Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM Nguyin Thdnh Nhdn CAC BIEN PHAP TAG HITNG THU HOC TAP CHO HQC SINH TRONG DAY HOC LICH Stj" d TRlTOfNG TRUNG HOC PHO THONG NGUYEN THANH NHAN'''' TOM TAT Hien nay, hoc sinh (HS)[.]
Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM Nguyin Thdnh Nhdn CAC BIEN PHAP TAG HITNG THU HOC TAP CHO HQC SINH TRONG DAY HOC LICH Stj" d TRlTOfNG TRUNG HOC PHO THONG NGUYEN THANH NHAN' TOM TAT Hien nay, hoc sinh (HS) trung h(ic phd thong (THPT) ll Ihii vol vifc hoc mon Lich su (LS) Tuy nhien, thuc tien gido due a nuac ta hien nay, chdt luang day hoc noi chung vd chat luong day hoc mon LS noi rieng chua cao, chua ddp img yeu cdu phdt trien ciia xd hqi Bo Id kel qud tac dong ciia nhiiu yiu td, co viec HS It hiing thi hoc lap (HTHT) mon LS Bdi viit Irinh bay mol so bien phdp tao HTHT cho HS dgy hoc LS a truang THPT nhdm gop phdn ndng cao chdt luang va hieu qud cua gia hoc LS Tit khda: thu, thii hoc tap, day hpc Lich su, phuang phap day hoc ABSTRACT Solutions for raising students' interest in history in high schools Nowadays, high school sludenls have little interest in learning history The educational reality shows thai the quality of teaching and learning in general and the quality of teaching and learning of the subject history in particular Is not high, failing to meet the developmental needs of the society This reality is the results of many affective factors, among which is the lack of students' Interest in learning history The article presents some solutions for raising students' interest in history in high schools, helping to enhance the quality and effective of history lessons Keywords: interest, study interest, teaching and leaming history, teaching methodology D^tvlndi Ci trirong THPT, mon LS co nhieu tm the viec giao due the he tre va dl tao cho hp mot thii thuc sir Qua hpc tap LS, tSm nhin cua HS d6i vol cupc s6ng qua khii, hien tai va tuong lai duoc ma rpng HS co the tim thiy qua khir nhilu cau tra loi xac dang, tiiu vi cho nhiJng vin &h Men tai va tuong lai Tuy nhien, tiong thitc tl day hpc nhirng nam gan day, co thi noi chit luong hpc tap m6n LS la rit thip, la k$t qua tac dpng cua nhieu yeu to: Sir bat cap ciia npi dung, chucmg trinh, sach giao khoa (SGK); su quan tam chua dung mile d6i voi bp mon LS, nhiSu giao vien (GV) LS a tmong THPT chua thuc sir d& moi manh me phuong phap day hpc (PPDH) theo hucmg phat huy tinh tich cue hpc tap ciia HS; tu li$u tham khao o cac truong thilu dae biet GV it chu -j den cac bien phap nhjm tao HTHT cho ' TS, Tru'6'ng Dgi hgc Su- phgm, Dai hoc Hue 59 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM hgc sinh (HS) Vay quan niem the nao la thu, HTHT; bi^u hien cua HTHT; vai tro y nghTa cua viec tao HTHT cho hoc sinh day hpc LS; cac bien phap tao hiing thu? Bai Vik se lam ro nhiing v4n Ah dd phin trinh bay dudi day Ctf sd li luan 2.1 Khdi ni^m ve himg thu A G Cdvaliop, "7am li hoc cd nhdn" da dua mpt khai niem kha hoan chinh ve thii: "Hung thu la mot thdi dgc thii cua cd nhdn doi vai doi tuang ndo do, y nghia cua no cuoc song vd su hap ddn ve mat tinh cdm cua no " [2, tr.228] Khai niem dupe nhieu tac gia su dung cac cong trinh nghien ciiu ve hiing thu Nhiing nha tam li hgc Viet Nam da xem "Hung thii let hinh thuc bieu hi$n tinh cdm vd nhu cdu nhan thuc cua nguai nhdm y thuc mot cdch hao himg ve muc dich hogt dong, nham tim hieu sdu han, phdn dnh day du hem doi tuang dai song hien thuc"[l>, tr.25] Tdm lai, thii la mpt thupe tinh cua xu hudng ca nhan, gan lien va thong qua cac thuoc tinh khac cua xu hudng Nd chinh la su phan anh thai dp cd chpn Ipc cua chu thg vdi thuc tiln khach quan Nd kich thich boat dpng tich cue va giiip ngudi thuc hien cong viec dl dang, cd hieu qua Nd cd y nghia dae biet ddi vdi su phat trien nhan each mot each toan dien Do dd, mgt nhung nhiem vu quan trpng Clia giao due la phai tao thu phong phu dHS Hiing thu muon mau muon ve ciing nhu hoat dpng da dang cua ngudi 60 S6 65 nam 2014 dd, hiing thu nhan thiic (HTNT) la mpt loai hiing thu dae biet va cd mpt vi tri quan trpng ddi vdi ngudi "HTNT la mot bo phdn cua thii noi chung, hiiu nhir mot phdm chdt cua nhdn cdch dam bdo tri hogt dong cua nguai nhdm thoa man nhu cdu Id dong l{ec ca bdn cua sir ton tgi va phdt trien" [4,tr.33] Theo Thai Duy Tuyen: "HTNT la thdi Id su lua chon cua cd nhdn ve ddi tuang nhdn thuc, cd nhdn khong chi dimg lgi o nhung dgc diem ben ngodi ciia su vgt vd hien tuang, ma huang vdo cdc thuoc tinh ben cua su vdt hien tuang muon nhdn thitc" [5, tr.466] Theo each hieu do, HTHT mon LS chinh la thai d^c biet cua HS ddi vdi npi dung va hoat dpng hgc tap bO mon cac em nhan thiic dupe tam quan trpng Clia viec hgc tSp LS nha trudng va tri thiic LS cd kha nang mang lai khoai cam cho HS qua trinh hoat dpng hpc tap HTHT LS la mot nhung dieu kien tien quyet de tich cue hoa hoat dpng nhan thiic, phat huy tieh cue, chii dgng va sang tao cua HS hpc tap, giup cho viec hgc tap LS cua cac em dat hieu qua cao 2.2 Vai tro cua thu hgc tap hoat dong nhgn thirc Ljch sif cua HS Hiing thii cd nghia rat quan trpng ddi sdng va hoat dpng cua ca nhan Nhd cd hiing thii, dii phai vugt qua nhi^u khd khan, ci nhan vln "cdm thdy khoai cdm lao dong vi thdy no la tro choi ve the luc va tri tue " [2, tr.230], va nang cao dugc hieu qua hoat dgng Trong ho^t dgng nhan thiic LS cua HS, HTHT cd cac Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM vai tro sau day; HTHT tao dgng co quan trpng cua boat dgng hpc tap, tao dpng luc giiip HS tien hanh hoat dpng hgc tap LS cd hieu qua HTHT lam tich cue hda cac qua trinh tam li (chii y, tri giac, tri nhd, tu duy, tudng tugng ) ciia HS, giiip dem lai hieu qua cao hoat dpng nhan thiic LS HTHT chinh la mpt nhiing yeu td quyet dinh sir hinh va phat trien nang luc nhan thiic, hpc tap LS cua HS 2.3 Y nghta cua viec tao hirng thii hgc tap cho hgc sinh dgy hgc LS Qua trinh day hgc LS (DHLS) la mpt qua trinh su pham phiic tap, viec tao HTHT cho HS DHLS cd y nghia rat quan trpng viec nang cao hieu qua DHLS d trudng THPT Thu nhdt, tao HTHT cho HS DHLS giiip GV cd thi thuc hien tdt nhiem vu bdi dudng tri thiic LS cho HS Hgc tap vdi su hiing thu se giiip HS ITnh hpi sau sic va nhd lau nhung su kien, hien tugng qua trinh LS Cac em khdng chi "biit" su ma quan trpng hon la thdng qua mpt qua trinh hpc tap tich cue vdi su hoat hda cac qua trinh tam li, HS se "hieu" sau s4c npi dung ban chk ciia cac tri thiic LS himg viec ITnh hpi cac khai niem, quy luat, bai hpc LS, va nhd vay cd thi van dung nhiing tri thiic LS de giai thich cac su kien LS ducmg dai, nhiing vin de Clia cugc song Ching ban, day hgc bai 17 Nuac Viet Nam Ddn chii Cgng hoa tie sau Nguyin Thdnh Nhan 02-9-1945 den truac ngdy 19-121946, GV sii dung nhiing hinh anh LS, doan phim tu lieu, so dd kit hgp vdi tai lieu tham khao, cac cau chuyen LS va cau hdi nhan thiic de to chiic cho HS tim hieu ngi dung bai hgc nham kich thich HTHT Clia cac em Nhd vay, HS cd the hieu mpt each sau sac ve sir lanh dao tai tinh, sang suot ciia Dang, Chinh phii, diing diu la Chu tich Hd Chi Minh viec de nhiing chii truong va thuc hien cac bien phap nham khac phuc nhiing khd khan, xay dung chinh quyen, dau tranh chdng ngoai xam, npi phan, bao ve chinh quyen each mang Thu hai, tao HTHT cho HS DHLS giiip GV cd the thuc hien tdt viec phat trien nang luc nhan thiic, nang luc thuc hanh dae biet la nang luc tu tich cue cua HS Chang han, day hgc muc II.2 Chien dich LS Dien Bien Phii ndm 1954 (bai 20), GV dat HS trudc mgt van de nhan thiic, vi nhu: "Tgi Bien Bien Phit tra thdnh diem quyet chiin chien luac giira ta vd Phdp? " thi HS bupc phai tich cue tim hieu ngi dung cd SGK va tich cue suy nghT de cd the tra ldi hai cau hdi: Tgi Nava chgn Bien Bien Phu lam diem quyet chien chien luac? " va "Tgi ta chdp nhdn trdn quyet chien chien luac vai Phdp tgi Bien Bien Phit?", de tu di den giai quyet van de nhan thiic Thir ba, tao HTHT cho HS DHLS giiip GV cd thi thuc hien tdt nhiem vu bdi duong tu tudng, tinh cam, dao diic, tham mT cho HS Hiing thu la nhu cau nhan thiic mang mau sic xiic Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM cam, di tao HTHT cho HS, GV cin phai sii dung nhiing bien phap su pham tac dgng den xiic cam, den tinh cam nhan thiic cua cac em bang chinh ve dep ctia ndi dung tri thiic LS, bang cac hinh tugng nhan vat LS Thong qua dd GV cd the thue hien tdt nhiem vu cua minh viec bdi duong tu tudng, tinh cam, dao due cho cac em Chang ban, day hgc bai 19: Buac phdt trien ciia cugc khang chien todn quoc chong thuc ddn Phdp (1951 1953), GV sii dung cac cau chuyen ve cac anh Cii Chinh Lan, Tran Dai NghTa, Nguyen Thi Chien, La Van Cau thi khdng nhiing cd the giiip HS hieu mpt each rd rang, cu the ve nhiing chien cdng cua timg anh himg chien dau va lao dpng san xuat, ma thdng qua nhiing hinh tugng LS dd GV cdn cd the bdi duong long kinh trpng va biet on ddi vdi cac anh hiing su nghiep giir nude cua dan tpc ta Tdm lai, DHLS d trudng THPT, viec tao HTHT cho HS cd vai trd, y nghTa to ldn viec thuc hien nhiem vu giao due toan dien HS, gdp phin nang cao hieu qua bai hgc LS ndi rieng, chit lugng day hpc bp mdn ndi chung Cac bien phap tao thu hoc tap Lich SIT cho hoc sinh THPT 3.1 Xdc djnh mirc kiin thm: phii hgp de dua vdo bdi giang Viec xac djnh muc dp kiin thiic phii hgp vdi HS la mpt nhiing diiu kien tien quyet de dam bao va nang cao hieu qua hpc tap LS cua-HS cung nhu viec tao HTHT LS cho cac em HS 62 S6 65 nam 2014 se hiing thii tim hieu va t-ich cue tham gia qua trinh ITnh hdi tri thiic neu nhihig tri thiic LS dd thuc su cd y nghTa ddi vdi HS, ddng thdi cd kha nang mang lai khoai cam, su thu vj cho cac em Di xac djnh dugc miic dp kiin thiic phii hgp himg thu va nang luc nhan thiic cua HS, trudc hit GV cin dua vao chuin kiin thirc va SGK Li luan va PPDH LS d trudng THPT cung da chi ring, niu GV khdng xac dinh dugc mure dp kien thiic phii hgp se de din din tinh trang "hg thdp" hoac "qud tdi" thuc hiSn chuong trinh, tiic tinh tr^ng "gidng nhir SGK" hoae tinh trang "thoat li hodn todn khoi SGK" cua GV Ca hai trudng hgp tren diu khdng dam bao muc tieu giao due va tao HTHT LS cho HS Ching ban, day hpc muc I: Am muu mai ciia Phdp ~Js/R Dong Lhcang: ke hogeh Nava (bai 20), thi y&u c&u doi vdi tat ca HS la phai nam dugc hoan eanh ddi, ngi dung buoc ciia ki hoaeh Nava va am muu co ban Phap thuc hien ke hoaeh Nava Nhung doi vdi HS kha, gidi, GV can td chiic boat dpng nhan thiic di cac em hieu dugc: KS hogeh Nava CO diem gi khde so vai cdc ke hogeh qudn sir truac do, xuong song ciia ke hogeh Nava la gi?, nhdn xet gi ve ke hogeh qudn su cua tuang Nava? 3.2 Xdc dinh dpng cct hpc tap cho hgc sinh tit ddu gid hgc nhdm thu hiit sir tap trung chdy cua cdc em dgy hgc Lich su Trong hoat ddng nhan thiic LS, dgng CO hgc tap ddng mgt vai tro quan trgng ddi vdi hieu qua ciia boat dpng hgc Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM tap LS eua HS Ddng co hgc tap la ddng luc ben thuc day true tiep ngudi hpc boat dpng Nd se kich thich, se tich cue hda hoat dgng nhan thuc, tim hieu LS cua HS va dd cac em cam thay hiing thu tim hieu de tai, van de hpc tap Khi cd dpng CO cac em se hudng toan bp su tap trung chii y cua minh vao boat dpng tim hieu npi dung LS Su tap trung, chu y vao bai giang cung chinh la bleu hien co ban, dau tien ciia HTHT LS eiia HS Vi vay, viec xac dinh dpng co hpc tap nham thu hut, kich thich su chu y tap trung ciia HS tien hanh trinh bay bai mdi dong vai trd quan trpng viec tao HTHT cho HS Nhu chiing ta da biet, tinh huong cd van de DHLS la tinh hudng ma HS gap phai mdt hay nhieu kiin thirc LS mdi me, hoan toan chua biet hoac biet it nhieu, chua day du, song phai biet kT Viec giai quyet van de nhan thirc cua HS tit se gSp khd khan vi vdn kiin thirc da cd cua c^c em (ki ca vdn thuc te) khdng du de dat tdi diiu cin biit Nhiing diiu chua biet thudng cd mirc dp khd nhat dinh so vdi vdn kiin thiic LS va von thuc te da cd ciia HS Dd la ban chit ciia nhung su kien, hien tupng LS, la rihiing khai niem, thuat ngii va quy luat LS mdi dugc rut tir su kien, hien tugng LS Mat khac, tinh hudng cd vin di la yiu td kich thich thii va long ham hiiu biit nhan thirc cua HS Cac em cd nhu ciu tim hiiu di giai quyet van di nhan thirc mot each chu dgng, tich cue hon Nguyin Thdnh Nhan bai hgc, gid hgc va timg don vi kiin thiic hpc tap Chang han, day hgc bai 20: Cugc khdng chien todn quoc chong thuc ddn Phdp kit thiic (1953-1954), muc II.2: Chiin dich Bien Bien Phit (1954), GV tao tinh hudng cd van de nhu sau: Xuong song cita ke hogeh Nava la tim cdch xdy dung mgt doi qudn ca dong mgnh tgi chien truong chinh Bac Bo (44/84 tieu dodn), du sice doi voi cdc cugc tien cong cita qudn dgi ta vd co dieu kien thi se tien hdnh mot cugc giao chien Ion (chua xdc dinh dia diem) de ket thuc chien tranh Ba tie Biin Biin Phu khong he dugc de cap den todn bg ngi dung cu the cua ke hogeh Nava Ay vay md, chi han thdng sau, ngdy 3-121953, Nava dd chinh thirc chgn Biin Bien Phu Idm noi tien hanh mgt trgn chien ddu, mgt diiu chua hi dugc du kien truac Bin thai diim ndy, Bien Bien Phil dd tra thdnh tdm diem cua ke hogeh Nava Vay li ndo gidi thich cho su lua chgn mang tinh dinh minh cua Nava? Tgi Nava chon Biin Bien Phii lam diim quyit chiin chien luge? Trong trudng hgp nay, GV da • cd the tao mgt mau thuan nhan thiic Clia HS giiia mpt dieu da biet la npi dung cua ke hoaeh Nava va diiu chua biit la tai Nava lai chpn Bien Bien Phii lam diem quyet chien chien luge va cac em cam thay thu tim hiiu nguyen nhan cua su kien LS Trong day hpc, GV day LS cd thi tao tirih hudng cd vin de cho toan bg 63 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM 3.3 sa dung nhom cac Men phap de xay difng hinh anh LS cu the, sinh dong vet chan thu'c Trong DHLS, dae diem cua vi$c nhan thuc, hpc tap LS, dl kich thich HTHT, hiing thu tim hilu vl LS ciia HS, thi viec tai tao biic tranh LS qua khii mpt each sinh dpng, cu the, chan thuc "diing nhu no dd ton tgi" dong vai tro quan trpng GV CO the sir dung cac bien phap sau: Trinh bay mieng sinh dong Trong DHLS, trinh bay mieng "Id mpt PPDH tu nhien, truyen tu tuang bdng lai noi" [39, tr.87] Viec sit dung bien phap trinh bay mieng sinh dpng DHLS co the tap trung su chit y, phat huy dupe tinh tich cue boat dpng tu va kich thich HTHT cua HS S^ sinh dpng, chan thuc va cu the cua cac su kien, hien tuong LS c6 the tao nen nhimg ^n tupng tac dpng manh me len khu vuc cam xiic va hoat dpng tu cua HS Do vay no tro mot nhan to kich thich hoat dpng tu ciia cac em De CO dupe phan trinh bay mieng sinh dpng, tmoc hit GV can phai lira chpn va sii dung cac loai tai lieu tham khao dl xay dung npi dung cua cac bai tucmg thuat, mieu ta, neu dae diem, giai thich Npi dung ciia phin trinh bay mieng phai chiia dung nhimg tri thitc mai la, tap nhimg dieu mai me nhan thiic cua HS, giiip cac em hieu mpt each cu the, sinh dpng va sau sic npi dung bai hpc Moi hinh thiic trinh bay mieng co dae trung ngon ngO rieng, vi thi, GV cin lira chpn va sir dung ngon ngit phii hpp 64 S6 65 ttSm 2014 vai timg hinh thirc trinh bay mieng viec xay dung npi dung M^t khac, viec sir dung am luong, am sic, ngii" di?u va cac dpng tac tay, anh mat cua GV phii hpp voi npi dung bai giang khong nhimg lam cho lai giang cua GV tra nen sinh dpng va gpi cam hon, ma co tac dung thu hut su tap trung chii y, tao dupe in tupng tit dli vai HS, kich thich HTHT ciia cac em Sii dung dung trirc quan (DDTQ) dl xay dung hinh anh LS Of the, chan thuc va sinh dgng Trong DHLS co nhilu loai DDTQ, do, tranh anh LS, phim tu lieu va cac loai DDTQ quy uac thucmg dupe sit dung thuang xuyen va ph6 bien hon ca Tuy nhien, thuc te viec sir dung DDTQ DHLS a trucmg THPT chua mang lai hieu qua Phan lan GV chi sir dung DDTQ dl minh hga cho kien thiic LS SGK duai cac hinh thiic thSng bao GV chua xem day la nguon nhan thirc, it chu y thiet ke va sir dung cac loai DDTQ phan tich, giai thich, dimg de dat cau hoi neu vin dl, t l chiic thao luto, kiem tra - danh gia; chua chii y den tinh tich cue nhan thiic cua HS su dung cac loai DDTQ Day chinh la mpt tiong nhimg nguyen nhan khiln HS it thu doi voi viec hpc tap LS va kho tranh khoi nhirng lech lac nhan thiic cua cac em Vi vay, de nang cao hieu qua cua viec sir dung DDTQ DHLS, de DDTQ tra mot nguIn tu lieu, mpt phucmg tien day hpc co thi tao HTHT cho HS, GV cin tuan thu nhihig nguySn tic lira chpn va sii dimg DDTQ Vi mli Tap chi KHOA HQC OHSP TPHCM loai DDTQ cd ndi dung, y nghTa khac nhau: Cd lo^i minh hpa de cu the hda ngi dung mpt sir kien quan trpng bai hpc, cd loai cung cap thdng tin, cd loai vira cung cap thdng tin, vira minh hga cho kenh ehii sach giao khoa, ciing cd loai dimg de thuc hanh, kiem tra kien thiic Mat khac, khudn khd mgt gid hgc, khdng the su dung mpt luc mpi loai true quan Do do, GV can can cii vao vj tri, muc dich, npi dung co ban cua bai; vao tam li va nang luc nhan thiic ciia HS; vao tinh hinh cu the ciia nha trudng va dae diem cua timg lop hpc de xac dinh va lira chpn DDTQ cin thiit, phii hgp Chang han, td chiic cho HS tim hieu ve "sit chudn bi cho chien dich Dien Bien Phu" (muc II.2, bai 20), GV cin thiet phai sir dung hinh anh tu li^u De tang hieu qua giao due va kich thieh HTHT LS cho HS, GV neu yeu ciu: "Hay quan sdt, ldng nghe vd cdm nhdn nhihig hinh dnh sau ddy, sau trinh bdy suy nghi, nhdn xet cua em ve su chudn bi ciia Ddng vd ddn ta cho su todn thdng cua chien dich Bi^n Biin Phu " de thu hut su chu y cua HS quan sat cac hinh anh nhu: "Mr duang mat trdn Diin Bien Phu ", "Dodn van tdi thuyen phuc vu chien dich", "Ddn cong qua deo Liing Lo vdo chiin dich", "Dodn ngua tho phuc VIA chiin dich", "Dodn xe dgp thd phuc vu chien dich" Ddng thdi, GV sir dung kit hgp vdi bai hat "Ho leo niii" cua nhac sT Hoang Van: Qua quan sat nhung DDTQ s\r da dang vi hinh anh, mau sic, am se tao cho HS biiu tugng sinh dpng, cu the va chan thuc vi su chuan bi, Nguyen Thdnh Nhdn ve quyet tam ciia toan Dang, quan va dan ta cho su toan thang ciia chien djch Dien Biin Phil, lam cho cac em cd cam giac nhu dang sdng nhung thang hao himg cua dan tpc Vi nhu, day hpc bai 18, de sir dung cd hieu qua luge dd "Diin bien chien dich Viet Bdc thu - dong ndm 1947" va luge "Diin bien chien dich Bien giai thu - dong ndm 1950 ", GV can phai cd tai lieu ve am muu cua thuc dan Phap tan cdng len Viet Bac, ve ddi sach cua ta va ve dien bien ehien djch Viet Bac; ke hoaeh va chu truong cua ta md chien dich, dien bien va ket qua chien dich Bien gidi de xay dung bai tudng thuat, mieu ta sinh dgng nham khdi phuc khdng LS Tuong tu nhu vay, day bai 20, de sir dung cd hieu qua luge "Hinh thdi chiin truang Bong Ducmg dong - xuan 1953 - 1954" va luge "Dien bien chien dich Bi^n Bien Phii 1954", GV cung can phai sii dung tai lieu tham khao ve ke hoaeh Nava va chii truong tac chien cua ta ddng - xuan 1953 - 1954; ve vi tri chiin luge cua Bien Bien Phit, ve dien bien chien dich Dien Bien Phii Cung CO kiin thijc giup HS nhd lau, nhd ben vimg kien thiic tren Idp Kien thirc LS thudng khdng lap lai ca ve thdi gian, khdng gian cua sir kien, hien tugng, dieu tao nen nhimg khd khan cho viec DHLS, nhit la viec ghi nhd kiin thirc LS cua HS Su khd khan viec ghi nhd kiin thiic ciia HS dl din den trinh trang chdng quen su kien 65 Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM hoac nham lan giiia cac su kien a cac em- IChi khong the nho hoac khong nho ki, nho lau cac su kien LS thi cac em s6 kho van dung kien thirc LS de giai quyet cac van de nhan thirc mai sinh qua trinh hpc tap Mat khac, doi vol HS, muc dich ciia viec hpc tap la de thoa man nhu cau nhan thirc LS a cac em Trong mpt qua trinh hpc tap tich cue, cac em khong chi "biet" sir ma phai "hieu" sir, dae biet vai lira tuoi THPT, cac em quan tam den viec van dung kien thiic LS de giai thich cac su kien LS duong dai Chinh vi the, viec thoa man nhu cau nhan thirc ciia HS ciing chinh la dpng luc cua mpi qua trinh nhan thirc LS Vi thi de thuc diy qua trinh nh$n thirc LS cua HS, tmac het GV can giup cac em "biet" sir, tire biet each ghi nha cac su kien LS moi quan he mang tinh he thong ciia hien tupng, qua trinh LS Dong thai cung can tien hanh viec ciing co, on tap thuofng xuySn giiip HS nha lau, hieu sau kien thiic, vi dae diem ciia su ghi nha la can phai lap di, lap lai nhieu lan Truac het, GV co the va can phai huang dan HS kT nang nho logic bing each tim moi lien he logic giira cac su kien Men tupng LS, lap dan y, bang he thong hoa Qua do, giiip HS ghi nha nhanh su kien, tham chi co the nho su kien LS hpc tren lap, tranh dupe tinh trang khong nho hoac nhim lln su kien, nhat la doi vai nhimg bai hpc LS co qua nhieu su kien Vi nhu, hpc bai 18: Nhiing ndm ddu cua cuoc khang chien loan quoc chong thuc ddn Phdp (1946-1950), HS Oiuong nhim lln giua 66 Sd 65 nam 2014 su kien LS quan trpng la chien dich Viet Bic thu - dong 1947 va chiln djch Bien gioi thu - dong 1950 De co thi giup HS khic phuc tinh trang tren, tiinh bay vl chiln dich LS nay, GV nen sit dung each dli sanh, bing viec lap mpt bang he thing hoa nhiing npi dung chinh cua chiln dich Trong do, GV cin xoay sau, lam ro sir khac giiia hai chien dich vl am muu, kl hoaeh cua Phap, vl chii truang cua ta, cac nien dai va dia danh can ghi nho, kit qua, y nghia GV ciing CO thi huang dan HS ghi nho mpt each may moc moi lien he giiia cac sir kien, giira thai gian va dia diem xay su kien bang viec xac dinh m6t "diem tua" de nho Vi tihu, day bai 20 Cuoc khdng chien todn quoc chong thuc ddn Phdp kit thiic (1953-1954), muc 11.2: Chien Dien Bien Phu thdng l0, de giiip HS nha su kien Na-va duac dilu sang lam Tong chi huy quan vien chinh, kiem Cao uy Phap a Dong Ducmg vao thang nam nao? Cau tra loi la diing nam truoc Phap thit bai Dien Bien Phu (7-5-1954); hoac 19-121946 la "toan quae khdng chien" chong thitc dan Phap thi diing nam sau, 19-12-1947 chinh la dai bO phan quan Phap phai nit chay khoi Viet Bic su thit bai cua chiln dich ViSt Bac Tuy nhien, dl dat duac tinh bin viing Clia tri thii:c, dieu quan trpng la GV cin tien hanh cimg co, on tap kiln thitc thuimg xuyen cho HS bang nhilu hinh thirc khac Chang h ^ , day hpc bai 17: "Nucrc Viet Nam Ddn chu Cpng hoa tir sau ngdy 2-9-1945 din truac Nguyin Thdnh Nhdn Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM 19-12-1946", GV CO the su dung mdt so md de td chuc hoat dgng nh&i thiic cua HS va tien hanh viec ciing cd kien thiie cho cac em Ngoai ra, GV cd the td chiic nhieu boat dgng ngoai khda LS kh^c nhau, tiiy thugc vao muc dich td chiic, quy md td chiie, trinh dp HS va thdi gian tien hanh, la: dgc sach, ke chuyen LS, vSn nghe cd ngi dung LS, trd choi LS, da hgi LS, hiing bien theo chu de LS Viec thuc hien cd hieu qua nhung hinh thiic hoat dgng ngo^i khoa LS se gdp phan tao HTHT LS cho HS Ket lu^n Tdm lai, viec tao hiing thii hgc tap cho HS day hgc LS d trudng THPT la cin thiet, nhim nang cao hieu qua bai hgc De viec tao hiing thu cd hieu qua, yeu cau GV phai hieu dugc tam quan trgng, y nghTa va van dung nhuan nhuyen cac bien phap, tranh trudng hgp chi hd hao, danh trdng bd diii, hoac su dung bien phap chi de de minh hpa kien thiic sach giao khoa chii khong thuc su dem lai hiing thu hpc tap cho HS TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bg Giao due va Dao tao (2008), Sdch gido khoa Lich su 12, Nxb Giao due Ha Ngi Cdvaliop A G (1971), Tdm li hoc cd nhdn Tap Nxb Giao due, Ha Ngi Nguyen Duy Lieu (2008), Nghien cuu thii hgc tap mon Vgt li cua hoc sinh trung hgc phd thong trin dia bdn tinh Thanh Hoa, Luan van Thac sT Giao due hgc, Dai hpc Su pham, Dai hgc Hue Le Nguyen Long (2000), Thir di tim nhirng phuang phdp dgy hgc hieu qud, Nxb Giao due, TP Hd Chi Minh Thai Duy Tuyen (2008), Phuong phdp dgy hoc truyen thong va doi mdi, tai ban lan 1, Nxb Giao due Ha Npi (Ngdy Tda so$n nh§n duvc bdi: 25-8-2014; phdn bi0n ddnh gid: 25-10-2014; ngdy chip nhan ddng: 23-12-2014} 67 ... qudn su cua tuang Nava? 3.2 Xdc dinh dpng cct hpc tap cho hgc sinh tit ddu gid hgc nhdm thu hiit sir tap trung chdy cua cdc em dgy hgc Lich su Trong hoat ddng nhan thiic LS, dgng CO hgc tap ddng... LS Trong day hpc, GV day LS cd thi tao tirih hudng cd vin de cho toan bg 63 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM 3.3 sa dung nhom cac Men phap de xay difng hinh anh LS cu the, sinh dong vet chan thu''c Trong. .. se tao cho HS biiu tugng sinh dpng, cu the va chan thuc vi su chuan bi, Nguyen Thdnh Nhdn ve quyet tam ciia toan Dang, quan va dan ta cho su toan thang ciia chien djch Dien Biin Phil, lam cho cac