TAP CHt KHOA HOC & C6NG NGHp cAC TRUCfNG DAI HQC K* THliAT • S6 89 2012 K t N A N G THifeT Kjfc MVC TifeU DAY HQC THEO HlTdNG Tit? C^ H^ T H 6 N G SKILL TO WRITE TEACHING OBJECTIVE WITH SYSTEMATIC APP[.]
TAP CHt KHOA HOC & C6NG NGHp cAC TRUCfNG DAI HQC K* THliAT • S6 89 - 2012 K t N A N G THifeT Kjfc MVC TifeU DAY HQC THEO HlTdNG Tit? C^ H^ T H N G SKILL TO WRITE TEACHING OBJECTIVE WITH SYSTEMATIC APPROACH Li Thi Qupnh Trang Trudng Dgi hgc Kp thugt cdng nghiip Thdi Nguyen Nhdn ngdy 28 thdng 12 ndm 2011, chdp nh§n ddng ngdy 26 thdng ndm 2012 T6M TAT Ly thuydt hd thdng c6 thd xem Id phuang phdp khoa hgc cd tinh khdi qudt cao, cd tinh dn dfnh vOng chdc dd md hod cdc mdi quan hd cda cdc ddi tugng dugc nghidn cuv V$n dgng /y thuydt h$ thdng dd trd thdnh mdt tidp c$n m&i thudc nnh vge phuang phdp dgy hgc cho phdp gido vidn quy hogch dugc qud trinh dgy hqc tdng qudt cOng nhu tdng mdt cda nd Trong qud trinh dgy hgc muc tidu dgy hgc cd vai tni dinh hu&ng todn b0 qud trinh dgy hgc tCr vi$c /ya chgn ndi dung ddy hgc phuang phdp vd phuang ti$n dgy hgc hinh thue td chdc dgy hgc vd hinh thue kidm tra ddnh gid Do dd dd dat dugc hi$u qud ciJa qud trinh dgy hgc tru&c hdt ngu&i gido vidn cin phdi xdc dinh dOng mgc tidu dgy hgc Bdi vidt ndy tiinh bdy khdi qudt mdt sd vdn dd ca bdn vd phuang phdp tidp c$n h$ thdng, qua dd ldc gid trao ddi mdt sd kp ndng thidt kd mgc tidu dgy hgc theo hu&ng tidp c$n h$ thdng ABSTRACT Systematic theory is said to be a scientific method of generalization and sustainable stability to encode relationship amongst subjects in studying Applying systematic theory has become a new approach in teaching methodology, which allows teachers to plan either general teaching procedure or each detail content of teaching Teaching objective plays an orientative role in teaching and learning generally and in selecting contents to be taught, materials to be used in teaching, way of organization to deliver a lecture as well as type of test used to evaluate learners particularly In order to achieve effectiveness In teaching and learning, therefore, teachers are advised to identify appropnate objectives for every lesson The wnting is designed to overally present some basic issues of systems based approach method The author also would like to share some skills in writing abjective for a lesson with systematic approach l DAT VAN DE Ban tuyfin ngdn todn cau ve giao dye dai hgc thfi ky 21 UNESCO cong bd mang noi dung: "Cac trudng dai hoc nfin gido dye sinh vifin trd thdnh cac cdng dan dugc thdng tin tdt, tich cgc, tan va cd khd nang dgc lap suy nghT, phdn ti'ch cac van dfi cua xa hdi, dp dyng chiing vd chiu trach nhiem trudc x3 hpi" Vdi su phdt trifin nhanh eiia khoa hgc va cong nghfi, cac nha trudng can giup sinh vien thu nhan dugc nhiJng kien thue vd ky ndng co ban nhat vd chu yfiu day cho sinh vien each hpc, each tu sang tao Ngudi sinh vifin bifit each hoc vd quen tu sang tao thi mdi cd the thich dng vdi mgi tinh hudng thj trudng lao ddng va ddi sdng xa hdi trudng Mot nang lire cu thfi rat quan trgng ma trudng dai hoc can trang bi cho sinh vien Id nang luc tim vific lam va tao viec lam cho ban than vd cho nhirng ngudi khac Sinh vifin phai biet each lam vific mot tap the, biet each hgp tdc vdi mgi ngudi, ddng thdi phai cd nang lye canh tranh ca nudc, d khu vuc va trfin the gidi Trong boi cdnh dd, nhiem vy ddt cho nfin giao due la phai ddi mdi toan difin qua trinh diiy hgc Vdi tu cdch nhu la mpt hfi thdng qua trinh d?y hgc gdm cac nhan to ca ban: Muc dich vd nhiem vu day hpc, hoat ddng cua thay va trd, ndi dung, phuong phap day hoc, hinh thiJc td ehire day hgc phuang tifin day hoc, dieu kien day hpc, ket qua day hgc Tat ca cac nhan tfi dd cd su lien he mat thiei vdi theo nhirng quy luat xac dinh tao nfin tinh dn dinh, bfin vu'ng vdriengbiet ciia qua trinh day hpc Trong bai viet tac gia ban den viec xac djnh muc tieu day hpc theo hudng tiep can he thdng TAP CHl KHOA HQC & CANG N(;H(; CAC TRU'dNG DAI HQC K^ THUAT • S6 89 - 2012 MOT s V A N f)t CO B A N v t PHUONG PHAPTlfePCAN HfTHdNG 2.1 Hf thdng vd cdc dfc trimg cor bAn cda hf th6nR Hi thiing Id Idp hgp phSn tir cd cdu true vd luang ldc (trong ngodi) theo mdt qui ludt xdc dfnh D^c tnmg CO hdn cilia h$ th6ng bao gdm [ I ]: Mfii h$ th6ng gdn li^n vdi m$t hinh thurc l6 chirc nhdt djnh Tinh th chiJrc ^y th^ hifn d ck\x true thd b$e, ddc irimg cho k^ ciu hinh thirc vd phuang ihirc ho^l d$ng ciia hf thdng Mdi hf thdng gdm nhi^u phdn hf, nhiiu hf eon, nhiiu yiu Id hgp thdnh M6i phdn hf mdi hf con, mdi ydu td dy vira Id mOt ydu td ciia hf thdng cao han, vira Id m^t hfi thong cua nhOng ydu td th4p han Nhu vdy, bat ky m^l hf thdng ndo cQng cd thd coi nhu Id mOl ydu td cua hf thdng thugc lo^i cao han, ddng thdi cdc ydu id eiia nd cung ed the Id mdt hfi thdng thugc lo^t thdp hon Do ket qud tdc dpng qua I^ gii^a ede mdt, cdc yeu to md h? thdng vdi tu cdch la mgt chinh thfi ed nhuTig thugc tinh mdi, chdt lugng mdi nhihig cdi vdn khdng ed d cdc ydu td vd cdc bg phdn hgp thdnh hf thdng Vi Ifi dd, ngudi ta ndi rdng chinh thfi Idn han ldng sd cdc bd ph^n ciia nd Cae hfi thdng hihi sinh, ky thudt vd xd hgi cd khd ndng ty difiu chinh tren ca sd Ihu thdp tdng trif, che bifin vd xu ly thdng tin nhdm d^l dfin myc dich nhat djnh Ddc trung cua hf thdng khdng phdi chi la ede mdi lien hfi va quan hfi giO^ eac yeu td, cdc bp phdn cdu thdnh, ma cdn l;i s\r ihdng nhat vdi mdi trudng, thdng qua nhihig mdi quan hf qua l^i ciia nd vdi mdi trudng 2.2 Phuang phdp tiep can hf thdng Khai nifm iiep cgn (approach) d ddy dugc hieu id each chgn chd dimg eiia ngudi nghiin eini lie dd nhin nhgn va gidi quyet nhirng vdn di liin quan Cling mpt ddi lugng vdi each tiep can khac cd ihe dat dugc nhihig hifiu qua khac irong viec phat hifin nhirng thugc linh va quan hf tren ddi tugng Ndi ddn phuong phdp Id ndi tdi nhthig nguyfin tdc, cich thde vd trinh tg th^c hifn mdt ho9l ddng dd dat myc dich dd Do dd, nl^t cdch thCrc, cd the col nd bao gdm: - NhQng phuong phdp nhjn ihii'c thd gidi - NhQng phuang phdp cdi b l ^ (gdn lidn vdi nhihig kf nftng, cdch thuc, phuong tifn ) E)dy Id tinh chit d9c trung cda qud trinh day hgc cdc mdn khoa hgc Ong d ^ g ndi chung cOng nhu mdn K^ ihu^t difn ndi ritng Trong khoa hgc gido dye, khdng thd chl nghifin ciru cdc phuong phdp cy thfi md cdn phdi nghifin cuu cdch tifip C$n tdng qudt cdc vdn dd hifn thgc gido dye tdc Id nghifin cihi cd b$c trung gian gi&a phuong phdp ludn vd phuang phdp cy thd Cting vdi cdc phuang p h ^ tidp cdn khdc phuong phdp tifip c|n hf thdng cung ndm d vj tri trung gian dd "Phuang phdp liip cgn hi thdng Id cdch xem xil ddi lugng Irong hi ihong nhu mgt hi todn Vfn phdi Irien dgng qud trinh sinh thdnh thdng qua giai quyil nhung mdu thudn bin Irong nhiing luang ldc hap qui lugt giira cdc thdnh td cua hi Vgch dugc bdn chdl loan v^n cua hi thdng qua viic phdt hin dugc [3 lr.527J: - Cdu true eua hi: - Qui lugt luxmg ldc giOa cdc thdnh td cua hi: - Tinh todn vpn (tinh tich hgp) " na\ Id phuong phdp duge sir dyng phd bien nhat Co sd triet hgc cua phuang phap Id: - Quan hf giitB bg phdn vdi todn thfi; - Bifn chung ciia sy phdt trifin, Phuang phap ndy ddi hdi nghifin cuu mgt van de can phai tuan thii cdc yeu edu sau [21: - Phai xem xet doi lugng nghifin euu nhu nhihig hfi thdng tdng thfi, hoan chinh, trgn ven eua nd Mudn nhu vdy, cdn ddt ddi tugng nghien cim irong mgt he thdng ddi tugng, nghien cihi mot ddc difim (thugc tinh) ciia mdt ddi tugng eung cdn dvra vao dac difim (thugc tinh) dy vdo mpt he thdng cac ddc difim (thugc tinh) khac Lam dugc nhu vay Id ta da tim dugc ddi tugng ay TAP CHt KHOA HQC & C6NG NGH$ CAC TRUdNG DAI HQC Ki THUAT • S 89 - 2012 cd nhOng ddc didm (thu§c tinh) ndo, tdc Id tim ciu triic ciia ddi tugng Chdng h^n, nghifin cihi vifc d^y hgc mdn K5» thudt difn phdi d$t nd hf thdng cdc mdn hpc cua nhd trudng Nghifin cih) m$t bdi d^y phdi d$t nd hf thdng chucmg trinh cua cd mdn hgc - Phdn tieh ddi tugng nghifin curu thdnh nh£hig bO ph§n (phin td) vd tim cho dugc nhihig b$ phdn CO bdn, chii ydu, mang nhQng dau hifu (thugc tinh) bdn chdt cua ddi tugng nhung nd cy thd hon, dfi nghifin cdu han TCr dd xdc djnh mdi quan hfi giiJa cdc bO ph§n dd: vd ca chd, trinh tg tuang ddi dn djnh Tdc Id nghifin cuu ddi tugng sg phdt trifin bifin chdng nhung vSn thiy dugc sy binh dn tuong ddi ciia nd Vi dy, mdi bdi hgc ddu cd the cd nhifiu myc dfch (nhifm vy) khdc nhau, cd nhidu phdn ndi dung khdc nhung cin xdc dinh dugc nhiem vy chinh, ngi dung trgng tdm ciia bai d^y dfi tidn hdnh bai Ifin Idp cd hifiu qua - cin xdc dinh hudng dieh (myc tifiu) cua hf thdng vd tir dd xdc dinh ro myc tifiu cy the cua cac bg phan dfi dat myc tifiu chung, tire ket hgp diing dan giiia phan tieh vd tdng hc^ doi tugng Vi thfi, xac dinh myc tifiu, yeu cdu cua mdi bai day eung can phdi xet den yfiu cau chung cua chuong, cua mdn hgc, cua nha trudng vaxa hdi THIET KE MVC TIEU D^Y HQC CHO MpT HOC PHAN THEO HUdNG TifeP CAN H$ THONG Theo quan diem eiia ly luan day hpc hifin dai [4],[5], qua trinh d^y hpc tdn tgi vdi tu each la mpt he thdng, nd bao gdm nhihig nhdn td clu tnic CO ban la: Myc dich va nhiem vy day hoc, hoat ddng ciia thdy va trd, ngi dung, phuang phap day hgc, hinh thirc to chiic day hgc, phuang tifin day hgc, kfit qud d?y hpc Qua trinh dd difin moi trudng x3 hdi - chinh trj va mdi trudng khoa hgc ky thuat nhat djnh De nang eao chdt lugng day hpc ddi hdi su ddi mdi mpt each toan dien cac nhan td cau qua trinh day hpc Qua trinh day hgc trudc day, dao tgo theo hpc phdn - nien chfi, sinh vien phai hpc theo tdt ca nhihig gi Nha trudng sdp dat, khong phan biet sinh vifin cd difiu kien, nang luc tdt, hay sinh vien ed hoan canh kho khan ndng lgc ydu Hifn qud trinh dgy hpc, ddo tgo theo hf thdng tfn chi, cho phfip sinh vifin cd thd chii d$ng hgc theo didu kifn vd ndng lgc ciia minh NhOng sinh vifin gidi cd thd hpc theo ddng hodc hpc vugt kd hogch hpc tdp todn khda, kd hogch hpc tdp tiing hpc ky theo ggi y eua nhd trudng, dd tot nghifp theo dung thai gian chuin eiia chuong trinh hodc sdm hon NhQng sinh vifin binh thudng vd ydu cd thd kfio ddi thdi gian hgc tdp trudng vd tdt nghifip mudn hem Vi vdy, qud trinh dgy hge ddo theo hf thdng tin chi ngudi gido vifin cin phdi xdc djnh rd mye tifiu ciia mdn hgc, cua chuang, cua bdi hpc phii hgp vdi myc dich ddo tgo eiia nhd trudng Dgy hge phdi chd trpng bdi dudng hf thdng tri thde, ky ndng, ky xao gdn vdi nghfi nghifp tuang lai ciia sinh vifin, phdt trifin eho hp ndng Ige vd phdm chit tri tuf, ddc bifit Id ndng lye tu nghd nghifp Qua dd giiip ngudi hgc cd dugc bdn ITnh dfi budc vdo hoat dgng hgc lifin tyc va hgc sudt ddi Ddng thdi hinh thdnh d hg the gidi quan khoa hpc, ly tudng, ude ma, hoai bao nghe nghifip va nhihig phim chit dao dtic, tae phong cdng nghifp Dfi thifit kfi mpt bdi hpc, trudc tifin ngudi gido vifin phai xde dinh dugc mye tifiu cua bai dgy mdi quan he giiia cdc thdnh to cua qua trinh day hpc 3.1 Phdn bift muc dich d^y hgc vd myc tieu d^y hpc £)e xde dinh dung muc lieu dgy hgc thiit ki day hgc ngudi gido vien cdn phdn biet ro muc dieh vd muc tieu Muc dich dgy hpc la myc dich phdn nhdm thirc hifin myc dich giao due tdng thfi vific hinh mpt kieu nhan cdch cho ngudi hpc phii hgp vdi nhiJng nhu cau ddi hdi ciia phai trifin \a hpi, nhu cau ve phdt trien nhan cdch ciia mdi ca nhdn Muc dieh day hpc xuat hifin trudc va chi phdi loan bd boat dpng day hgc, trudc hfit la viec xac djnh npi dung va phuang phap day hpc Muc dich day hpc thudng dugc xac dinh theo bdn cdp dp: Muc tieu chung muc tieu trung gian, muc tieu cu thfi va muc tieu ca nhan Noi each khac, muc dich day hoc la mot he thdng bao gdm cae muc tieu Can cir vao TAP CHl KHOA HQC & C6NG NGHf; CAC TRDdNG DA' HQC KV THUAT * sO 89-2012 myc lifiu chung (cdn ggi Id myc tifiu tdng qudt), myc lifiu trung gian ngudi gido vifin xdy dyng myc tifiu cy thd (mi^c tifiu d9y hgc) bao gdm myc tifiu ciia mdn hgc, cua bdi hgc, ciia gid hgc, ciia tCmg vin dd + Xdc djnh rO cdng vific dgt dugc muc ndo: gidi, khd, trung binh, ydu, k^m Myc tifiu dgy hgc Id cdi dich ciia mOt qud trinh Vifc xdc djnh myc tifiu dimg, cy thd thi mdi cd cdn cii' dd ddnh gid chit lugng, hifu qud cua qud trinh dgy hgc Khi xdc djnh myc lifiu cin phdi llnh ddn vifc ddnh gid Dd myc tifiu cao md khdng thgc hifn vd ddnh gid dugc cQng khdng mang Igi kdl qud gl •*• Cd cdc hudng dSn ddnh gid qud trinh hgc t$p nhit qudn, khdng thifin vj 5.2 Tieu chf xdc d|nh mgc tIJfu d^y hgc Mgc tieu dgy hgc phdi dgt dugc cdc liC-u chi sau: - Myc tifiu phdi djnh rd miit; d$ hodn thdnh cdng vific ciia ngudi hgc; nghTa Id cin chl rd hgc xong bdi ndy sinh vifin phdi dgt dugc cdi gi, chd khdng phdi Id bdi ndy gido vifin phdi 1dm gl, dong thdi ngudi gido vifin can djnh cdc tifiu chuin hge t$p ddi vdi sinh vifin bao gdm: Tieu chudn ngi dung: trinh bdy nhOng gi ngudi hgc cd thfi bifit, hifiu vd cd thd 1dm dugc Tieu chudn thgc hdnh: chi mirc dg lhanh thao phdi dugc thfi hifin cho bifit mirc dg dai dugc ede lifiu chuin ngi dung Tifiu chuin thgc hdnh cung ed thfi hifiu Id sg trinh bdy nhihig gi ngudi hgc phai 1dm vd cdc muc dp khac eiia chung • Myc lifiu phai ndi rO diu ciia bdi hgc chir khdng phai la lien trinh bdi hpc - Myc lieu khdng phdi dan thuan Id ehu de ciia bai hge md Id cdi dich bdi hgc md sinh vifin phdi dgt ldi - Moi myc tifiu chi nen phan dnh mgt dau dfi thudn tifin cho vifc ddnh gia kfit qua bdi hgc Neu bai hgc cd nhieu myc lieu thi nfin Irinh bay rieng limg mye tifiu vdi mire dg phai dgi vh moi myc tieu dd - Muc tieu bdi hpc la myc lieu d^l cho sinh vien Ihyc hifin phai dugc difin dat cu the, ngdn gpn dfi dam bao chiic ndng kiem tra ddnh gid - Can xac djnh cac tifiu chi md la rd rang cd tinh cdng khai cac khia canh hodc kich cd cac hogt ddng thuc hanh ciia ngudi hpc nhdm: -f GiOp cho ngurdi hgc vd nhQng ngudi cd lifin Quan bidt dtrgc myc tifiu vd cdc tifiu chi hgc t$p de phin diu thgc hifn + Ngudi hgc cd co sd dd tg ddnh gid cdng vifc cua hg - Cdc tifiu chl ciia myc tifiu dugcj^dt bidu bdng cdc cym tir hdnh ddng cho p h ^ de ddng dugc kdl qud hgc tdp cua sinh vifin NhQng d$ng tir nhu nim dugc hidu dugc thudng thich hgp dio nhQng myc lifiu chung, dc xdc djnh mgc tieu ey thd can diing nhQng d^ng tir nhu phdn tich so sdnh, chung minh, dp dyng quan sdt, dgc, - Hf thdng myc tlfiu hgc tdp nfin dugc xdc djnh lir dau qua irinh dgy hgc, vd dugc thd hifn kd hogeh, chuang trinh dgy hgc cua minh Di giiip xdc dinh chinh xde cdc mgc lieu dgy hgc dga vdo liiu chi saw - Xac l$p m$t lugng dii cdc myc tifiu cho timg thdi lugng vd don vj giang day (m$t ndm, mpt hgc ky, m^t don ^ i gidng dgy mgt bdi) - Md la dugc cdc togi hinh hgc t^p quan trpng ciia don vj giang dgy - Phdn dnh myc dich giao dye cua nhd Irudng, dja phuang dat nudc - Dam bdo tinh kha thi phii thdch thirc ngudi hge vd ed dugc cip dd kfit qua cao nhit - Nhat qudn vdi nhQng nguyfin tdc vd dgng co hpe tdp eua ngudi hgc - \,ii.- Idp trude dgy dfi gido vifin va hgc vifin y thiic dugc vd thgc hifin sudl qua trinh dgy hgc 3.3 Cdc thdnh phan co ban cua myc tieu day hgc Khi thiet kC- mgc lieu dgy hgc phdi hao qudt du ITnh vgc chung cua hoc tap Id*) Nhgn ihuc gdm cd nhan ihirc tri thiire vd nhgn thirc ky ndng - Nhgn Ihdc tri thirc: ngudi hgc cdn nhan bifit su vgt, sir kien: T^r CHl KHOA HOC & C6NG NGHC CAC TKtftWG B»I HQC K^ THVi^T * $689-2012 - Nlisn tliuc k^ nfing g^m: - KJ nfing img xflr tlnii cim vfi vfin iiofi tliam Ky ndng hep: ngudi l,?c pitfii Iti^ii s^ y^t, sv lci?n