdp viec Irinh bay eae PTDH eho HS quan sat vbi nhflng Idi ndi truyen cam cua GV Nhd ed Ibi ndi kit hbp vdi Irinh bay cdc PTDH ma GV dilu khien dtfde boat ddng nhan thffc cua HS" Viec GV tao dtfde nhffng hinh anh tnrc quan sinh dgng la cd sd rit quan de hinh nang ltfc ttfting Itfdng cho HS Nhff vay, ta thay: day MT khdng ddn gian la day HS kT thuat ve ma cdn phai bill ket bdp day eho HS bill cam thu ve dep cua hien thue xung quanh Neu ap dat, gd ep HS irong hoc MT se dan den khudn miu, thui chdt stf sang tao efla cac em Vi the, giang bai, GV khdng nhflng chf quan tam din PPDH cua minh (thong qua viee sff dung PTDH) ma edn phai chu y tdi phtfdng phap hge cua HS Cd nhtf vay, viec DH dffa vao PTDH mdi pbat huy dffdc tfnh sang lao cua HS 2.2.4 Tao cam xuc, htfng phan cho HS cam thu bai hoc qua Idi vao bai cua GV Trong If thuyet DH, chtfa cd yeu ciu cu the nao cho ldi vao bai cua tffng bai day, nhtfng mgi GV diu cd y thflc chuan bj lbi vao bai cho phfl bdp, cho bay de tao in tffdng dau tien ddi vdi HS kbi cac em bit dau tiep nhan bai hoc Ldi vao bai ddng vai ird vo cung quan trgng viec tao tam the cflng nhff tao tinh hudng de khdi gdi hffng thu tho HS tim hieu bai hpc Lbi vao bai khdng Nguyen Thu Tuan ehi la If de GV dffa ten bai hpc, ma ldi vao bai phai cd tdc dung tao stf rung cam ban dau cua HS ddi vdi loan bd ndi dung biii hoc [7] Day la yeu eau cd tfnh tien quyet viee thife hien ldi vao bai (cho dfl d mdi ngtfdi day cd eae mflc chuan bf khdc de lim sfl "la hda" cho lbi vito bai cho hap dan va hieu qua nhil) Vf du ve mgt y ttfdng rii hay, rat "dat" phan gidi Ihieu bai day "Me cfla em" (biii 25, SGK MT ldp 6) [7]: De tao khong khf hap dan va gay bffng Ihu eho HS tff diu tiet hoc, GV trinh chilu nhffng hinh anh ve eac boat dgng va cdng viec cua ngfldi me, kem theo nen nhac va ldi bai hdt "Ldng me" eua nhac sT Y Van (hoac bai bat "Me yeu con" cfla nhac sT Nguyen Van Ty) Sau kit thue doan bang hinh va Ibi cua bai hdt, GV dat cau hdi "Qua doan video clip vffa xem, em hay cho bill ngi dung doan bang hinh ndi ve ai?" (HS tra ldi ndi vl edng Iao to Idn eua ngtfdi me day dd nen ngtfbi) Sau dd, GV lai tilp mc gia tang tao cdm xffc, lao hffng phan eho HS cam thu bai hoc qua Ibi vao bai hap dan ket hdp vdi ldi ndi iruyen cam, sau Iang, ndi cd ngff am, ngfl dieu, ndi ed Iflc nhanh Iuc cham, kem theo mot vai hanh vi bieu cam cua GV, tren nen nhac va Ibi phu hoa nhe nhang, em dm, du dtfdng cua bai hat Irff tinh ve me - thi day se la irue quan vo cung sdng ddng, hieu qua va ed sffc thuyet phuc Idn Iao bdi nd tao dtfde rung cam Ihtfc stf Iff kiffc,trai tim eua mdi HS; nd cuon hut cae em iff nhffng giay phflt dau tien eua bai giang; no khdi gdi, khich le dtfde stf htfng phan va niem say me sang tao Irong hge tap cua eac em 2.2.5 Tao dtf vi xiic cam cho HS sau gid hgc Viec tilp nhan npi dung bai hge efla HS khdng chi kit thflc chudng bdo hit gib ma no edn trai dai suot qua irlnh ve sau - tham chf cd kbi ket thflc gib hge, HS mdi cam nhan dtfde cai hay cua bai hoc, mdi cd hffng thff thtfc stf vbi bai hoc Do dd, nhflng phut cudi efla gid hpc doi hdi stf quan tam efla GV nham Iao linh budng, gay in IUdng tdt dep eho HS ve bdi hoc dd Ket thuc gib hgc khong chi ddn thuan la cung cd noi dung bai hoc, ma GV phai md dtfde nhflng vin de mdi lien quan den cdc hoat dgng nghe thuat lien mdn, lien quan din Ihtfe tl cupc sdng cua cac em, qua dd giao due dao dtfc, gido due kT nang sdng cho HS de cac em tiep tuc tim hieu va khdm pha Thiet nghi, vdi stf tac dgng nhtf vay cua GV nham tao htfng thu cho HS ket thflc gid hge se tao kha nang sang tao rit Idn eho eac em Vi vay, GV can cd stf chuan bi chu ddo de kich thfch niem say me sang tao cua HS gid hgc MT va tao dtfde dtf am eua bai day ddi vbi cdc em 2.2.6 To chiic cac hoat dgng ngoai khoa gan bai hoc vdi dtri song de HS co cO hoi hoc lo tinh sang tao Trong cac hoat ddng DH MT, viec td ehffe cac boat ddng ngoai khda cd tac dung rat ldn doi vdi viec khdi day va kfch thfch hffng thff hgc tap, bdi dtfdng kien Ihfft cho HS GV cd the sff dung cac hinh thflc ngoai khda nhtf viet bao ttfdng, ndi chuyen ehuyen dl, hai hoa dan chu, thao luan/ tranh Iuan theo nhdm vdi ngi dung thu de dang hoc, Uen he vdi nhffng van dl ed y nghTa thiel thtfc vbi dbi sdng hien tai De viec td chffc ngoai khoa cd chat Itfdng, GV can dau Itf cdng sffc va thbi gian de ltfa chpn npi dung cho phu hdp vdi ddi ttfdng HS tflng Ibp Cd nhtf vay, boat dgng ngoai khda mdi khdi day dffdc hffng thu cua HS va kich thfch sir chfl dgng, sang tao qua irinh tiep nhan ngi dung bai hgc eua cac em, 2.3 Dieu kien de thtfc hien cac bien phap - Tao lap dtfpc cac tinh hudng cd van de Irong gib day - Tao lap dtfde cac hinh thfle DH sinh dgng gib day - Ket hdp cat PTDH vbi ngdn ngfl va hanh vi bleu cam cfla GV Biin phdp tgo thu hoe lap cho hoe sinh irong day hoe mem Mi ihudl - Kit hdp hai hda giffa viec sfl dung eac PTDH vdi cac PPDH Cu the la: - Ddi vbi GV: De khdi day dtfde d Ire long ham thfeh tai hien mdt de lai ma cdc em yeu thfeh, GV can kfch thfch, khdi gdi de eae em dtfde ndi nhflng dieu minh thfch Sau dd, GV khfch le, dgng vien cho eac em hao hflng, mong mdi dUde tai hien bang cam xuc cfla minh ddi vbi de tai ma em yeu thfch Trong gid hgc, GV pbai tao dtfde khong khf hgc tap soi ndi, HS dtfde Irao ddi, chia se nhtfng suy nghi, tinh cam eua minh vdi ban, vdi GV Xay dtfng ddng cd bpc tap tfch cu'c cbo HS la mgt nhflng vin de quan irong td chffc DH (vi lfnh ttf giac hpe lap phai bat ngudn tff ben Irong efla ehfnh ngtfdi bpc, tff nang ltfc ndi sinh cua hg) Neu HS khdng cd dgng cd hdC tap, khdng cd hflng thfl nhan thflc thi chac chin viee DH eua GV khdng the thanb cdng Viec tri va phdt trien dpng cd hoc tap cho HS phu thudc rat nhieu vao cdch GV dtfa cac hoat dpng djnb htfdng va td chtfc hoc tap nhtf the nao cho HS GV can dau tU ve thbi gian va trf Itfc eho bai soan efla minh He ihdng cdc biii tap vii cau hdi dUa phai dam bao tinh vfla sfle ve khd dot vbi HS - Ddi vdi HS: Phai nam vffng cdc muc lieu, ngi dung can dat dtfde va cd y Ihffc hoan Ihanh vdi stf no Iuc cao nhat cua ban than; cd y tbflc ttf giac cao do, bill the hien kha nang trao ddi, chia se vbi GV va cac ban Ibp Ket luan Cd the thiy rang, HTHT cd vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi qua Irinh nhan Ihtfc cua ngtfdi hpc, anh htfdng rit ldn den kit qua hge lap cua ngtfbi hgt De qua trinh DH MT tren Ibp tiat hieu qua cao, nhiem vu quan trgng cua GV la phal kfch thfch dtfdt hffng thu cua HS vdi hoat ddng hoc de dat dtfde ket qua htic tap idl nhit cd the, Mudn binh thanb va phdt trien HTHT cho HS, GV phai biet van dung, kll hdp ldi da cae each thtfc tao hffng thfl va niem say me de HS phat huy dtfpc tinh sang tao cua minh Irong mdn hpc nghe Ihual niiy TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Bg GD-DT va Dtf dn Viet Bi, 2010 Dgy vd hge lich cue - mpt so phucfng phdp vd ki ihudl DH Nxb Dai hgc Stf pham [2] Pham Tat Dong, 1977 Cdn ndng caa ndng life ki thudt cho hgc sinh phd thong Tap chf Nghien cffu giao due So 4/1997, [3] Pham Minh Hac (chu bien), 1997 Tdm li hgc Nxb Giao due [4] Pham Thfly Hdng, 2010 Mpt sd biin phdp khai ddy himg thii hgc tap cua HS vdi ldc phdm nghi ludn Tgp chi Gido due So 246, tr.46 - 48 [5] Nguydn Thi Hue, 2013 Bieu hiin himg thu hgc tap ciia HS THCS Tap chf Tam If hgc So 170, lr.23'3I [6] Duy Lap, 2008 Phdt tndn tri tudng tuong vd sdng tgo cua ire em Nxb Thanh nien [7] Dam Luyen (chfl bien) - Nguyen Qudc Toan (2002-2005) Sdch gido khoa Mi thudt THCS [8] Dtfdng Thi Quynh - Ngd Thi Tam, 2010 Mpt so bien phdp hdi dudng himg thu hge tap cho HS DH gidi bdi Todn Tap chf Giao due, Sd 229, tr,46 - 47 va 63 153 cdc ldp 6,7.8,9 Nxb Giao due Viet Nam ... thii heic lap cho he>c sinh tremg dgy hgc mdn MT ihudl Vbi bai day Ve theo mau Lg hoa va qua (bai 11, SGK MT ldp 7), de tao hffng thu cho HS, GV CO the id chffc cho cae nhdm HS ltf chon va ttf... htfng phan cho HS cam thu bai hoc qua Idi vao bai cua GV Trong If thuyet DH, chtfa cd yeu ciu cu the nao cho ldi vao bai cua tffng bai day, nhtfng mgi GV diu cd y thflc chuan bj lbi vao bai cho phfl... tao HTHT cho HS DH mon MT d trtfbng THCS Dtfa vao dac diem tam - sinh li cua HS, dtfa vao ddc diem mdn MT THCS, chung tdi de xuat cac bien phap nhdm tao HTHT eho HS DH mdn MT; 2.2.1 Lira chon PPDH