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I()URNAI ()I\SCII NCI Ol''''IINUI Iklucaiional Sci 2012 Vol 51 No 9 pp 68 77 T l / LY THIIYKT HOC TAP KET NO! G d i M O CHO VIEC IJNC DIJNG C 6 N ( ; N C H E T R O N G HOC TAP Nguyen Manh Hung Trung ldm[.]
.I()URNAI.()I\SCII-NCI-: Ol'IINUIIklucaiional Sci 2012 Vol 51 No pp 68-77 T l / LY THIIYKT H O C TAP KET N O ! G d i M O C H O VIEC IJNC DIJNG C N ( ; N C H E T R O N G H O C T A P Nguyen Manh Hung Trung ldm Cdng nghe thdng tin TrUifng Deu hge Su phgm Hd Ndi H-mail: hungnm@bnue.edu.vn Tom tal Ly thuyet hoc lap ket ndi ddi nhu la sU phiit trien ly thuyet hoc lap ky nguyen sd hoa vdi sir bung nd ciia tri thflc dUa tren nen ling phat trien nhanh chong ciia cong nghe ihong tin, dap Ung nhu cau hex: tap dpng mpl the gidi phang va nen kinh tfi iri thflc Trong bai viet nay, tac gia khdng di sau irinb bay ve ly thuyel kel noi, ma chi dUa mot sd khai niem cd ban tren be mat vdi cac trich dSn trUc tiep, cac phan khac la sU phat trien ciia tac gia difa vao linh than cua ly thuyet nay, ciing vdi khai niem he sinh thai hoc tap va sU van dpng cua tri tbflc lam cO sd cho cac de xual flng dung cong nghe giao due, vdi muc dich gop phan nang cao hieu qua ciia viec day va hoc Irong mot xa bpi hpc tap Titkhda: Ly thuyet hoc tap, tn thflc ket ndi, E-learning he sinb ihai hpc lap Mb d§u Trong khoang vai chuc nam gan day, kbi khoa hpc giao due phat trie'n cang ro net ho tx6 cho nen cong nghifip giao due dang hinh thanh, thi cac ly thuyet hpc t a p ^ tap hpp lai va pbat trien Uianb he thdng ly luan v^ nhan thflc luan, phUdng phap luan Cac ly thuyet hpc tap ddi sdm (ly thuyet bpc tap hanh vi) hay mupn hdn (ly thuyel hpc tap nban thflc) hay gin day hdn (ly ibuyet hpc tap kien tao) deu xoay quanh each thflc xay dflng cac he thdng giao due va phudng phap giao due de ngfldi - ca nh5n tiep nhan tri thflc mpt each tdt nhit d day cac tri tbflc (kien thflc, ky nang) dfldc dong khung tUdng doi | | • rd rang theo tflng cap hpc, hinh thflc hpc phuc vu cho nhu clu tdi thfldng cua xa hpi cong nghiep la lam vific vdi hieu qua cao nhit Ndi mpt each ngin gpn, cac ly luan xoay quanh^ \ \ vific day (truyen kien thflc) va hpc (nhan kien thflc) hieu qua nhat cho tflng ca nhan ^i ! ! Ro rang vific hpc tap hdp tac, giao lflu vdi kien thflc se dfldc tang nhanh hdn Trong tbdi dai cong nghfi thong tin va truyen thong phat trien, the gidi tr5 nen phang hdn, dieu kien de' ngfldi cd the trao doi thong tin trao ddi tri thflc vdi cang dUdc md rdng hdn Hpc tap ket ndi cang cd dieu kien de thflc hifin Bai bao se trinh bay nhflng cd sd cfla viec hgc tap ket ndi va phan tich nhflng kh& nang flng dung cdng nghe viec ket ndi tri thflc, hd trd cho hpc tap ket ndi 68 Tif ly thuyit hgc tap kit noi ggi md cho viic img dung Cdng nghi Irong hgc tdp Noi dung nghien cufu 2.1 Ly thuyet hoc tap k£t noi - Hoc tap hifong noi dung hay hoc tap hir6ng ket noi Cac ly thuyet hpc tap di theo cac hfldng khac nhau, ed the trung d mol sd mat nhflng bd sung va hoan thifin cho nhau, hfldng tdi viec dem dfin cho ca nhan ngUdi mpt nfin tang iri tbflc lot nhat dua trfin npi dung hpc tap cd the' tU ngoai vao Irong ngUdi (ly thuyfit hanh vi), hay cac qua trinh hoc tap noi tai (ly thuyel nhan ihflc), hoac theo nhu clu/dpng lfle thflc dung cua ca nhan ngudi (ly thuyfit kifin lao) De cd bflc tranh tdng thfi' ve cac ly ihuyel hpc lap theo cac chu ngbia Iriel hpc, Driscoll (2000, [3; 17]) da dua mot bang cac dang cua tri thflc nhfl sau: Nhan thflc luan Ngudn tri thflc Cach thflc tifip nhan tridiflc Tri thflc tiep nhan d dau? Cac nha ly thuyet hpc tap Ly thuyet hpc tap Bang I Cdc dgng tri thtkc Cbu nghla khach Chu nghia ihUc dung quan Objectivism Pragmatism Chu nghia kinh Hpe ihuyel baim sinh nghifim (Nativism) (Empiricism) Luan chflng/Suy luan Tbflc ngbifim/trai va thuc nghifim nghifim Tri ihflc dUdc dien giai, Tbflc te khach quan, cac IhUc te dang tdn tai, bfin ngoai, trai va dUdc bifi'u difin hinh nghiem bang cam tbflc bdi be ihdng ky nhan hifiu va diu hieu Trong ca nhan ngfldi, nhflng phan Trong ca nhan anh qua cac boat ngudi dpng quan sat ben ngoai Vygotsky, Bandura, Skinner, Thorndike, Bruner, Ausubel, Pavlov, Watson Gadne Hanh vi NhSn thflc/Kien tao Chii nghia kien giai Interpreiivism Cbu nghla ly (Rationalism) Luan chflng/suy luan Thflc lai la qua trinh npi tai va tri thflc dfldc tao thong qua suy ngh Trong ca nhan ngudi, nhUng phu thupc vao tinh hudng moi trudng Bandura, Piaget, Bruner, Dewey Kien tao ^.*''- Trong tit ca cac Iy thuyet hoc tap nay, tam cua viec hgc tap la ndi dung cua m' thflc Ttt xUa tdi nay, vide hoc la sfl ghi nhd/lap lai/suy diln cac noi dung cu the dUOc ttuyen tai tfl ngfldi thay (nguon Ui thflc) tdi trd (ngUdi ti^p nhan tri thflc) Viec hoc cung cd the la ttt sach vd, tai lieu, hinh anh, cac dang hinh nghd thuSt, vv (cac ngudn ui thflc) uong cac dang tu hoc, tham khao, bd UO cho viec hoc chinh thdng qua cac hoat ddng hpc 69 Nguyen Manh Hiing la|i chinh iliong Noi dung lii i|uan Upng, (be nen sach Ibanh bicn ngiiy xfla, sach giao khoa ngiiy ilUdc coi lii kinh dien lii quan Irpng bac nhal Uong be thdng giao due Theo Sicnicn,s [6; 5], cac quan diem chi pbdi viec hpc lap ban lam la hfldng nfii dung, hudng ca nhan linb, vii khdng theo Iinh hudng sc lii cac nguyen nhan khai thacly Ihuycl hoc lap kcl ndi sc dUdc iiitih biiy dudi day Trong ky nguyen ky thual sd cua viii chuc nam gan day, iri thflc da dUdc sd hoa, dU(tc cong bd vil quang ba long rai thdng qua cac phU(Jng ticn thdng lin dai chung di/a iicn cong nghe Dac bicl vdi sU phiil Iricn manh mc cua cdng nghe ihdng tin nhU Internet, mang WWW da dien sU bimg nd ve Iri ihflc, Iheo Siemens (2004) loan bo tri thflc da gap ddi irong 10 nam vii sc gap ddi vdi chu ky 18 ihang tiep ibco [5, ir ] Vong ddi cQa iri ihUc Cling ngan hdn, hang loai cac Iri thflc ird nfin lac bau irong mdt tbdi gian rat ngan bdi Slf la dill cua cac iri ihflc nidi liep ndi khdng ngflng Vdi xu hudng bimg nd iri ibflc hicn vific bpc tap se phai dien sudt ddi, tif sinh la tdi chel di tfl vific hoc d trfldng Idp ldi hoc d ndi lam vice, bpc xa hdi, vv Ciic iri ihUc (kien ihUc, ky nang) hiin lam tiep tbu d irfldng ldp se chi cac nen tang can ban Clia ca nhan ngUdi, khdng ibfi'chi dung mai cudc ddi Tham chi mpt sd npi dung hpc lap d Ciic cap bpc khac se ird nfin lac hau, hoac khdng dung dfin tUdng lai Con ngUdi cimg cang thay doi each sdng, lam vice va suy nghi theo sU pbat Uien cua cdng nghfi Con ngudi hifin sdng vdi Internet, vdi WWW, vdi cac mang xa hpi, sii dung Google dfi iim kifim ngudn tri thflc, dung Wikipedia dfi' tra cflu va tiep nhan tri thiic, dung Ciic cdng cu phan mem de IU va suy ngbi Vdi cac nen tang cdng nghfi di dong va khdng day hifin nay, ngUdi cd the truy cap vao kho tri thflc khdng id cua nhan loai bll cfl dau, bat ky luc nao Viec bpc tap dien mpt each lfl nhifin kbdng ngflng Vdi xu hudng phal trien cua xa hdi bda dUa trfin cdng nghe/lri thflc hien nay, ca nhan ngfldi hda nhap vdi cac cdng ddng, td chflc dan xen va phuc hdp, kfi' ca cac he thong ao tren Internet Do dd vific bpc tap cung mang tinh xa hpi hda hinh cac cpng ddng, td chflc, he thdng bpc lap Tri thflc dfldc trao ddi, chia se, ket ndi gifla cac nhdm hpe tap khac Vai trd ngudi bpc, ngUdi tbay cung trd nen da dang, da chieu hdn: ngUdi hoc tiep thu kien thflc, ddng thdi cung se chia se, cdng bd tri thflc cua minh va trd ngudn tri thflc cho cac ca nhan/lap the khac tham gia chung he thdng hpc tap; ngfldi thay tfl vai tro la ngudn tri tbflc chinh (lecturer), co the' trd ngfldi hfldng din (instructor) cung cap ket ndi tdi ngudn tri thflc Nhu cau dao tao theo id chflc/cdng ty/xi nghiep cung trd nfin manh me va la mdi me vdi cac phfldng thflc dao lao irfldc day va cac ly thuyet hoc tap truyen thdng Mpt sd difi'm trinh bay trfin la nguyen nhan din tdi nhflng luan difi'm mdi ly thuyfit hpc tap Trong bdi canh cua sU van ddng lien tuc cua tri thflc, cua ky nguyfin cong nghe^so, ly thuyet hpc tap ket ndi ddi nhfl la nhflng sfl phat trien tiep theo cua ba ly thuyet hpc tap phd bi^n noi tren Y tfldng ban dau vd Iy thuyet hoc tap ket ndi George Siemens dfla nam 2004 [5], va dfldc hoan thien hdn bai viet tranh luan vdi Plen Verhagen [7] (Siemens, 2006, [6]) Cic cd sd ly iuan vfi triet hoc, phUdng phap luan, nhan thflc luan cho ly thuyet hpc tap k^t ndi dfldc Stephen Downes phat triln va dfldc tap hdp 70 Tif ly thuyit hgc tap kit noi ggi md cho viec ifng dung Cdng nghe hgc tap thanb tuyen tap (Downes, 2012, [2]) Tbeo Siemens, ly thuyfit ket ndi md ta mang hpc lap, dua trfin cac nguyen ly cac he thdng hdn mang (chaos), he tbdng mang (network), cac he tbdng phflc hdp lfl td chflc (self-organization) [5; 4]: - Hpc tap va tri thflc dfla tren su da dang phong phu cua cac y tUdng - Hpc lap la qua U-inh ket ndi cac nut chuyen mdn (iri thflc) hoac cac ngudn thdng - Hpc tap cd thfi' thUc hien cac mdi trudng ngoai ngUdi (cong nghfi) - Kha nang nban biet liep theo la quan irpng hdn nhflng dieu da biet - Kbai thac va Iri "ket ndi" la cin thiet cbo viec hpc lap lien luc - Kha nang nban biel sU ndi kfil gifla cac linh vUc y lUdng khai niem la ky nang cdt ldi - Su cap nhat tri thflc la muc tifiu ciia moi boat ddng hpc lap kel ndi - Kha nang quyel dinh tu than la mdt quii irinh hpc tap, Chpn lua cai gi can hpc va y nghla ciia thdng tin dang tiep can dupc nhin nhan tbdng qua lang kfnh cua thUc lai chuyfi'n dicb Ti'nh chit Bdng 2: Tinh chdt cUa ly thuyet hgc tap Ly thuyfil Ly thuyfit nhan tbflc kifin tao Ly thuyet hanh vi Ly Ihuyel kfit ndi Hpc tap difin nhfl thfi nao Thdng qua hop den - chi thdng qua hanh vi quan sat Mdt each CO cau true va dua trfin tinh toan Mang ti'nh xa hdi, y nghia tao bdi lirng ngudi hpc (ca nhan) Hpc dien he thdng mang, dupc lang cudng bdi cdng nghfi va xa hdi hda; thdng qua nhan bifit va giai nghla cac miu tinh hudng Cac yeu td anh hudng Khen thudng, khich le, hinh phat Sd dd cac trai nghifim dacd Su tham gia, dang nhap, ti'nh xa hpi, van hda Tinh da dang cua he thdng mang Ma hda, lflu trfl, phuc hdi Tri thflc da cd ket hdp vdi tinh hudng bifin tai Cac miu tinh hudng thich nghi, su bieu dien trang thai hien tai he thdng mang Vai trd cua bpnhd Nhd la su lap lai cac trai nghiem, dd phin thudng va hinh phat CO anh hudng nhit 71 Nguyen Miinh Hung Su iruyen iri Ihflc dicn nhfl ibe niio? Kich ihi'ch vii phiin flng Dang hoc nao la idi nhal? Hoc lap nbu la nhiem vu Nhan ddi cau I IUC tri ihflc cua ngifili bict Suy luan giiii quyel van dc, cd cac muc lieu rd rang Xa hdi hda Ket ndi tdi nut mang Mang tinh xa bpi Hpc tap phflc hdp, mdi trfldng thay ddi nhanh, cac ngudn tri thflc da dang Ban than ket ndi quan ttong hon ndi dung Kha nang hoc tap cho mai la quan hoii nhflng cai dii hicl hdm Kha nang kcl ndi dung tdi ngudn tri thflc can thiel trd Ihanh ky niing manh me Ly thuyet kcl ndi dfla mdl md hinh hiK tap vdi sfl chuy& dich cua viec hoc tap khdng chi la cac hoat ddng ndi tai va mang tinh ca nhan ([5; 8]) Stephen cho rang ve ban chat, ly thuyet ket ndi la luan diem cho rang ui thflc van ddng thdng qua mang cac ket ndi, dd hoc tap la kha nang xay dflng va van hanh cac mang dd [3; 85] De lam rd hon cac linh chat xac dinh mdt ly thuyet hoc tap theo Mergel (1998) [4], chung ta cd bang so sanh sau day (Siemens [6; 36]): Ly thuydt hoc tap kel ndi phan anh mdt xu the hoc lap Uong mdi trifdng hien dai cua thdi ky cdng nghe, xa hdi hda, bung nd tri thflc va sfl da dang cua cac hinh thflc hpc tap, sfl da dang cua cac nhdm ngfldi hoc, ngfldi day Dd la hoc tap la sU kel ndi cac ngudn tri thflc tren mang (xa hdi, cdng nghe); hoc lap la qua Uinh dinh hudng ket ndi thay vi dinh hudng ndi dung 2,2 Tri thil'C ket noi - Lien ket, chia se, c o n g b o , c a c d a n g v a n dong cua tri thil'C Tri thflc la muc tieu cua viec hoc tap Cd rat nhieu khoa hoc giai thich ban chat cua ui thflc, each bieu diln, vv Tfl thdi xa xfla, cac trfldng phai triet hoc Hy Lap co dai, A rap sau dd va thdi Phuc hung, da cd hai loai ui thflc chinh: dinh tinh va dinh luong Vdi su lidn ket tdi ly thuyet hoc tap ket noi, Stephen Downes da dUa mot khai niera cho mdt dang ui thflc thfl ba (khdng phu nhan dang Uen, khdng tach rieng), dd la tri thflc kk ndi Tji thflc ket noi dfldc md ta mang tinh phan tan, duoc van chuyen tdi nhieu hdn mot thllc the Tinh chSt cua mot thflc the phai din den hoac u u'nh chat ciia thflc the khac nham muc dich ket noi cac thuc the vdi nhau, va ui thflc-ket qua cua ket noi la ui thflc ket ndi [2; 299], Nhfl vay, tri thflc ket ndi yeu clu phai cd sU ket noi/tudng tac, va tti thflc ket ii6i chmh la tri thiic cua moi li6n ket/tudng tac dd [2; 299], Khai ni6m dua y tudng cda su van ddng cda Ui thiic 72 Tif ly thuyet hgc lap kit ndi ggi md cho viic ting dung Cdng nghe irong hgc tap Thdi xa xfla, tri thflc la tai san quy gia ciia mpl sd dang d p cao quy irong xa hpi, vi du ting ldp iang lfl xa hdi An Dp cd dai nbd cd kinh dao I lindu/Phal giao ma trd thanb ting ldp cao nhal xa hdi biy gid Ciic ihay lc d cac xa hpi khac ciing vay dpc dudc cac sach kinh va thuoc cac bai kinh cho cac budi le Idn giiio Thiiy giao lU xa xUa cung ludn dupc trpng vpng vi cd iri thflc \a day iri thflc cho ngUdi khiic Cho dfin gin day, cac ngudn tri thtic cd the iiiJi ke nbu sau: sach vd, tin lieu lflu trfl tai nha rifing, lai ciJc Ihfl vien, cac loai binh van hda dan gian, cac tri ihflc Irong cac Cii nhan, dac bifit la cac tbay giao, thay tu, nha khoa hpc vdi ciic iri ihflc chuyen nganh Tri thflc van dpng thdng qua chu yeu lii qua trinh hpc tap - lU thay ldi iro, lfl sach vd tdi ngudi hpc vv Tri thflc dang ket ndi hau nhfl khdng dupc de cap tdi Su van ddng eua tri thflc la rat cham, hoac la kbdng van dpng Do dd, sfl phal trifin cua long iri ihflc loai ngfldi difin luc binh lang luc manh me nhung tuu trung la cham; nbu irfin da chi ra, 10 nam gin day tdng tri thflc nhan loai bang ca thdi gian trUdc dd Vay lai Irong thdi gian gin day, sU pbat trien ciia tri thflc trd nen manh me va bung nd? Dfi dang thay rang, nhu phan tren da irinh bay, qua irinh gip ddi tri tbflc 10 nam gan day dien nbd ky nguyfin sd hda va sfl phiii trien nhanh chdng cua cdng nghfi thong tin (mang Internet, WWW), din den su kel ndi tri thflc dfi' tao cac iri thflc mdi Ngay nay, mdl nha khoa hpc cd thfi' tim kiem cac ket qua nghien cflu vfi mpl linh vflc nao dd rit nhanh chdng va diy dii chi dUa vao mpt cu nhan chupl irong Google tren may tinh, sau dd anh cd thfi' ket ndi tdi cac tac gia cua cac kfit qua de' trao ddi, chia se iri thUc, hoac tham gia nhdm/tap thfi' nhflng ngfldi quan tam tdi nghifin cflu trfin mang thong qua cac difin dan md, thdng qua cac mang xa hpi, cac he ihdng nhdm lin, vv Sau nghien cflu va cd nhung kfit qua nhll dinh, anh lai cd the'cdng bd, chia sc cac tri thflc mdi ciia minh cung qua cac kfinh kfit ndi trfin Qua trinh dfldc tiep dien khong ngflng tao su pbat trifi'n bung nd ciia tri thflc Thdng qua cac boat dpng nhu lien ket, chia se, cdng bd, quang ba, tri thflc kfit ndi mang gifla cac ca nhan, gifla cac id chflc, gifla ca nhan va td chflc, tao nen sfl van ddng cua tri tbflc Sfl van ddng cang nhanb, yfiu td npi dung cua tri thflc cang trd nfin it quan trpng hdn su ket ndi, va lifin ket tdi ngudn tri thflc Chung la da phan khdng cin phai qua chu y ldi viec ghi nhd hoac hifi'u ky cac tri thflc, thay vao dd, chung ta lai rat cin biet ngudn tri thflc va cac lien kfit dfi' hifi'u/nhan biet cin ihiet De cd the khai thac tdt nhll cac tri thflc kfit ndi, chung ta cin phai cd nang Iflc danh gia cac ngudn tri thflc, cac lifin ket nao la tdt, phii hdp nhll vdi muc tifiu cua minh Nang Iflc danh gia nhanh chdng, chinh xac la ky nang quan trpng nhu cac tac gia cua ly thuyet hoc tap da chi Mot sd linh vUc nghien cflu ITnh vflc bifi'u difin tri tbflc nhfl mang ngfl nghia, web ngfl nghia (web 3.0) da cho nhflng kfit qua ly thuyet, Iam cd sd cho vific ddi cac cdng cu thflc te giup nang cao nang Iflc Trong phin cua bai viet nay, ngfldi vifit se de cap sd lUdc mpt sd giai phap cdng nghfi lifin quan, va la bo phan cua he thdng hpc tap ket noi 73 Nguyen Manh IliJng 2.3 H p c liip c u a ci'i nhan va he sinh thai h o c tap ( l e a r n i n g ecosystem) lie sinh Ihiil (ecosystem) lii ibual ngfl ciia ngiinh sinh vai hoc nban manh sU irao ddi chat gufii cac smh \ ill vii mdl IrUifng Thual ngfl niiy cung dfldc sfl dung ITnh vflc cdng ughc Ihdng lin vii ciic linb vUc khac nhfl mot be ihdng day du, vdi sfl lien k^lhiiu cd giiia Ciic Ihiinh phiin vdi vdng diii vii chu ky san pham nam he sinh thai (vidu Oiiiclc 1-cosyslcm) Bin viel niiy klidng dung Ihuat ngfl Learning Ecology ma mot sd tac •:ia ,sfl dung dc md lii be ihdng giiio due ndi cbung, mil dung ecosystem vdi nban manh tdi linh he ihdng vii mdi trUdng cdng nghfi cua mot he tbdng hoc tap Bill vicl ind lii sd bd khai niem he sinh thiii hpc tap vdj y lUdng cua mpt he Ihdng boc lap v(fi cac mdi lien kel chat chfi gifla cae thanb phan hpc lap vdi nhau, va vdi mdi irUting hpc u'lp ben ngoai (he sinh ihiii bpc tap ldn bdn) thdng qua sU van ddng cua tri ihflc kcl ndi vii mdi irUdng cdng nghe Iinh Ihflc hpc lap d(Jn giiin nhal va truyen ihdng la Idp hoc vdi tbay giao va cac hpc Ird ibiiy giao day cho hoc Ird binig each quang ba (bniadcasling) tri thflc tdi cac hoc ird bang ciich dpc; hoc trd tiep nhan tri ihflc bang each ghi nbd hoac ghi chep Ldp hoc to chflc theo lUng mdn hoc, vdi mdl hpc ky nhll dinh Ngudn tri tbUc la tri tbflc cua thay giao lie sinh thai hpc lap ldp hpc bao gdm thay giao, cac bpc trd tri thflc cua mdn hpc Sau de nang cao vice bpc tap cua hpc trd, day mdl mdn hpc, cac thay giao them vao cac bai kiem tra, hoac them vao cac licl bpc IbUc banh hoac budi thao luan gifla cac hpc ird Ngoai bai giang d Idp, thay giao cung d p cho hpc trd sach hpc hoac cac sach iham khao hpc trd dpc sach dfi' ihfim vao ngudn tri thflc Tbay giao cung cd thfi'yeu cau tflng hpc trd hoac nhdm bpc trd viel lieu luan va trinh bay trfldc ldp Tri thflc d day dfldc van dpng nhieu bdn thdng qua cac kel ndi, lien kel, chia sc va quang ba/cdng bd m thflc bpc dfldc Cang vfi sau, cac boat dong hpc lap Idp cang dUdc thfim vao nhim nang cao hifiu qua hpc tap cua ca nhan He sinh thai hpc tap trudng hpc la cd mflc dp phflc lap hdn nhieu, bao gdm cac he sinb thai la cac ldp bpc, cac Ihay giiio chia cac td bo mdn, cac hpc trd chia cac Idp, thu vifin sach, cac he tbdng phu trd gdm cac bai giang mau, cac giao an mon hpc Cae kfil ndi cd the gifla hpc ird vdi ihay giao gifla hpc trd vdi cac ldp vdi nhau, giiJa eac tbay giao, gifla cac bd mdn vdi nhau, vv cung vdi sfl ket ndi tri thflc lao sfl van dpng tn tbflc giup cho bifiu qua hpc tap dfldc nang cao Nbu vay he sinh thai hoc tap bao gdm: - Cac ca nhan ngUdi hpc, cd thfi' ddng vai trd la ngfldi cdng bd tri thflc - Cac nhdm ngUdi hpc - Cac thiy giao, cac nhdm thay giao vdi cac tri thflc - Cac he sinh thai - Cac ngudn tri thflc: sach vd, tai lieu, bai giang, vv - Cac kfit ndi tri thflc gifla cac pbin bfin irong he sinh thai va cac ket ndi ben ngoai vdi he sinh thai ldn hdn - Mdi trfldng cdng nghe (tin hpc, u-uyen thdng) cho vific ket ndi tri thflc 74 Tif ly thuyel hgc lap kit ndi ggi md cho viic ifng dung Cdng nghi hoc ldp Vdi su phat trie'n cua cdng nghfi, cd thfim cac phin cdng nghe giiip cho sU ket ndi tri ihflc bfin va bfin ngoai be sinh thai hpc lap Md rpng khai nifim he sinh thai hpc tap, chung la cd the eoi ca nhan hoc u)p la nipt he sinh thai nhd nhat vii toan xa hdi hpc tap lii he sinh ihiii ldn nhll Nhu vay, sfl hoc tap cua tflng ca nhan nhfl la muc ticu ciia ciic ly ihuycl hpc lap iruycn ibdng st; la bp phan huu cd cua viee hpc lap cac he sinh thai hoc lap ldn hdn vii sU kfil ndi, mdi quan he IUdng lac gifla ca nhan vdi cac be sinh ihiii niiy se nang tam hoc lap cua ca ca nhan va he ihdng lfin tang cao mdi 2.4 Nhu'ng gdi m d u'ng d u n g cong nghe hoc tap theo c o so ly thuyet ket ndi Vdi sU pbat trifi'n cua cdng nghe thdng tin manb mc Ihdi gian gan day, cd rat nhifiu cac each flng dung dao tao Mpt sd budng irien kbai chinh: - Ddi mdi phUdng phap giang diay: ban dd tu duy, hoc iren mang npi bp hoac Ircn mdi IrUdng web - Xay dung cac be tbdng e-learning, tap irung chu yeu vao biii giang difin lfl, giao an dien tfl, ldp bpc irUc tuyen - Nang cao nang lUc giang day cua thiy giao vdi cac phUdng phap giang day mdi: md hinb Microsoft PIL, peer coaching, vv - Cac pban mfim day bpc Bai viet kbdng dinb phan ti'ch danh gia cac hudng trie'n khai ndi tren, ma chi dUa mdt sd y tudng cbo du an cu thfi' cua viec flng dung cdng nghe iheo hudng tifip can cua ly thuyfit bpc tap kfit ndi, nham lam tang kha nang ket ndi tri ihflc, tang sU van dpng ciia tri thflc Xac dinh khung cdng nghfi cbo mpt hfi sinh thai hoc tap cua ddn vi dao tao: mdn hpc ciia trfldng pbd thdng cd sd hoac pbd tbdng trung hpc, bd mdn dai hpc, bao gdm: 2.4.1 He thong bai giang so hoa He thdng bai giang sd hda/tai lieu bpc tap/cau hdi/difin dan hoac cdng cu tfldng tac - tbdng qua mdt he thdng e-learning 1.0 bao gdm 01 he quan tri hpc lap LMS va cac ihanh phan tren He thdng hd trd day hpc trfin ldp, va tU bpc cua ngfldi bpc Kbd khan d day la hifiu qua sfl dung kbdng cao vdi cbi phi xay dung cac phin mfim bai giang kha ldn neu yfiu clu cao vfi mat npi dung, ddng tbdi ddi hdi su iham gia vfi mat chuyfin mdn ciia cac giao vien khdng chuyfin lin la rfli ro cho sU trifi'n khai 2.4.2 Blog chuyen mon cua giao vien/giang vien Cdng nghe blog la mdt phin cua Web 2.0 va E-learning 2.0 Google khdi xfldng, cho phep tao trang web ca nhan, vdi cac bai vifit lifit kfi tbeo trinh tu thdi gian, hoac theo cac chu de Cac bai viet cua cac tac gia khac cd thfi' dang irfin blog vdi viec d p account chu blog cho phep NgUdi xem cd thfi' dUa cac phan tich, danh gia hoac dUa y kien thdng qua cac comment dfldi tflng chu de PTinh thflc thi'ch hdp vdi cac giao 75 Nguyen Manh Miing victi/gliing vicn nfmg ddng chii ddng hoac cbii iri ve chuyen mdn Kbdng chi phi dosU dung phiin ini;ni (;io liip blog mien phi ciich tao blog rll ddn gian Tuy nhien vln dela d khii niing vicl Ihco chuyen mdn ddi hdi sU nhiet linh, va irinb dp chuyfin mdn ciia giao \'icn/giiing \'icn 2.4.3 He cd sd du Heu Iri Ihi'rc md ve chuyen nganh cua tirng mdn hpc Sfl dung cdng nghe wiki de' tao ciic wiki cho cac mdn bpc Wiki la mdl websitec6 linh chill rieng lU cho mdl nhdm hoac id chflc cpng ddng, Khdng gidng nhU mot website iiLiNL'ii Ihdng chi phuc vii cbo muc dich doc, xem ihdng lin, wiki cbo phep ngfldi dung no CO the soan thiio sfla ddi cilp nhal ihdng tin IrUc tiep lfin web theo kie'u ddng gdp ih6ag iiii, Dicm diing cbii y cua wiki la ngUdi dimg khdng nhal thiel pbai biel ve Web, HTML Wikipedia mpt dU an de xay bach khoa ihU, cd Ic la wiki ndi tieng nhit tren the gidl iihung cung cd Ihc sfl dung hinh tbflc wiki theo nhieu muc dich khac (theo wikipedia: hiip://vi,wikipcdiii org/wikiAViki) ,,„ I linh ihuc niiy ihich hdp ddi vdi mdl bp mdn/khoa chuyen mdn Cac giao vifin/giSng;^'" vicn hoc ,sinh/,sinh vifin iham gia vao xay dUng npi dung cfla wiki tbeo nhflng chieu khac-t cho phep Ira cflu theo nhieu chieu chia sc tri tbflc gifla cac vifin tham gia ''*'' Chi pbi bao gdm chi phi ban dau cbo vice cai dat lap irinb wiki vdi cac chflc nang lua chpn nhu quan ly ngudi dung, phe duyet npi dung, thifil ke giao dien Sau dd la chi phi cho viec xay dung npi dung cu the ciia wiki Tinh kha thi cao, chi phi khdng ldn, va hieu quii rll idt neu td cbuc idt ve npi dung va ibanb phin tbam gia Kel hdp vdi mdl cdng thdng lin vdi djch vu hdi dap ve mdn bpc sc lam lang thfim hifiu qua hpc tap va giang day 2.4.4 Xay dung cac tinh huong mau cho cac hoat dong day va hoc Tinh hudng miu (patlern) dUdc xay dUng irfin cd sd cua khai nifim ngdn ngfl tinh hudng mau (pattern language) Alexander, Christopher [ 11 dua cho vln de giai quy^t , eac linb hudng miu xay dflng va kien true Sau dfldc ap dung rdng rai ciic linh vflc khac ddi hdi sfl giai quyet cac van de lap lai mdt each khudn miu Pattern md ta mot giai phap chung ddi vdi mdt van de nao dd thifit ke thflcing dflpc "lap lai" trifi'n khai Ndi mdl each khac mot pattern co the' dfldc xem nhfl mol "khudn miu" cd san ap dung dfldc cho nhieu tinb hudng khac dfi' giai quyet mdt van dfi cu the' Vific ap dung tinh hudng miu cbo cac hoal dpng giao due cho phep thiet ke cac hoat dpng mdt each hifiu qua, cd linh den cac khd khan, trd ngai cin giai quyet, va thiet k^ cu thfi cac ket ndi gifla giao vien/giang vien vdi hpc sinh/sinh vien Hinh thflc cd tinb kha thi va cd the dfla vao dfl an dfi' trie'n khai, chi phi thip 2.4.5 Xay dung phan mem bieu di§n tri thiic/khai niem cho cac mon hoc dua vao mang ngii nghia Mang^ngfl nghia (semantic network) la mot nhanh cua linh vflc bifi'u difin tri thflc, cho phep bieu dien cac khai nifim dfldi dang mang vdi cac nut la cac khai niem va canh la 76 { Tif ly thuyet hgc tdp kit noi goi ind cho viic dng dung Cdng nghi irong hge lap quan he Hinb thflc cd thfi' trifi'n khai cho cac mdn hoc Ban dau lii vific xay dung phan mem khung dang md cho vific bie'u dien cac khai niem dudi dang mang phin mem cung cap kha nang thifil ke cac cay ngu nghia mdl ciich dc dang, khdng d n biel vfi lap Irinh, cd cac kha nang quan ly ngudi dung Sau dd cac giao vicii/giang vien/boc sinh/sinh vien cung xay dUng cac mang ngfl ngbia kh;ii niem vii cac tri Ihflc cd biin cho lifng chii de Ket luan Cac van de nfiu Irong bai viet ve ly ihuyfit kfil ndi se la cac gdi y cho ciic nghien cflu tifip iheo vfi ly ihuyel bpc lap, cAc khia canh ve inel hpc, phUdng phap luan, cung nbU phat trifi'n khai nifim, nguyfin ly va kien true cdng nghe ciia he sinh thiii hpc lap, vii cac du an flng dung cdng nghfi irong phan 4, TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Driscoll M., 2000 Psychology of learning for instruction (2nd ed.) Needham Heights MA Allyn & Bacon [2] Mergel B., 1998 Instructional design and learning theories From University of Saskatchewan, College of Education [3] Siemens G., 2000 Connectivisni: A learning theory for the digital Age In tern alio nal Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning ABSTRACT Connectivism and ideas for technology application in the learning environment Connectivism was described by George Siemens in response to tbe development and evaluation of traditional learning theories in the digital era, where knowledge is expanding rapidly due to information technology applications This learning theory is able to adapt to a dynamic learning style that adapts to a flat world and the worldwide spread of knowledge This paper does not focus on tbe details of connectivism, but rather on key concepts and ideas of this theory which the author associates with the concept of a learning ecosystem and tbe movement of knowledge At the same time, a framework for an implementation of an information technology environment for a learning ecosystem is suggested which could expand tbe extent of learning achieved by society 77 ... cac sach kinh va thuoc cac bai kinh cho cac budi le Idn giiio Thiiy giao lU xa xUa cung ludn dupc trpng vpng vi cd iri thflc \a day iri thflc cho ngUdi khiic Cho dfin gin day, cac ngudn tri thtic... mang ngfl nghia, web ngfl nghia (web 3.0) da cho nhflng kfit qua ly thuyet, Iam cd sd cho vific ddi cac cdng cu thflc te giup nang cao nang Iflc Trong phin cua bai viet nay, ngfldi vifit se de... u-uyen thdng) cho vific ket ndi tri thflc 74 Tif ly thuyel hgc lap kit ndi ggi md cho viic ifng dung Cdng nghi hoc ldp Vdi su phat trie''n cua cdng nghfi, cd thfim cac phin cdng nghe giiip cho sU ket