Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci , 2013 Vol 58, No 8, pp 3 13 This paper is available online at http;//stdb hnue edu vn MOT SO BIEN PHAP TAO HCTNG THU HOC TAP CHO HOC SINH DE NANG CAO CHAT L[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci., 2013 Vol 58, No 8, pp 3-13 This paper is available online at http;//stdb.hnue edu MOT SO BIEN PHAP TAO HCTNG THU HOC TAP CHO HOC SINH DE NANG CAO CHAT Ll/ONG DAY HOC TIEU HOC Le PhUOng Nga Trudng Dai hpe Supham Hd Ndi Email lepbuongnga54@gmaiI.com Tom tat Ngudn cam hUng dupc coi la mpt nhung ylu td quan cho sU cong hoc tap va nghe nghiep Nhu mpt van de ciia thuc tl giang day trd nen thUc sU hieu qua chi sinh vien thSy sU quan tam viec hoc Tren nen uing cua ba ddi sd cO ban, bai viet de xudt nam bien phap de truyln cam hflng cho hpc sinh d cSp Ueu hoc, bao gdm: (i) Liim sinh vien nhan thflc dUdc muc deu va Idi ich ciia bai hpc; (ii) Tao cac thay ddi ddi vdi noi dung giang day; (lii) Kel hdp cac phUdng phap va hinh rhiic linh boat hoc tap (iv) Phtit trie'n moi trUdng than thien gifla sinh vien va giao vien va hoc sinh, (v) Tao cac khai niem sang tao lien quan den kiem tra, danh gia, tren cd sd dd anh hudng ciia mot s6 bien phap ihong qua ddi lUOng noi dung giang day Toan va Viet Nam dUdc cu the hoa Cac bien phap de xuat khong chi ap dung cho nhflng ddi tUdng ma phu hdp vdi phan lai d cap tieu hoc Tif khda: Ngudn cam hflng chal lUdng day hoc lieu hoc, muc tieu, iOi ich bai hoc moi trudng than thicn khai niem sang tao Mol dau Qua trinh day hoc gdra td cP ban: Muc dich day hpc, npi dung day hpc, phuong phiip va hinh ihfle td chflc day hpc, phUdng tien va thiet bi day bpc, kiem tra danh gia ket qua hoe tap Vdi cae Ihiinh td dd, cd nhieu nhdm bien phap tao bflng thfl hoe tap eho hpc sinh va chflng thudc nhflng binh dicn khac cua qua trinh day boc Cd bien phap tac ddng vao viec trinh bay mue tieu bai hoe, cd bicn phap tac dpng vao noi dung day hoc, ed bien phap tae dpng vao phUdng phap, hinh thflc td chflc day hoc, cd bien phap tac ddng vao phUdng tien, thiet bi day bpc, cd bien phap tae ddng vao kiem tra danh giii (bao gdm ca nhan xei), tac dpng vao quan be tUdng tac than thien gifla thSy - trd, trd - trd Bai viet chUa dat van de ban lai muc tieu va ehUdng trinh eua tflng mdn hoc Dd la mdt vSn dc Idn cua mdt edng trinh nghien cflu khac C) day chung tdi chi ban ddn nhflng bien phap lao hflng thu hpc tap tren mdt chUOng trinh day hpc dang dUdc thuc Le PhUdng Nga thi.Vi vay, td mue tieu chi gidi ban lam cho hoc sinh nhan thiic muc tieu, ldi ich cfla bai hpc Do khudn khd cua bai viet, phan trinh bay nhdm bien phap tac ddng vao npi dung day hpc, ehi tap trung minh hpa d radn Tieng Viet va nhdra bien phap tac dpng vao phuong phap day bpc, chi tap trung minh hpa d mon Toan Nhflng luan diem va y tudng tao hflng thfl hpc tap cho hpc sinh tieu hpc dB cap day khdng ehi ap dung hai mdn hoc 2.1 Noi dung nghien cuTu Tao hiing thii hoc tap bang each lam cho hoc sinh nhan thu'c dufdc muc tieu, loi ich cua bai hoc Hflng thfl la mot thupc tinh tara It mang tinh dac thu ca nhan Hflng thu cd tinh Ifla chon Ddi tUdng efla hflng thfl ebi la nhflng cai cin thiet, cd gia tri, cd sflc hap d ^ vdi ca nhan Vay vdn d l gi thu hut su quan tam, chu y tim hieu cua cac em? Tra ldi dUdc cau hoi tflc la ngUdi GV da sdng cflng vdi dbi sdng tinh thin cua cac em, bidn ddi nhflng nhiem vu hpe tap kbd khan phfl hdp vdi nhflng mong mudn, nhu ciu, sd thich, nguyen vong (tk nhien la phai tich cue, chinh dang) cfla HS Hflng thu hoc tap trUde het dupc tao bang each lam cho HS y thflc dUde ldi ich cua viec hoc de tao dpng cP hpc tap Muc tieu cd the dUde trinh bay mdt each tUdng minh tai lieu hpc tap (nhU each trinh bay efla tai lieu hudng din bpc cfla dU an Md hinh trudng hpc mdi Viet Nam) hoac cd the trinh bay thong qua cac tinh hudng day hoc eu the Ngay tfl nhflng diu HS dSn trUdng, chflng ta cin lam cho cac em nhan thflc vi ldi ich cua viec hpc mpt each tich cUc va thiet thflc: "Con ma bidt cbfl thi that la thfl vi Cd cd the viet eho ldi nhan, ed the dpe truyen.,.", "Con lam dUdc mpt dd chdi dep ve dUde mdt bflc tranh dep, lam thd nao de me va c6 bilt la efla Hay hpc de viel ten len dd chdi va tranh nhe!", "Va day la can nha diy dd choi Chia khda de md cd ghi mdt cbfl, biel doe se md dUde ngay", "Day la mdt vUPng qudc that dieu ki ehi danh cho nhflng ngudi biet doc, biet viet" Vdi mdi bai hoc cu the, giao vien cin giflp cho hpc sinh nhan tinh ldi ich cfla mpt npi dung nao Chang ban, sU can thiet cfla diu phay se dUpc lam rd ehi sfl khac ve nghia eua hai eau: "Dem hdm, qua eau gay" va " Dem bom qua, ciu gay" Tinh ldi ich eua mpt ndi dung day hoc cung dUdc the hien rd chung ta dat sfl ddi lap gifla "cd nd" va "khong cd no", vi du: Dieu gi se xay chflng ta'khong cd chfl vilt'' Chuyen gi se xay chung ta khong cd nhflng tfl ddng nghia, khdng cd cau ghep'' 2.2 Tao htfng thii ijoc tap bang each tac dong vao noi dung day hoc Ndi dung day hpc dUdc chia rit nhidu cip dp Vi du nhU radn Tidng Viet, trUde hel dd la eac phan mdn, eac mach kien thflc - ki nang, cu the hda den nhdm, kieu, dang bai tap va cho ddn tan tflng bai tap cu thd Tfl binh dien npi dung day hpc, tren mot bai tap, ta cd the tac ddng vao phin lenh hoac phin ngfl lieu Mot sd hien pluip lao bdng thu hpc tap cho hpc sinh dendng can chdt lupng Viec trinh bay diy dfl cac bien phap tao hflng thfl tren binh dien noi dung day hpc can ca mdt quyen sach Sau day chflng toi chi lay mot vai dan chflng ve viec lUa chpn ngfl lieu day boc tieng Viet Khong cd dudng nao khac de lam sinh va tri hflng thfl cfla hpc sinh vdi deng Viet va van hpc ngoai each giflp cac em thiy dUdc sU thfl vi, ve dep va kha nang ki dieu cua chinh ddi tUdng hoc tap - tidng Viet, van chUOng Day cflng ehinh la ngfl lieu eua day tidng Tflng gid, tflng phut gid tidng Viet, ngUdi giao vien deu hUdng ddn hinh va tri hflng thfl cho hoc sinh Dd cd the la mpt ldi vao bai hip din cho gid tap dpe: "Day la mot chim se rit nho be The nhung nha van Tudc-ghe-nhep da kinh can nghieng minh than phuc trUde nd, vi vay? Chung la hay cung dpe bai Con se de tra ldi cau boi nay" Hflng thu cua hoe sinh cung dUde khdi day tfl viee ehi ve dep cua mdt tfl, cai hay cua mpt tinb tiet truyen, chang ban; Tieng hot cua chim chidn chien khdng phai "riu rit", "thanh thdt" ma "ngpt ngao", "long lanh", "chan chfla" thi mdi gay in tupng Hoa siu rieng nd "tira ngat" chfl khdng phai chi "tim ngat" hay "ngan ngat" NbU the thi radi eo ca mau hoa, hUdng hoa chi mpt tfl Tinh tiet ngUdi me cho hd nude doi mit cua minh de tim dudng ddn chd Than Chet doi tra lai chuyen Ngifdi me cfla An-dec-xen ddn cdn lay dong tam can bidt bao ngUdi Ngay ea nhung vin dd li thuylt ngfl phap khd khan cung diu cd the gay hflng thfl cho HS nlu chflng ta bilt lUa chpn ngfl lieu khai thae nhflng dac diem thu vi cua tilng Viet, chang han dd la mdi quan he gifla kieu nghia va ciu tao tfl, gia tri gpi ta gdi cam cfla ldp tfl lay, quy luat chuyen nghia cfla tfl nhilu nghia; kha nang tao nhflng "dinh danh nghe thuat", "ddng nghia kep" cfla hien tuong ddng nghia, su bit ngd thu vi cua hien tUdng ddng am Ching han, bai tap phan ticb nghia eua cau se thu vi neu GV sfl dung ngfl lieu ddng am, dac biet la ddng am eu phap Vi du : "Nhilu ban gai dang mfla hat rit hay, Chflng tdi hpc qua loa" Ngfl lieu tilng Viet trd nen hip dan the hien tinh nang san cua ngdn ngfl Vi du, tilng hpc, tfl tay hoan toan trd ngfl lieu hip din cae bai tap: "Tim eac tfl cd chung tieng tieng hpc", "Tim ngfl, tuc ngfl cflng chfla tfl lay" Vi tieng hpe cd mat rat nbieu tfl ngfl: hpc ba, hpe bdng hpc cu, hue ddi, hoc dudng, bpc gao hue gid, hpc hanh, hpc hdi hpc ki hpe Idm hoc phi, hpe sinh, hpc tap ; tfl tay xuit hien 21 ihanh ngfl tuc ngfl NgU lieu hip din phan anh dUdc net dpe dao cua tilng Viet, mot ngdn ngfl ddn lap ma phUdng thflc ngfl phap cbfl ylu la trat tU tfl Vdi bai tSp yeu ciu HS sap xep cac tfl cho trUde de tao cau, nen chon nhflng tfl ed kha nang sap xep nhilu cau khac nhau, vi du neu chon tfl sao, nd khdng, den hao cd kha nang tao tren 50 eau khac Nhflng kiln thflc ngfl phap nen dUdc xem xet dUdi gdc dp eua ngUdi sfl dung ngon ngfl se gay duoc hflng thfl Vi du, day bai Danh tu rieng cd the bit diu bang each nhan xet vl each dat ten cua ngUdi Viet Khi day Dai tif nhdn xioig, cd the ebo hpe sinh nhan xet ve van hoa eua ngUdi Viet each xUng hd Hpc sinh chua hieu hit dUde sU tl nhi Le Phuong Nga each xUng ho eua ngudi Viet va khdng phai em nao cung biet xUng hd vdi ban be, cha me, ngudi than mdt each cd van hoa nen phat hien ddi vdi eac em cung la dieu thu vi Khdng cd each gi tao hflng thu vdi tieng me de va van cbUdng ngoai dUdng cho tre tilp xuc true tiep, cang nhieu cang tdt vdi nhflng tac pham van ehUdng, nhflng mlu hinh sfl dung ngon ngfl mau muc vi "Khdng lam than vdi van thd thi khong nghe thiy duoc tieng long chan that cua nd" (Le Tri Viln) 2.3 Tao hiing thii hoc tap bang each phoi hap cae phuang phap va cac hinh thiic day hoc Iinh boat Ngoai viec khai thae su li thu ehinh npi dung day hpc, bflng thu cfla HS dUPc hinh va phat trien nhd cac phUdng phap, thfl phap, hinh thflc td chflc day hoc phfl hdp vdi sd thich cfla cac em Dd chinh la each td chflc day hpc dUdi dang cac tro thi do, cac tro chdi, td chflc boat ddng sam vai, td chflc hoat ddng hoe theo nhdm, td chflc day hoc du an, td chflc day hpc ngoai khong gian Idp hpc 2.3.L Td chiic trd choi hpc tap: Trong thuc te day hoc, gid hoc nao td chflc trd chdi cflng diu gay dUdc khong hoc tap hao hflng, thoai mai vui nhpn Nghien cflu cho thiy, trd choi hpc tap cd kha nang kich thich hflng thu va tri tudng tupng cfla tre em kich thich su phat trien tri lue cua cac em Trd choi hoc tap nhat thiet phai la mot bd phan cua ndi dung bai hpc, phai la mpt phin ciu tao nen bai hpc Trong ird chdi, moi thfl diu that, chang han mdn Tieng Viet, ifl vin la tfl, cau vin la eau, tro vin la tro, thiy van la thiy, iro chdi se bdt phin thii vi Trd choi cudn hut tre em hdn neu ed dUde sU gia dinh tfl ten goi, tfl ngudi tham gia, tfl tinh hudng den kit qua chdi Vi du nhdm tro choi Trong vudn cd tich da khai thae tinh gia dinh cfla trd ebdi tfl ngudn van ban iruyen ed Khi dd, tro chdi vfla minh hoa sinh ddng kiln Ihfle, ki nang tieng Viet, vfla tao dupe mot khong cd lich huyin dieu, gpi lai ndi dung cac van ban truyen ed ma HS da hoc d phan mon l a p doc hay Ke chuyen Vi du tfl truyen Tdm Cam, xay dUng trd chdi "Chim se giup co Tam" danh cho cac bai lap nhan dien, phan loai TU truyen Son Tinb Thuy Tinh ed the xay dung tro chdi "Dang nui chong lut" eho nhflng bai tap chinh la, lam giau vdn tfl, Cd the ke vao trd chdi hpc tap boat dong sam vai Day la rapt trd chdi cd rit nhieu ldi the de day boc Tieng Viel Sam vai day hoe la nhan mot vai giao tiep nao dd nham the hien sinh dpng npi dung hpe tap Hinh thflc hpc tap sim vai nhieu rit vui nhd nhung chi tiet bai bude, ngp nghinh nhflng "dien vien bit die di" tao nen Hmh ihflc sam vai dac biet phat huy tae dung cac gid tap lara van ren ki nang noi, nd giup hoc sinh duoc thUc hanh giao lilp, dUPc quan sat true tilp hoat dong noi vdi sU kit hdp sinh dpng cfla pbUdng tien am va cae ylu td phi ngdn ngfl Mdt sd bien phdp tan himg thu hpc tap cho hoc sinh dendng cao chdt liUing 2.3.2 To chiic hoat dong hpc theo nhom Hoc theo nhdm la hinh thflc hpc tap ed su hpp tae cfla nhieu vien ldp nham giai quyet nhflng nhiem vu hpe tap ebung DUde to chflc rapt each khoa hpc, hpc theo nhdm sc phat huy tinb tich cue, sang tao, nang luc, sd trUdng, tinh thin va ki nang hdp tac cua mdi vien trdng nhdm Trong gid hpc Tilng Viet, bien phap da tao nen mol mdi trudng giao tilp tu nhien, thuan Idi, dd la hoat dpng giao tiep nham trao ddi, chia se kiln thflc, kinh nghiem cfla nhflng ngudi ban 2.3.3 To chufc day hpc ngoai trtri Day hpc ngoai trdi giup HS tim hie'u rit nhieu kien thflc, ki nang tfl eudc sdng Day hpc ngoai irdi la mdt hinh thflc td chflc day hoe cd nhilu ldi the de phat trien nang luc giao tiep cho HS, mpt nang Iflc can thilt cho tit ea moi mdn hoc Day hoc ngoai trdi tao dilu kien de HS quan sat thien nhien, chdi cac tro chdi de gay hflng thfl, su tich cue hoc tap eho cac em To chflc till hoe ngoai trdi se giup HS tn giae true tiep ddi tudng va ghi nhd ldi, khdng phai tn giac gian tilp qua cac phUdng tien day hpc Cac cm cd dieu kien gin gfli, bieu bilt vl thien nhien, tfl dd cd y thflc bao ve thien nhien va mdi trudng sdng xung quanh Hoat ddng ngoai Idp cdn la co hdi de cac em bde Id ea tinb, nang khilu sd trudng, ddng thdi ed tac dung hinh tbdi quen hdp tac, tUdng trd, hpc hot lin Ngoai ra, mdn Tilng Viet, nhieu npi dung ndi viet cua phan mon TLV gan liln vdi moi trUdng dia phUPng, ndi HS dang sinh sdng nen viec day hoc ngoai khong gian ldp hoe lai cang quan trpng Cd the ndi, binh dien phUPng phap va hinh thflc td chflc day hpc la binh dien mang tinh linh boat mem deo, da dang nhit qua trinh day hpe, tae ddng vao nd cd nhieu Idi the nhat de lao hflng thfl hpc tap cho hpc sinb ma dam ba trang viel khdng cd tham vpng trinh bay dUde day dfl Sau day, chflng tdi ehi di vao minh hoa bang mdt vai bien phap tao hflng thfl hpc toan cho hpc sinh tieu hpc tren binh dien Theo boach dinh cua cac chiln lUdc vl muc tieu, chuong trinh va sach giao khoa (SGK) cung vdi dac thfl rieng cfla mdn toan, cac ndi dung day hoc ed tinh chit toan hpc thuin dUdc lUa chpn de day cho HS tieu hpc kha dn dinh; dam bao tinh thiet thue; kha dung; vfla sflc; hien dai v:i tich hdp Theo quan niem cua GS Nguyen Ba Kim, pbUdng phiip day boc dUde hieu la "each thflc hoal dpng va giao luu cua thiy gay nen nhflng boat dpng va giao luu can thiet cua ird nham dat dUdc muc dich day hoc" [1;102] Theo quan niem nay, phUdng phap day hpe dupc xem la phUdng tien tU tUdng nhim dat muc dich day hoc; PhUdng phap day hoc dUde hieu theo nghia rdng va ed tinh khai quat nhUng van dUde xac dinh kha chat che bdi muc dich su pham vdi cac ndi dung day hoc cu the Moi thuylt minh vl sfl dung phUdng phap kheo leo tai tinh deu trd nen vo nghia neu ngudi hpc khdng cd ket qua (khdng hieu biel them kiln thflc va khdng dat dUdc ki nang tUdng flng) Ngay ca dat dUde ket qua thi cac kit qua dd cd thuc chat va ben vflng hay khong phu thupc rat Idn (nlu khong ndi la hoan loan) vao mflc hflng Ihu cua ngUdi hoc Vay thUe chat cfla viec tao hflng thfl hoc Le PhUdng Nga toan cho HS tren binh dien phUdng phap va hinh thflc td chflc day hoc la tao dupc cac tinh hudng de HS tiep can, van dung npi dung toan hpc thiet thflc va tU nhien Su hinh ihanh mdi kien thflc toan bpc nhu su phat trien tit ylu cfla he thdng cae nhu cau nhan thflc cfla ho Khi cae nhu ciu nhan thflc dUde thda man thi ehinh la ban chit ben cfla hflng thu chfl khong phai la eac khau hieu hoac bieu tUdng b l ngoai PhUdng phap day hpc the hien vai tro la phUdng tien tU tudng d chd tao dUdc diem tua de HS tfl trai nghiem; tU dieu chinh cac kiln thflc va ki nang san cd de tiep nhan tri thflc mdi vao he thdng tri thflc cfla ca nhan Yeu ciu chi dupc hien thflc hda thdng qua viec thiet kl cong phu tflng boat dong phin cho mdi npi dung hoc tap cua HS Mpt sd vi du dudi day, xem nhU nhflng minh hoa budc diu cho bien phap kich thich tfl ben eua qua trinh nhan thflc nhim tao hflng thu hpc toan eho hpe sinh tieu hpe 2.3.4 Thiet ke cac tro chdi hpc tap de HS tiep can kien thu'c toan mdt each nhe nhang, thu vi Vi du 1: Vdi muc tieu la: Hinh bieu tUdng (khai niem ban diu) ve dien tich mol hinh {Tudn - trang 150); chflng ta hay thfl nghiem hai each thiet k l dudi day de cam nhan vl su khac biet tara li va thai dp hpc tap cua HS: Cach 1: Nghe giang va xem minh hoa Cach 2: Vui chdi cd thudng GV ed mot hinh trdn (mieng bia hinh trdn), mdt hinh chfl nhat (mieng bia trang hinh chfl nhat) Dat hinh chfl nhat nam iron hinh trdn Ta noi: Dien tich hinh chfl nhat be hdn dien tich binh trdn (GV chi vao phin mat mieng bia mau trang be hdn phin mat milng bia mau dd) {Sdch Gido vien Tudn 3, trang 235) GV chia nhdm HS; mdi nhdm nhan mpt td giay ke 64 vuong (8 x 8) va bai but da khac mau (xanh dd); Hai nhdm ngdi ddi dien Chdi oan tu ti, nhdm nao thing thi dUdc to vao (yeu ciu td lin lUdt tflng bang) sau bai phflt dflng lai kiem tra Nhdm to dUde phin giiy rpng hdn thi thang cuoc Cac nhdm thing cupc thi dan kit qua td len bang ldp GV yeu ciu so sanh mflc dp rpng - hep cua phin giiy da to ma cac nhdm dUdc dan tren bang, (neu each nhan bilt) Trao thudng cho nhom da td dUde phin giiy rdng nhit GV chi vao phin giiy eua nhdm da td rpng nhit va gidi thieu: ta ndi nhdm to dUdc dien tich Idn nhat Cach HS phai nghiera tue cham chfl quan sat hinh ve; va ling nghe ldi giai thich cua GV; de nhan biet mpt each true giac la: hinh nim trpn hinh thi dien tich binh be bdn dien tich hinh Tfl dd cd bieu tupng ban diu vl dien tich rapt hinh Cach 2: HS nhan dd dflng (bflt mau va giiy ke d); cflng oan tu ti de chdi va tao phan giay dUdc to mau (theo cac hang, ept); so sanh lin 1, HS nhan nhdm, nhdm nao to rdng hon thi dUde dan len bang So sanh lin 2, HS nhan nhdm td dUdc Mpt so hien phdp lao hdng thit hoc hip cho hoc sinb ele'udng eao cluh lupng phan giay rpng nhat cac nhdm da dan len bang Khi giai thich ket qua so sanh HS cd the quan sat; cd the dat chdng len nhau; co the dim sd vuong da td mau NhU vay HS nhan bilt: dien tich hinh be hdn dien tich hinh (khdng chi bang trflc giac hinh nam trpn hinh kia) Cac boat dpng dUpc thiet kl da giflp HS tfl kiln tao va tilp can bieu tUdng ban diu vl dien tich mpt hinh kha nhe nhang, li ihu Vi du 2: Vdi muc tieu: Thanh lap bang ddn vi do dai va nhan biet quan he gifla hai dPn vi liln ke (bai: Bdng don vi dp ddi; SGK Todn trang 45) chung ta cung thfl nghiem each thilt ke boat dpng hoc tap eua HS dudi day: Cach 1: Hudng dan each lap bang va neu ien quan he Cach 2: Vui chdi ed thudng de tu hinh bang ve neu quan he GV cho HS doc nhieu lin de ghi nhd bang (SGV Todn 3, Irang 86) Tro chdi 1: GV treo bang ke "GV yeu ciu neu cac ddn vi do san; chia ldp hai ddi; mdi dpi nhan mdt dai da hpc HS cd the neu khdng but da, va yeu eau mdi dpi ghi (tiep sflc) vao theo thfl tfl nhit dinh, GV budng cac cho chim bang: HS hai dpi lan lUPt thi din HS dien d i n vao bang ke san de dua dien ten eac ddn vi Idn hdn met (km; hm; eudi cflng cd radt bang hoan thien dam); nhd hdn met (dm; em; mm); ghi eac sd nhu SGK Ching ban: Khi HS vad chd cham: 1km = hm; Ihm = dam; dam lan lUdt neu cac ddn vi dd dai, = m; Im = dm, 1dm = em ; lem = mm GV cd the viet d phin bang khac va diln vao kit luan: "Mdi ddn vi dp dai gip (theo thfl tu HS neu) Khi HS da neu lin ddn vi be hon liln nd" Ddi nao xong du ddn vi do dai thi GV eho trUde va diln dung thfl tU cac ddn vi va cac sd HS neu don vi cd ban la met; GV vao chd chim Ihi thing cuoc GV yeu ciu HS ghi chfl "met" vao cot gifla cua bang mdi nhdm doc lai ten cac ddn vi bang ke san; ghi ki hieu "m" d ddng dUdi theo thfl tfl va doe lai ket luan ve quan he gifla cung cot Sau dd GV cho HS nhan cac ddn vi liln k l xet cd nhflng ddn vi nho hPn met Tro choi 2; GV neu mdt sd cau dd; mdi dpi co ta ghi d cac cot ben phai ept met, mdt chuong (hoac bieu tUdng) de gianh quyen GV ghi chfl "nhd hdn met" vao bang tra ldi Chang han: "Dd ban bilt ddn vi dd ke san Cd cac don vi Idn hdn dai nao ma cfl 10 ddn vi dd la met ?", Hoac dd met ta ghi cac ddn vi Idn hdn met ban ddn vi dd dd dai nao ma ddn dd bing 100 d ben trai cdt Met, GV ghi chfl "Idn mm; ddi rung chuong trUdc dUdc quyIn tra Idi hdn met" vao bang ke san Neu tra ldi dung dUdc 10 diera Nlu tra ldi sai diem va dpi cdn lai gianh quyen tra ldi Cfl chdi nhu vay sau phflt doi nao nhilu diem hon thi thang eudc; GV cho HS nhin bang va lin lupt neu quan he gifla bai ddn vi lien Yeu ciu HS dpi ndi cho nghe ve thfl tu eua cac ddn vi do dai bang va quan he cfla hai ddn vi lien k l Le Phuong Nga Cach 1: The hien ro vai trd cua GV qua cac hoat ddng qud trinh hoan muc tieu: GV hudng din; GV cho HS GV ghi Cach 2: The hien ro vai trd cfla HS tu huy dpng kien thflc vdn cd; tu the hien ki nang; tu phai hien quan he qua cac hoal dpng (dUdc gach chan) qua trinh hoan muc tieu: mdi dpi ghi (tilp sflc); thi dua diln sd; diln vao kit luan; gianh quyIn tra ldi 2.3.5 Thiet kc eac hoat dpng thiTc hanh da dang gan vdi viec giai quyet nhu cSu thiet thirc ddi song de HS nhan biet gia tri cua tri thiic toan hpc Vi du Bai Tlufe banh xem lieh (SGV Tudn 2, trang 140) Kicn ihflc va ki cfla bai hoc - Ren ki nang xem lich thang (nhan bill thfl, ngay, thang tren lieh) - Cflng cd nhan biet vl cac ddn vi thdi gian: ngay, ihang luan le, bie'u tUdng thdi gian (phan biet Ihdi die'm vdi khoang thdi gian) Hoal ddng thuc hanh gin vdi nhu ciu thiet thflc - Hdi cae vien gia dinh em (bd, me, anh, chi hoac em) de bilt sinh nhat cua tflng ngUdi - Xem lich rdi khoanh lai (hoac ghi vd) cac sinh nhat cfla mdi ngUdi gia dinh em nam nay; nhd ghi rd dd la thfl miy tuan Chang han: Sinh nbal efla bd em la; thang va la thfl tuin Klii yeu cau IS dien eac edn trdng cua mpt td lieh thang nao dd; boac liet ke cac ihfl tuin nao dd eua thang, hoac khoanh vao mot nao tren Id lich deu la hoat ddng ihuc hanh dung vdi muc tieu bai hpc nhUng kho khan va thuan kien thflc Khi thill kl boat dpng thflc hanh gan vdi cac nhu ciu cupc sdng nhu iren chflng la da goi len nhflng cam xflc eho ngUdi hoe ihue hanh tfl nhflng viec lam tuong Ifl Vi du 2: Thuc hanh nhan dang eac binh Sau HS ldp hpc bai Hinh ehif nhat hinh td gidc thay cho viec yeu ciu HS quan sat va dim hinh hinh ve da cho, cd the thiet ke boat dong thuc hanh sau: a) Chpn cac hinh thich hdp bd dd dung hoc toan de xep ihanh cac hinh dudi day: b) Ndi cho ban nghe hinh vfla xip dUde tao dang cua vat nao thudng ihay hang Tdm lai, viec thiel ke eac boat dpng boc tap giup HS hflng thu hpc loan la sfl the hien tdng hpp cac > tudng ve phUdng phap day hoe Ngudi thilt ke khdng chi xac dinh dflng dan muc tieu hoc tap, ma cdn phai chfl y cae yeu td vl tam li hoc, vl giao due hoc va hieu ro vdn kiln thflc thflc tiln cfla HS de phdi hpp tdt vdi cac thfl thuat, ki thuat the hien ndi dung loan hoc, lao eac kich thich hop li de HS tfl hpc 10 Mdt sn hien phdp tan ihii hoc lap cho hpc sinh dendng cao chch lupng I Hin 2.4 Tao h i i n g thii h o c tap b a n g viec xay difng moi tracing than thien giira thay va tro, tro va tro Ben canh viec tac ddng vao ndi dung va phUdng phap, hinh thflc td chflc day hpc viec thiet lap dupc mdi quan he hdp tac tich cue ldi dep gifla thay va trd, gifla cac trd cung se tao hflng thfl cho hpc sinh Hinh thflc td chflc day hpc hip din cung vdi mpl biu khdng than hflu nghi gid hoc se tao su hflng thfl cho ca thiy va tro Bdi vi, hoc la hanh phuc khong cbi vi nhflng ldi ich ma nd mang lai, ma hanh phuc eon nam chinh su hoc Can hieu dilu nhU hieu cau ndi eua Mac "Hanh phuc la diu tranh" khdng chi bdi nhflng qua diu tranh mang lai ma cdn bdi ehinh irong dau tranh cd hanh phuc Chinh vi vay, ben canh viee giao due tinh muc dich, tinh ki luat, y thflc vl trach nhicm v.v cho hoe sinh, chung ta phai td chflc cude sdng d irudng thai hip din tao niem vui, phdi phin diu eho "Mdi cdc cm din irudng !a mol vui" Mdi HS mong mudn va phai la ngudi dUde hanh phflc ngay bom nay, cdn chflng la sc la ngudi kem coi neu moi giay phut tilp xflc vdi chung ta, cae em khdng dUde vui sUdng, hanh phflc Bdi vay, chflng ta phai thudng xuyen tim bieu HS mudn vice hoc dien nhu Ihc nao, cdi gi lam cac em Ihich, cai gi lam eac em khdng Ibieb de cd the td chflc qua trinh day hpc nhu eac cm mong dPi De lao hflng ihu cho hoe sinh, ngudi gido vien Tieu hpc can bilt id chflc qua irinh day hoe theo mol ehiln lUOc lac quan chu viio mat Ihanh cdng eua tre Chflng ta cin tap cho minh cd mpt each nhin- hoc sinh tieu hpe em nao cung ngoan, em nao cung gidi, em nao cflng ed gang Chi cd em ngoan, gioi, cd ging nhieu hdn, era ngoan gioi, ed ging it hdn ma ihdi Giao vien Tieu hpe pbai ed mol pham chit dac biet, bilt each cu xfl dac biet vdi hoe sinh Dd la tbdi dp nang dd, khich le thong cam, chfl Irong vao mat Ihanh cdng cfla cac em Dd la kha nang biet tU kilm ebe, kha nang ddng cam vdi hpc sinh, kha nang lam viec kien tri ti mi Dd la kha nang biel id chflc qua Irinh day hpc rapt each nhe nhang lU nbien khdng gay cang thang cho hpc sinh Chung la phai cd su hieu bill vl boc sinh, hinh dung thiy hel nhflng kbd khan ma eac em gap phai hoc tap de binh linh trUdc nhflng sai sdt cua cdc em va ed bicn phap phdng ngfla Chfl vao mat cdng, chung ta phai de cao tinh sang tao eua hoc sinb Can phai biet td ngac nbien, vui sudng cin phai ton irong nhflng sang lao eua hoc sinh, du rat nhd Dflng Id ring thiy ludn ludn dung, ehi ed thiy la ngudi nam chan li Thiy giao Le PhUdng Nga cung cin lam cho hoc sinb hieu rang thiy cflng co the sai lim va cin dUdc cdc em giflp dd Lflc ldi cua thiy se keo theo sfl chuyen dpng tu eua hpc sinh Cac em se sung sUdng vi dUdc lam ngUdi diu tien tim chan li Viec chu vao mat cdng cua tre ddi hoi chflng ta pbai xay dung cac nhiem vu day bpc cho bao dam de edc em cd nhung cong chae chan diu tien chfl khong phai la nhflng thit bai cay dang dau tien 2.5 Tao hiing thii hoc tap bang viec doi m6i quan niem va each thiie kiem tra, danh gia Dilu cudi cflng chung ta cin chu y la each kiera tra ddnh gia Cd rit nhieu chuyen de ban va de lam viec ddi mdi ddnh gid, kiem tra he thdng day hpc cua chung ta Bai viet cua chung tdi chi mudn nhin manh va khuyen cao mdt lin nfla rang: phai ddnh gid, kiem tra ket qua hoc tap cfla hpc sinh tieu hoc theo rapt chien lUdc day hoe lac quan - dd la nhin manh vao mat cong cua hoc sinh Viec nghiem tflc giang day va ddt yeu ciu eao vdi boc sinh khong cd nghia la chung ta phai khat khe danh gia va qua chat che cbo diem Mpt nhflng nguyen nhan khien boc sinh khdng thich hpc la each danh gid bang Idi va cho diem cua chflng ta khdng thda ddng Dpe, viet nhU the nao, gido vien cung cd the tim chd "cd the che dupc" Cdn ve die'm sd thi cd co giao cho rang dpe, tap viet hay viet bai tap lam van dUde dilm la tdt qua rdi (!) Chflng ta cin phai tfl dat cau hoi "Ta cd the dat yeu ciu gi vdi hpc sinh lieu bpc de danh gia, eho diem hdp li dang khuyin khich, kich thich hoc sinh hpe tot hdn?" Dat dUdc edng hoc tap se tao hflng thfl, sU tu tin va nilm say me hoe lap efla hpc sinh Chi cd cdng (chfl khdng phai la nhflng thit bai cay dang), niem tu hao ve cong, cam giae xflc dpng kbi cdng mdi la ngudn gde thai su cfla ham mudn hoc hoi Ket luan Nhu vay, tren day chung tdi da trinh bay, phan tich, thue nghiem va thay rang ngudn cam hflng dupc la mdt nhflng ylu td quan cbo su cong hpe tap va nghe nghiep Vdi nam bien phap de truyln cam hflng cho hoc sinh d cip tieu hpc ma chung toi trinh bay, giao vien cd the dp dung mdt each linh hoat vl each thflc, thfl tfl de hoc sinh dat dUpc hieu qua hpc tap eao nhit Cae bien phap de xuit ap dung dUdc nhilu ddi tupng, nhit la hpc sinh d cip tieu hoe TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Nguyen B;i Kim 2002 Phuong phdp day hpc mdn Todn Nxb Dai hoc Su pham 12J Nguyen Hflu Chau (chu bien), 2004 Phuong phdp, phuong tien kithudt vd hinh thdc id chifc day hpc nhd trudng Nxb Dai hpc Su pham [3] Dd Dinh Hoan (chu bien) Sdch gido khoa Todn 2; 3, 4; Sdch gido vien Todn 2;3;4 Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi Mdt so hien phdp tao himg thii hoc tap cho hoc sinh dendng cao chdt lupng [4] Wilbert J MeKeachie Nhifng thu thuat day hpc tai ban lin thfl 2/2003 Ban quyIn cua College Permissions Houghton Miflm company [5] Tran Ngoc Lan, 2000 He thdng trd choi cung cd mach kien thdc todn d tieu hpe Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Npi [6] Trin Ngoc Lan, 2002 Mdt sd thu thuat thifdng dimg dede xudt ceic bdi todn cho bpc sinh tieu hpc Tap chi Gido Due, sd 31 [7] Trin Ngoc Lan, 2006 Sd dung ki thudtt ddt cdu hoi tremg day hpc Todn d tieu hpc nhdm tich cife hua hoat dpng hpc tap eua hpc sinh Tap chi Giao Due sd 145 [8] Vu Thi Lan, 2008 Cdc bien phdp tao thu hpc tap cho hpc sinb nham ndng cao hieu qud day hpc Tieng Viet d tieu hpc Luan an tiln si [9] Nguyen Thi Thanh Nhai, Le phUdng Nga, 2012 Mot sd bien phdp too In'fng thii cho hpc sinh ldp I de ndng cao hieu qud hpc tap gid hoc Tieng Viet Tap san Giao due Tieu hpc, sd [lOj Le PhUdng Nga, 2014 Beio ddm su thdnh cong ciia hpe sinh gid hpc Tieng Viet nhifng ngdy ddu den trudng Tap chi T^m li hpc So ABSTRACT Ways to excite students to improve the quality of teaching in elementary school Inspiration is considered to be an important element in achieving success in study and career and leaching is effective only when the students are interested in learning On the basis of three arguments, this article proposed five ways lo inspire elementary school students' (i) Making students aware of the objecdves and benefits of the lessons, (ii) Changing the teaching content, (iii) Combining methods and forms to provide flexibility in learning, (iv) Developing friendly rapport betwen students and teachers and among the students and (v) Introduce innovative concepts related to inspection and evaluation These measures are to be based on the effect that these measures have on students being taught Mathematics and Vietnamese These measures could be used in leaching all sub|eets at the elementary level ... tudng tao hflng thfl hpc tap cho hpc sinh tieu hpc dB cap day khdng ehi ap dung hai mdn hoc 2.1 Noi dung nghien cuTu Tao hiing thii hoc tap bang each lam cho hoc sinh nhan thu''c dufdc muc tieu,... hoc sinh duoc thUc hanh giao lilp, dUPc quan sat true tilp hoat dong noi vdi sU kit hdp sinh dpng cfla pbUdng tien am va cae ylu td phi ngdn ngfl Mdt sd bien phdp tan himg thu hpc tap cho hoc sinh. .. ihu cho hoe sinh, ngudi gido vien Tieu hpc can bilt id chflc qua irinh day hoe theo mol ehiln lUOc lac quan chu viio mat Ihanh cdng eua tre Chflng ta cin tap cho minh cd mpt each nhin- hoc sinh