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Cong trinh Khoa hpc NANG CAO CHAT LlTOfNG G l 6 SEMINAR TRONG D^Y HQC CAC MON LY LUAN C H I N H TRI d TRirCJNG DAI HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI HIEN NAY LE THI HOA Khoa Ly lugn Chinh trf Tru&ng Dgi hgc Giao[.]
Cong trinh Khoa hpc NANG CAO CHAT LlTOfNG G l SEMINAR TRONG D^Y - HQC CAC MON LY LUAN C H I N H TRI d TRirCJNG DAI HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI HIEN NAY LE THI HOA Khoa Ly lugn - Chinh trf Tru&ng Dgi hgc Giao Ihong Van tdi Tdm tdt: Seminar Id mot phirong phdp dgy hoc lich cue Bdn chdt ciia phirang phdp ndy Id lay smh vien ldm trung tdm Thdy - trd, trd - thdy ddi ihogi, hgp tdc vdi Mgc dich cua phuang phdp ndy Id phdt huy tinh tich cue, chii dong cho sinh vien, ddng thdt tdng ctrdng vai trd chit dgo, dinh hudng, diiu chinh phuang phdp dgy hpc cda gidng vien Hien nay, a bdc dgi hpc, gidng dgy cdc mon Ly lugn chinh tr} cho ddi tugng sinh vien cdn rdt tre tri thuc, trdi nghiem thuc lien rdt hgn chi Khd ndng tu trim tugng, khd ndng lap lugn, phdn tich mpt vdn di ly ludn cdn non yeu Vi vdy, di ndng cao chdl lugng dgy vd hgc cdc mdn Ly ludn chinh tri d tru&ng DHGTVT thi viec ndng chdt lirgng gid seminar Id mpt nhirng biin phdp hihi hieu nhdt Summary: Seminar is a positive teaching method The essence of this method is studentcentered Learner - teacher or teacher - learner dialogue and cooperate with each other The aim of this method is to promote positvity, proacHon of students as well as enhance the leading role, orient and adjust teaching methods of lecturers Currently, at teriary level Political Theory is taught to students who are very young and limited in knowledge and practical experience Their abstract thinking ability, reasoning ability and analytical reasoning are all weak Therefore, to improve the quality of learning and teaching Political Theory - related subjects at the University of Transport and Communications, seminar quality promoting is one of the most effective methods I D A T V A N D E H NQI DUNG Hien nay, seminar la mdt phucmg phap diiy - hgc mang lai hieu qua khd cao Thdng qua seminar, thdy - ttd; trd - thay ddi thoai, hgp tac vdi Day va hgc bang phuong phuang phdp se phat huy dugc tinh tich cgc, chil ddng cho sinh vien, ddng thdi tang cudng vai ttd chu dgng ttong dilu chinh phucmg phap day hgc ciia giang vien CJ trudng DHGTVT viec giang day cac mdn Ly Man chinh tri cho ddi tugng sinh vien cdn rdt tte, tri thuc, ttdi nghiem thgc lien cdn rat ban che, kha nang tu triu tugng, kha nang lap ludn, phdn lich mdt vdn de ly luan cdn non yeu Bdl vdy, de nang cao chat lugng day va hgc cdc mdn Ly luan chinh tri d ttudng DHGTVT thi viec ndng chat lugng gid seminar la mdt ttong nhirng bien phap hiru hieu nhat Khai niem 236 Seminar la gi? Nhin tir gdc dg ngudi hgc thi seminar la "mdt dang hgi thdo, nghien ciiu chuyen de, cd the hieu dan gian la mdt hinh thirc hgc tap, ma ttong dd ngudi hgc chu dgng hoan loan tu khau chudn bi tdi lieu, trinh bay ndi dung, dua ddn chung, trao ddi, thao ludn vdi cdc thdnh vien khdc va cudi ciing tg nit ndi dung bai hgc hay vdn de khoa hgc ciing nhu dl xuat cac y kien de md rgng ndi dung" [7] Nhin tir gdc ngudi thdy thi seminar "Id mgt hinh thiic day hgc co ban mdn hgc, ttong dd sinh vien thdo Man, ttanh Man nhiing vdn de khoa hgc dudi su hudng dan ciia ngudi thdy, nhdm khai sau, md rdng vdn tri thiic, tim ldi, phdt Men chan ly, hoac chiing rmnh Tap chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI So dac biet - 11 /2015 Cdng trinh Khoa hpc tim each van dung chan ly khoa hgc dd vao thuc tien" [4] Khi gidng bai tren ldp, gidng vien lam chii mgi ho£ii ddng cua minh thi ttong gid semma tinh chu dgng, tich cue ciia sinh vien dugc phdt huy Trong gid seminar, sinh vien se tranh ludn nhung van de khoa hgc dudi su hudng dan cua ngudi thdy, nhdm khai sau, md rgng vdn Iri Ihirc, tim tdi, phat hien chan ly, hodc chimg minh, tim cdch vdn dung chan ly khoa hgc dd vao thgc tien CJ ddy sinh vien dugc day nghien cuu tai lieu mgl each khoa hgc, bilt phan tich phe phdn nhurng y kien khac trudc mdt chu de neu ra, biet lap luan de bdo ve quan diem ciia minh tnrdc tap the, cd ca hdi de suy nghi ve mgt van de dudi nhieu khia canh Do vdy, dieu khien gid seminar khdng phai la vigc de ddng, ddi hdi gidng vien phdi chudn bi chu ddo; phdi am hieu sdu rgng cd ve ly ludn vd thuc lien ttong ITnh vuc khoa hgc cua minh Thdng qua seminar, gidng vien hieu rd han ve khd ndng ndm bat kien thiic ciia sinh vien; phat trien nang luc hgc tap cita sinh vien ddi vdi mdn hgc Tren co sd dd gidng vien dieu chinh viec giang day ciia minh theo hudng gidm dan thdi gian ly thuyet, tdng thdi gian tu hgc, tu nghien cuu ddi vdi sinh vien, Nang cao trach nhiem cua ngudi thay ttong qua trinh gidng day Cd the ndi, seminar Id mdt phuang phdp day hgc cd nhilu dilm tdi uu Ddy Id hinh thiic kilm tta sg hieu biet cua sinh vien, la hinh thirc ddi thoai tich cgc giiia giang vien vd sinh vien, la phuong phap giao due nhanh nhdt vd hieu qua nhdl ddi vdi sinh vien Phuang phap se phdt huy dugc mdt each ldi da tinh ddc lap, sang tao tu cua sinh vien; the hi^n phuang phdp tu khoa hgc, ddy manh kha nang tu hgc, tu nghien cuu ttong hgc tap cua sinh vien Nang cao ch^t lugng gid simenar day - hoc cac mon ly luan chinh tri at Dai hgc GTVT hien Thgc ttang ve seminar day - hgc cac mdn Ly luan chinh tti d trudng DHGTVT nhiing nam gan day: Tir ndm 2008, Ihuc Men chii truong ciia Ddng, Bd Giao due da xap xep cac mdn Ly ludn chinh tri thdnh mdn hgc, Nhung nguyen ly ca ban cua chii nghia Mac-Lemn (5 tin chi); Dudng ldi each mang cua DCSVN (3 tin chi) va mdn Tu tudng Hd CM Minh (2 tm chi) Theo quy dinh ciia Bd Giao due, cdc mdn Ly ludn chinh tri giang day tren Idp vdi ly thuyet 70% va thao luan Id 30% Thuc hien chu truang ciia Dang vd chi dao cua Bd Giao due, tnrdng DHGTVT bd tti day cac mdn Ly Man chinh tri d ndm thii nhdt vd ndm thu hai Trong qud trinh gidng day vd td chitc seminar cac mdn Ly Man chinh tri d trudng DHGTVT da dat dugc mdt sd ket qua nhu sau: Theo ket qua dieu tta': cd 82% gidng vien da phan chia thdnh cac nhdm sinh vien, giao bai tap cho cac nhdm chudn hi tir ndi dung bai ldp din chudn bi slide dl thuylt trinh; 91% sinh vien dugc td chiic tien hdnh seminar dudi sg dieu khien cua gidng vien; 75% sinh vien dugc tiep can vdi cdng nghe thdng tm dl chuan bi bdi tdp; tiln hanh seminar, 61% sinh vien cho rdng bdn than dugc ren ky nang trinh bay, hieu each neu vdn de, giai quyet van de, each phan bien 93% sinh vien cho rang minh tiep thu kien thdc rat nhanh thdng cdc vdn de dugc thao luan Nhu vay, bang phuang phap seminar viec giao due chinh tri, tu tudng cho sinh vien dat dugc nhiing ket qua rat kha quan {93% sinh vien cho rdng cdng tdc giao due chinh tri, tu tudng dat hieu qua cao thdng qua seminar) ' Theo ket qua dieu tra bang phieu va phong van uirc tiep giang vien Khoa LLCT va sinh vien DHGTVT Tap cM KHOA H O C GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 dac biet - 1 / 237 Cdng trinh Khoa hpc Ben canh dd, gid semmar cdn bdc lg nhiing ban chi, da sd giang vien gidng day cac mdn Ly luan cMnh tri cho rdng, vi|c td chiic, lien hanh seminar cdn mang tinh hinh Ihiic chua dat dugc chdt lugng nhu mong mudn KM giang day cdc mdn Ly lu^n chmh tri, 95% gidng vien vdn su dung phuang phap truyln thdng, dien giang Id chu ylu, thuyet trinh, dgc thosti, neu vdn dl, thdy gidng, trd ghi chep; thay truydn dat kien thuc, trd Ihu ddng tiep thu Trong qua trinh gidng day, 68% sinh vien cho rdng gidng vien chua chii trgng diing miic viec hudng ddn cho sinh vien nhung ky ndng ca bdn cho mgt gid seminar 97% sinh vien cho rdng bdi t^p seminar thi mang nang tinh ly thuyet, giao dieu, it gan vdi thgc tien Thdm chi, vien giang vien cdn sir dung gid thao luan de giang ly thuyet hoac tiln hanh semianr sa sai, ddi phd Dieu dd lam sinh vien chdn hgc va anh hudng khdng nhd din chdt lugng day vd hgc cac mdn Ly luan chinh tri* Ddi vdi ngudi hgc: chudn hi bai tap de semmar, sinh vien khdng can sach, lai lieu tham khdo ma ngudi hgc chi cdn "ndi lai" nhung dilu thdy da ndi, giao trinh ghi, hgc thugc Idng, thi het hgc phan Mgc dich hgc tap cua sinh vien mang nang tinh tM cu, ttd ng mdn hgc Dieu din den hau qud Id chdt lugng hgc tdp ciia sinh vien thdp, kha ndng nam bat kien thiic bdi hgc khdng sdu, lir dd dan den nhiing nhan thiic khdng dimg Dac bigt, tinh ttang thd a, chan hgc mdn rdt phd bien Smh vien khdng cd hiing thu vdi mdn hgc, cho rang day Id mdn hgc phu, khdng quan ttgng Ddng thai, xudt hien tu tudng cho ring day Id mdn hgc "chuih tri" bdt budc, din din thdi y lai, thu ddng, thilu tich cue tt-ong qud ttinh hgc lap ciing nhu tiln hanh Theo ket qua thi het hoc phdn cac mon Ly luan chinh tri, bmh qudn mSi khoa hoc hi 2010-2015 vdn td 30 - 35 % sinh vifin hgc lai cac m6n 238 seminar Tinh trang day chay, hgc chay la phd bien, thdy day dan dieu, ttd hgc nhdi nhet Vdi thuc trang dugc phan tich nhu tten, sg cdn d p iMdl phai ddi mdi phuang phap gidng day; dd, ddi mdi, nang cao chdt lugng gid semina nhu mdt bd phan ciia ddi mdi phuong phap gidng day, nham nang cao chat lugng day va hgc cdc mdn Ly Man chinh tti d ttirdng DHGTVT Men Mpt so gidi phdp nham ndng cao chai lirgng gid seminar dgy - kpc cdc mon Ly lugn chinh trj d trudng DHGTVT hien Thu nhat, cdc phdng ban chuyen trach phuc vu ddo tao ciia trudng DHGTVT can ttang bi ddy du vd cd chat lugng ve co sd vdl chat cho cdc phdng hgc, bd tri sd sinh vien/1 Idf) thao luan phu hgp vdi ddo tao tin cM, nham phat huy higu qua tdt nhdt cho day va hgc gid thao luan Hien nay, mdt sd phdng hgc tren cdc giang dudng cua trudng DHGTVT cdn iMeu nhirng trang tMet bi ca ban phuc vg day va hgc nhu micro vd mdy chieu NMeu phdng hgc da dugc trang bi ddy dii ca sd vdl chdt, nMen, rmcro va may chieu chdt lugng cdn rat kem Ben canh do, nha trudng bd tri sd sinh vien/1 ldp thao luan qua ddng nen gid seminar khdng mang lai hieu qud Vi vdy, nha trudng cdn iMlt ddu tu cd chat lugng ve ca sd v^t chat va nen bd tri nhung Idp nhd vdi sd lugng sinh vien tir 20 den 30/1 ldp thdo luan, nhdm phat huy hieu qua day va hgc, ddc biet ndng cao chat lugng gid seminar, Thu hai, gidng vien cdn xay dgng muc dich, nhiem vu va ndi dung ttgng tam ciia cdc chu de seminar De gid seminar cdng, nhiem vu ciia giang vien la vd cimg quan ttgng Trudc het, ttong bai gidng, giang vien phai xac dinh dugc muc dich dat dugc, nMem vu eg thi va ndi dung trgng tdm can gidi quyet ciia cac chii de thao Man Seminar la hinh thiic phat huy tri thdn^ minh, tinh ddc lap suy nghT, ludn giai vdn de tten ca sd diing nhung tu lieu lich sir xdc thuc ldm can cii Chii dl seminar phdi lua chgn Tap cM KHOA HOC GIAO THONG V.4.N TAJ So fl^c biet - 11/2015 Cdng trinh Khoa hpc ttong sd nhirng van de ca ban nhat, cd nMeu y nghTa Iy ludn vd thuc tiln, tap trung vao nh&ng van ds ndng dang dat ra, tao su phan, kich iMch su tim tdi, nghien ciiu ciia sinh vien Thie ba, giang vien giao bai tap, hudng ddn cho sinh vien nhiing ky nang ca ban de chuan bi bai tdp vd phuang thiic lien hanh seminar De cac tiet hgc dudi hinh thiic semina dat Meu qua chat lugng cao, thi viec gidng vien hudng ddn sinh vien chudn bj la rdt quan ttgng Giang vien phai hudng ddn mdt each cd hg thdng cac cdng viec cua sinh vien Tnrdc tien la khau chudn bi bai tap Sau phdn nhdm, gidng vien giao chu de cho sinh vien Giang vien hudng dan cho sinh vien xdc dinh ddi tugng, nhiem vu vd pham vi nghien ciiu cua chii de; hudng ddn sinh vidn tim kiem tdi lieu, ky ndng dgc tdi lieu tham khao Giang vien cd the cM tac phdm, tac gia, hoac cM ro timg ttang Irong cac tdi lieu tham khdo Khi gidi iMeu tai heu tham khao, giang vien cd the hudng ddn cu thi chd nao cdn dgc, chd ndo can ghi tdm lat Tren ca sd tai lieu tham khdo, sinh vien viet ndi dung chu de Khi hoan thdnh bdi tap, gidng vien phai hudng ddn sinh vien ky ndng lam slide, ky nang thuyet trinh, phan Men Ben canh dd, gidng vien phai hudng din cho sinh vien nhiing phuang phdp tien hdnh seminar Cd nhilu phuang thiic tiln hdnh xemina khdc Phuang phap hdi thao, phuang phdp thdo ludn theo cum bdi, phuang phdp thdo Man nhdm, neu vdn de, mdi phuang phap diu cd mat manh, mat yeu nhdl dinh Tuy nhien, gidng vien cd the tdp trung vdo hai phuang phap chinh Id phuong phdp thao l^in nhdm va phuang phdp thdo Man theo cum bdi, bdi day la hai phuang phdp phd bien va mang lai hieu qud [4] Phuang phdp thdo lugn theo cum bdi: se bd sung va lam rd, ciing cd kien thiic kip thai cho sinh vien Lugng kiln thuc vira phdi, khdng qua chuyen sau nhu hgi thao Sinh vien thdy dugc tinh logic vd su lien ket vl ngi dung giua cac bai vdi Tren ca sd nhung kiln thiic CO ban ve ly Man dd nam dugc can, giang vien gdi md van de de sinh vien lien hg hodc soi rgi vdo thuc tien Phuang phap se tao khdng sdi ndi, hao hiing, sinh vien cd dieu kien trao ddi, tranh Man vdi Phuang phdp thdo ludn nhdm: gidng vien can cMa mdi nhdm tu den smh vien, chii y phan bd deu vl nang luc cua sinh vien ttong mdi nhdm, ttdnh tinh trang nhdm loan sinh vien kha, gidi, nhdm loan sinh vien ylu, ludi Phuang phdp thdo luan nhdm la phuong phap thudng dugc su dung ttong cdc budi seminar theo chu dl cd sdn vd mang lai hi^u qud ti'ch cgc Can cii vao chii de da chgn cd the neu mgt sd nhdm cac cau hdi mang tinh chat ggi md, neu van de, sau hudng ddn cho sinh vien tg chu ddng nghien cuu, ttao doi, thao ludn chu de giiia cdc vien ttong nhdm vd giiia nhdm vdi nhdm Trong thdo luan nhdm vai ttd tich cue, chu ddng ciia sinh vien dugc phdt huy d miic tdi da Vai ttd cua ngudi thay ttong qud trinh ndy cM la hudng dan, ggi md va thdng nhdt nhdn thiic chung cho sinh vien Day la nhung phuang phap quan trgng, dam bdo cho gid seminar d^t chdt lugng cao nhdt Thu tu, giang vien ddng vai ttd quan ttgng ttong dieu khien gid seminar De cd gid semmar dat chat lugng cao, cung nhu dam nhiem tot cdng viec giang day, ngudi gidng vien trudc het phdi la mgt nhd chuyen mdn dat trinh chuyen gia va ddng thcri phai la mgt nha su pham, Ld mdt chuyen gia, ddi hdi giang vien phdi cd sg hieu biet sau sSc va lodn dien cac vdn de chuyen mdn va cac vdn de lien quan, tir nhiing vdn de da dugc nghien ciiu, gidi quyet den nhihig vdn de can tilp tuc dugc nghien ciiu Ld nhd su pham, ngudi giang vien phdi ndm viing quy ludt nhdn thiic ciia ngudi hgc dl xac dinh va Iga chgn phuang phap, kinh nghiem giang day phii hgp, hudng ddn cho ngudi hgc cd phuang phap hgc tap hieu qua nhdt; phdi nam chac nhung van de ly l u ^ vd soi rgi nhung ly Man dd vao thuc tien cudc sdng Trong gid Tap cM KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 d a c biet - 11 /2015 239 Cdng trinh Khoa hpc seminar, gidng vien khdng nen mugn dien dan de thuyet trinh, ma nen lao cac tinh hudng gay himg Ihii, dgng vien sinh vien dat cau hdi ve nhung dilu cdn vudng mac de mgi ngudi cung gidi quyet Ben canh do, giang viSn cd the khich le bang nhiing cdu hdi nhu: ban nao cd y kien phan bien? Ban ndo bd sung? Ban nao cd y kien khac? Ngoai ra, giang vien Cling phai chii y den nhiing ban sinh vien ludi phat bieu cd tu tudng y lai ngudi khdc, kheo leo dgng vien hg phat bieu, kip thdi bieu duang de hg manh dan dua y kien cua minh, ldi keo nhiing ddi tugng dd vao khdng kM chung cua ldp hgc Ket thuc cdc chu de, giang vien phai chdt lai cac ndi dung quan trgng can nam viing, giai dap cac thac mac cua sinh vien, ggi md nhiing van de cho sinh vien tiep tgc nghien ciiu Ben canh dd, gidng vien danh gia tinh thdn thai dp vd chdt lugng cac y kien phat bieu ciia sinh vien Danh gia cao nhimg sinh vien chuan hi tdt bai tap, cd nhieu y kien chdt lugng, khen nhung sinh vien ldn ddu phat bieu Ndi tdm lai, giang vien phai dinh hudng, dilu khien dugc budi thao Man de nhiing ttanh luan di diing hudng nham dat dugc muc lieu day hgc, khuyin khich nhung each giai quylt vdn d% mgt each ddc lap, sang tao Thir ndm, sinh vien tich cue, chu dgng chuan bi bai tap vd tham gia thdo luan ttong gid semmar O bac dai hgc, semmar Id mgt phuang phdp day hgc tich cgc Bdn chat ciia phuong phap Id lay sinh vien lam trung tam Thdy - ttd ddi thoai, hgp tac vdi Muc dich ciia phuang phdp la phdt huy tinh tich cue, chii ddng cho sinh vien De dat dugc muc dich do, sinh vien cdn chu ddng nghien ciiu bai giang, gido tiinh, mgt sd ldi ligu cdn thilt lien de chudn bi chu de semmar, tiong dd sinh vien phdi xdy dung dugc nhiing ndi dung cdt Idi Ngodi ra, cd the chudn bi sdu hon nhirng vdn de minh tdm dac, hoac nhirng vdn dl minh ban khoan, gdy nhilu ttanh cai Khi tiinh bay 240 sinh vien phai thi Men dugc quan diem, chinh kien cua minh trudc mgl van de, cd the dua y kien cdn vudng mdc cin phdi trao ddi, cung cd the dua thdo ludn nhdm, tap the dudi su hudng dan cua giang vien HI KET LUAN De dat dugc muc tieu chung nhdt ma Dang ta dd de kM sg nghiep ddi mdi dugc khdi xudng la ddi mdi khdng phai thay doi muc tieu CNXH ma la de cd CNXH nhieu hon, thi qua trinh ddi mdi dat nude phdi the hien bdng su dn dinh va phdt triln tren moi Imh vuc ciia ddi sdng xd hgi Dd phai la qud trinh timg budc dua nhdn dan lao dgng ttd thdnh ngudi Idm chii ttong mdt xa hgi that su dan chii, hel siic nhdn dao, ldi ca vi ngudi; timg budc tao mgl ca sd kinh tl cd nang sudt lao ddng cao, tir ngudi lao dgng cd ddi sdng vat chdt, vdn hoa, cd ddi sdng van minh, hanh phiic Dd chiiih la qua trinh Men thuc hod nhiing dac trung cua xa hgi xa hgi chu ngMa Ngay nh^n bai lan dau: 23/09/2015 Ngay nhan bai sua: 05/10/2015 Ngay chap nhan dang bai: 01/10/2015 Tdi lieu tham khao [1] Do Thi Chau Doi mdi tl chiic seminar theo hudng vdn dung phuang phap "tinh hulng" de nang cao chat lugng day hgc mon Tam ly hgc 123doc,org [2] Ngo Xuan Dau "Semina cdn thiet cho doi mdi phuang phdp d^iy va hgc d d^ii hoc" Tap chi Dai hoc & Gido due chuyen nghiep, s6 5/2000 [3] Ph^m Minh Hac Giao dye Viet Nam trudc ngudng cua thi ky XXI NXB CTQG, Ha Noi, 2002 [4] Nguyin Thi Mai Hoa Nang cao chat lugng, hi^u qua lien hdnh xemina gidng d^y mon Ljch sit lamgiautrilhuc.blogspot.com [5] Tran Ba Hoanh Doi mdi bdi dien giang vd t6 chiic seminar d dai hoc Tap chi Giao due, so 20 (1/2002) [6] Nguyin Thi H6ng Nam "To chiic hoat dgng hgp tac hgc tdp theo hinh thirc thao luan nhom" Tap chi Giao due, s6 26(3/2002) [7] Seminar la gi? Cdch lam seminar? kenhsinhvien.net Phan bi|n: Nguyin The Tan Tap chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI So d a c biet - 11/2015 ... phap seminar viec giao due chinh tri, tu tudng cho sinh vien dat dugc nhiing ket qua rat kha quan {93% sinh vien cho rdng cdng tdc giao due chinh tri, tu tudng dat hieu qua cao thdng qua seminar) ... qua day va hgc, ddc biet ndng cao chat lugng gid seminar, Thu hai, gidng vien cdn xay dgng muc dich, nhiem vu va ndi dung ttgng tam ciia cdc chu de seminar De gid seminar cdng, nhiem vu ciia giang... quan trgng, dam bdo cho gid seminar d^t chdt lugng cao nhdt Thu tu, giang vien ddng vai ttd quan ttgng ttong dieu khien gid seminar De cd gid semmar dat chat lugng cao, cung nhu dam nhiem tot