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Ul LUAN OlAO BMC BAY HgC GIAO DIIC Y M C NANG H G V A M O i T R i r f l N G HOC SINK TRONG OAY CAC MON Kl THOAT NGHE NGHIEP TS NGUYEN V A N T U A N '''' Nlng luang (NL) cd vai trd song cdn doi vdi cupc s[.]
Ul LUAN OlAO BMC BAY HgC GIAO DIIC Y M C NANG HGVAMOiTRirflNG HOC SINK TRONG OAY CAC MON Kl THOAT NGHE NGHIEP TS N G U Y E N V A N T U A N ' N l n g luang (NL) cd vai trd song cdn doi vdi cupc song eon ngudi, ndquyetdinh suton tai, phat trien va chait lupng cupc song eon ngudi Ngay nay, khung hoang NL thudng cd tac dpng rat Idn tdi kinh te va xa hpi eua eac nude tren the gidi Do vay, nhieu nude da dua van de NL vao qud'c sach • "an ninh NL" - dd'i vdi su phat trien qud'c gia Nhu cau sudung NL hien tren the gidi cung nhu d Viet Nam ed chieu hudng tang eao, nguyen nhan sutang trudng kinh te, cdng nghiep hoa cac nganh nghe, giao thdng van tai,., va nhu cau nang cao chat lupng cupc sd'ng, Nguon NL duae sudung chu yeu v l n dugc chuyen hda tu" nguyen lieu hoa thach nhu: than da, dau, tu nhien, Hien nguyen vat lieu nhudau mdva than da, tu nhien dang can kiet dan va nhijng vat lieu phe thai tuviee sudung ehung de tao dien nang, nhiel nang dang gay tai hoa cho mdi trudng song cua eon ngudi cang nghiem Mpt giai phap quan trpng la sudung cac nguon NL mdi, cuthe la N L t u nhien de bien dd'i NL dien va sudung eac vat lipu khdng tao d nhiem mdi tardng d§'bien ddi NLdien.Dong thdi khisddungndeungdldang chuyen hoa cae dang NL khac Vi vay, viec san xuat va sudung dien nang cdy nghia quan trpng chien lupt NL cua moi qud'c gia Viee ehuyen hda NL dien tu'cae dang NL khac (khdng phai la nguyen lieu hda thach) ddi hoi phai cd nhung may mdc thiet bi, cdng nghe mdi b i n g susang tao eua eon ngudi sang tao Do dd, van de dat eho day hpc cae mon KT thuat (KT) la khdng chf l^m nhiem vu trang bi cho hpe sinh (HS) he thd'ng tri thut ve KT va cac ki nang KT nhu thiet ke, che tao sd dung, sua chua ma cdn phai giao dye HS y thdc sang tao ve sudyng NL hieu qua, y thue ve mdi trudng, y thdc ve tinh kinh te,, Moi lien he giua K T , N L v a m o i trudng Trong vai thap nien trd lai day, dcae qude gia hau kT nghe phong trao 'Cong nghe xanh - Green Technobgy'da dupc cae nha khoa hpe dua len hang (ki 1-5/2023)- dau viec giai quyet d nhilm va bao ve mdi trudng vdi m ye tieu tao dung tang tn/dng kinghe, can bing moi sinh va tien bpxahol day la ba yeu to can ban de cothexay dung dupe mdtsuphattrien ben vung toan eau Mpt nhung bien phap de tien tdi muc tieu tren la lam the nao de phdng ngua d nhilm va kiem soat viec sudyng NL Mue tieu cua chieu hudng giai quyet vain de qua khai niem Cong nghe xanh gom nhieu linh vue nhu KT(xnsimbc\\\\e{\i\), cong nghe hda hoe, cong nghe thong (in Dae bi^t, linh vuc KT co the la: Phat trien ben vung b^ng nhung may mdc thiet bj than thien vcri mdi trudng, khdng lam ton hai den nguon tai nguyen thien nhien, mdi to/dng hay anh hudng nguy hai den nhiJng the he tuong lai /crdupc hieu la may mdc thiet bi(ha>/ eon goi la he thdng KT) KT la cdng cu, phuong tien san xuat, dupc taora dua tren cacquy luat tu nhien de phuc vucho cae nhu eau khac cua ngudi Ngoai ra, KT cdn diiqc hieu la toan bd hoat ddng cua ngudi lien quan den may mdc thiet bj Trong hch suphat trien eua xa hpi loai ngudi, KT da cd vai trd rait quan trpng, Mdi he thd'ng KT deu cd cac ehu'c nang nhat dinh, Chdc nang cua nd duoc xac djnh bdi cae dai luong: vat chat, NL, thong tin khong gian va thc^glan nham bien doi van ehuyen va luu tn/cae dailUdng (xem hinh 1) Hinh He thd'ng KT va chiic nang cua hi thd'ng KT ' Imng Bai hpc sir pham kl thuat TP.H6 Cbi Minli Tap chi Gido due so 309 27 KT cdng nghe NL dupc hieu he thd'ng KT (may mdc thiet bi) cd ehuc nang bien doi dau vao la cae dang NL tai tao NL dien hoae bien doi eac nguyen vat lieu it d nhilm (NL sinh khoi) NL dien, nhiet phuc vu cho nhu cau cua eon ngudi NL ed the chuyen hoa tu dang sang cac dang khac, song mpt he kin NL cd gia tri khdng ddi Trong KT cd rat nhieu hien tuong d d d dien eac qua trinh chuyen hoa NL nhU' cO nang nhiet nang; eo nang dien nang; quang nang dien nang; dien nang cac dang NL khac Mptvan de ve KT lalam the nao de van dung Dmh luat bao toan va chuyen hoa NL cho hieu qua nhat viec chuyen hda cac nguon NL tai tao dipn nang (NL tai tao la mpt nguon NL dupc xem nhu la vd tan, bao gom: NL smh khoi - blomass; NL nude - hydroxil; NL dia nhiet - geothemial; NL mat trdi solar; NL gid - wind; NL nhiet dai duang - ocean thennal; NL sdng bien - wave action va NL thuy trieu • tidal aetbn), Ttiien nhien ban tang NL tai tao cho hanh tinh ehung ta vd cung phong phii, va ddcung la nguon tai nguyen vd tan decon ngudi ed the chuyen hda NL dien, nhiet (NL sach) ma qua dd giam thai carbon, bau khdng lanh va nen van minh ben vung He thd'ng KT cd vai trd rat Idn viec bien dd\ chuyen hda dupc eac dang NL tai tao va vat lieu (biogas) dien nang hay nhiet nang can thiet eho eon ngudi, nhung dong thdi eung thai mdi tnrdng cae dang vat chait cd the ton haiden mdi tnrdng,Trong san xuait, hethong KT vdichirc nang bien ddi vatchat (hinh dang, tinh chait) va van ehuyen, luu tru'vat chat, NL, thdng tin cung deu can den nguon NL, He thd'ng KT vdi viec sudyng NL hc^ li la gdp phan vao suphat trien ben vung va la bien phap de tien tdi kiem soat viee sudung NL Giao due ve moi trirdng va NL la mpt npi dung cua nhiem vu day KT Ndi dung day KT ya nghe nghiep duoc xac dmh dua tren co sd cua tiep can KT co tian, tiep can hoat dpng KT va tiep can toan dien De'xac dinh ndi dung day hpe KT cy the eho mot nghe hay nganh dao tao, bae dao tao, ngudi ta phai phoi hpp ea ba tiep can vdi Od'i vdi giao due KT djnh hudng ndi dung khoa hpc thi xac djnh ndi dung di tu tiep can ca ban den tiep can hoat dpng va tiep can toan dien Dd'i vdi giao dye KT djnh hudng nghe nghiep thi xac djnh ndi dung di td tiep can hoat ddng den tiep can KT co ban va tiep can toan dien Tnjc tiep can co ban la eac loai may mdc, thiet bi KT can day clio HS, tme tiep can 28 Tap chi Gido due so 309 hoat ddng KT la eac hoatdpng KT lien quan den cac may mdc thiet bjva nghe nghiep va tnjc tiep can toan dien la nhiing npi dung giao due lien quan den may mdc thiet bj va hoat ddng KT (xem binh 2) Hinh Mo hinh xac dmh n^i dung d^y KT Iren cosd phd'i hep cac tiep can Giao dudng, giao dye vaphat trien la ba nhiem vy eua hoat dpng day hpe ndi rieng va day KT ndi rieng, Ben canh nhiem vu giao dudng la truyen dat nhung nguyen li, cau tao, ehiic nang cua KT va nhi^m vy phat trien tu va nang lue KT, nhiem vu giao dye day KT cd mot vai trd quan trpng viec hinh pham chat theo chuan muc cua xa hdi va hinh y thue eho HS lien quan den ho?t ddng KT Thdng qua eac gid day noi dung chuyen mdn KT nhu nguyen li, eau tao, ling dyng va cac hoat ddng KT nhu thiet ke, ehe tao, su dyng, danh gia KT, giao vien can thyc hien nhiem vy giao due HS y thiic ve mdi trudng va y thuc ve NL vdi cae npi dung sau: - Vemay mdc thiet bi, cong nghe chuyen hoa va van ehuyen NLmang cao hieu suat may mdc chuyen hda N L; - Giam t o i that qua trinh v ^ ehuyen NL; giam ton that quatrinh sd dung NL;thu holNL thai tu cac he thong KT qua trinh san xuat, sinh hoat va tai sudung; sudung cac nguon vat lieu mdi de thaythe'cacvatlieuhoathach;sudyngva bien ddi cac nguon NL tai sinh it gay d nhilm mdi tn/dng: NL sinh hpc, NL mat trdi, NL gid, NL bien, NL dia nhiet, - Vemay mdc thiet bi cong nghe sudyng NUKT va cdng nghe mdi nham lam giam nhu eau ve NL ma (Xem bep trang 39) •(kil-5/2013) dung cho tre nen chia nho, hudng d i n va lam mau cho tre thuc hien rd rang Quan sat va danh gia ket qua hoat ddng cua tre khach quan, khoa hpe; - Cho phep tre lua chpn nhdng boat ddng phii hop vdi sd thich cua m inh; • Neu tre id qua khd chiu thao tac vdl mdt dung nao dd, dd la dau hieu ehung to rang tre chua s i n sang cho hoat ddng Hay tam de hoat ddng dd lai sau (vai ngay, vai tuan) va gidi thieu nd lai vao giai doan khac J u t u d n g vaquan diem GD cua Maria Montessori the'hien la mdt nhiing nha giao ed tu tudng tien bp ve G D tre em ndi ehung, TKT ndi rieng Ba da ehu trpng den suphat trien tunhien tam li, thu ca nhan, tdn trpng sd thieh ciia tre, ehii trpng den tUPng tac vdi ban be va ngudi Idn Viee van dung tu tudngvaPPDHMontessorichoTKTdVN la can thiet va coy nghTa quan trpng, cd the giup cae easd, tmng tam eung nhu cha me, giao vien, ngudi eham sdc dap img tot hon nhu eau eua TKT Thi/c te cho thay, he thd'ng diing cua PP Montessori ed the thiet ke, dieu ehinh de su dyng dieu kien va van hda d Viet Nam, HS khuyet tat the hien sutien bd duoc thuc hanh vdi cac bai tap Giao due y thirc nang lirgng (Tiep theo trang 28) v l n dam bao su phat tnen eua san xuait va xa hdi; giam cac chat thai d nhiem mdi Irudng - Cac phuang thue tieh hdpglao due mdi trudng va NL cae mdn hgc /CTcd m uc dp: + M uc dp toan phan: Trong bai hpc hoae tung chuang, tung phan mue tieu va ngi dung phu hop hoan toan vPi mye tieu, ndi dung eua giao due y thdc ve NL va mdi tn/dng; + Mdc dp tifng bp phan: Trong bai hpc ed mdt phan mye tieu va ndi dung giao due ve NL va mdi tn/dng; + Mii'c dp lien he: Trong bai hpc cd mpt so ndi dung cd the lien he vdi NL, mdi trudng, bao ve mdi tn/dng ehung hoae cy the d dia phuang Thdng thudng cac ndi dung giao dye da dupc long ghep vao sach giao khoa hay giao trinh nhung thudng la sa luac Do vay, giao vien day KT phai tu xac djnh eae npi dung giao due mdi tn;dng va NL de'long ghep mdt cac sang tao vao cac ndi dung chuyen mdn KT • T ^ i lieu tham khiio I DutTngPhucTs Phinmgphiip da> ki Ihuat cOng cua Montesson Su dyng PP DH cd the giup giaiquyet nhi/ng vain de thach thue DH eho TKT nhat la day nhung khai niem bieu tuang: nhu mdn toan, ngdn ngi/ Nhiing tuu cua Mana Montesson ve DH cho Ire nhd cd the giup ehung ta hpc hdl d ba ve quan mem tiep can, each thiet ke bai tap, dung, each hudng din • Tai lieu tham khao Nguyen H6ng Phucrng "Y nghla ciia nh&ng hai i^p dai s6'ng ihco quan tl'icm giao due ciia Maria Montessori'" Tap chi Gidn due mdm non sfl' /2()07 Kislin Le Bosicimann and Vivien Heller, Hoat dftn^ ty do, lir thich n^hi va tir cjuyet djnh viSc hoc NXB Dat hoc Hue' 2005 SUMMARY Maria Montesori - father of Monteson approach was ahead of its time by the educational progress of her views on psychology, education, especially research on education for children with mental retardation, characteristicparticuiar she has developed a system of exercises and leaching aids In different areas for chlldren.The paper analyzes a number of measures to apply the Montessori method of teaching for children with disabilities in Viet Nam nghiep, NXB Klwa ligc vd kilhudl, H 2007 HobngDuc t^hufln(chubien) Molsophumtgphdp tiep can giao due mfii Irurmg NXB Gido due H, 20(X), Nguyen Van Tua'n Phurnig phap day hoc chuyen nganh ki thuat, NXB Dgi hgc qud'c ^iu TP Hd Clu Minh, 20]2 PeEer Kolodzioj, Em Henulliingsmodell zur Fordcriing von Uiu» ellhewtisslseiii im Technikiinlerrichr tn Fasi/ Seiferl: Technisihe Bilduiig.'Wanhiiim 1997 Ropohl, Einc Syslemtheorie der Technik Carl Hanser Vcrlag Muenchen Wien 1979 Wolfgang IVtausolf- Guntcr Patzold Planung und durch fuehriing beruflichen Unterrichts Verlag W.Girardel Essen, 1982 The article focuses on analysing the basic of tech nlques and the relationship between of them with emironment and energy It helps us to determine Uie emionmental education and energal content when teaching about theory of technique and practising techque for example: the content of machine, trasmit ting and moving energy, using energy and the form of Ihe integration, envionmental and energical education in the technique subjects Tap chi Gido due so 309 | 39 (ki 1-5/2013)- ... vat lieu it d nhilm (NL sinh khoi) NL dien, nhiet phuc vu cho nhu cau cua eon ngudi NL ed the chuyen hoa tu dang sang cac dang khac, song mpt he kin NL cd gia tri khdng ddi Trong KT cd rat nhieu... qua trinh san xuat, sinh hoat va tai sudung; sudung cac nguon vat lieu mdi de thaythe''cacvatlieuhoathach;sudyngva bien ddi cac nguon NL tai sinh it gay d nhilm mdi tn/dng: NL sinh hpc, NL mat trdi,... trang 39) •(kil-5/2013) dung cho tre nen chia nho, hudng d i n va lam mau cho tre thuc hien rd rang Quan sat va danh gia ket qua hoat ddng cua tre khach quan, khoa hpe; - Cho phep tre lua chpn nhdng