NATIONAL ACADEMY OF EDUCATION MANAGEMENT Journal of Education Management, 2017, Vol 9, No 11, pp 48 62 This paper is available online at http //jem naem edu vn DANH GIA KET QUA HOC T A P HOC SINH T i[.]
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF EDUCATION MANAGEMENT Journal of Education Management, 2017, Vol 9, No 11, pp 48-62 This paper is available online at http://jem.naem.edu.vn DANH GIA KET QUA HOC T A P HOC SINH T i f U HOC THEO HUdNG PHAT TRIEN NANG L0C THONG QUA MON TOAN VA TIENG V I | T Nguyln Hiiu Hau^*, Pham \ ^ Hiln^ TCm tat Trong day hoc ndi chung, day hoc m6n Toan vatilngViet d b§c hpc Tilu hpc noi rieng thi danh gia la bd ph§n hpp rdt quan trong, mot khau khdng thi tach rdi cua qua trinh day hoc Danh gia ddng vaittola phan hii cua qua trinh day va hoc Nd cd vaittdtt'chcflcttongviec dilu chinh noi dung chUdng tnnh, phuong phap day vd hoc ciia giao vien, hpc sinh cung sy phoi kit hdp vdi cac dii titdng liln quan nhu cha me, mdi tnrdng xa h$i, Bai bdo tip trung nghien cflu cac vdn dl: xu hirdng doi mdi danh gia kit qua hoc tap ciia hoc sinh theo tilp cdn nang lUc; danh gia kit qua hoc tap cua hoc sinh tieu hoc quattinhd^y hoc mdn Toan vk mdn Tilng Viet hien tfl dd de xudt mot s6 biSn phap danh gia kit qua hpc t|p cfla hoc sinh tieu hpc theo hudng phat trien nang lUc, Tu* khoa: Ddnh gid kit qua hoc tgp, ddnh gid Idp hoc ndng Itic Dat van de Danh gid kit qua hpc t|p la mdt phdn khdng tbi tach rdi cfla qua ttinh giao due d trUdng phd thdng Kit qud hpc tdp cua hpc sinh dUpc hinb thdnh va chiu tdc ddng tut nhilu yeu td Uln quan, nhu: chUdng trinh, sach gido khoa, viec ds^ ciia giao viln, v i ^ hpc cua hpc sinh, vdn dl quan 1^ giao due, cdc djch vu giao due, anh hudng cua gia dinh va xa hdi tdi qud binh gido dye, day hpc Vi vdy, dl cai thien vdn de ddnh gia kit qua hpc tap thi cdn phai tac ddng td nhilu phfa, lam dl cac ylu td khac I udn cd nhflng anh hUdng tfch eye din viec hpc cua hpc sinh, giup cdc em ludn chu ddngttongviec hoc t$p cfla minh Khoa hpc vl danh gia d cdc nUdc phat ttiln da cd bUdc phdt ttiln manh me cd vl ly luan va thyc tiln, ttong d Vi^t Nam, chi mdi quan tam nhiing nam gdn day Doi mdi danh gia theo hudng tilp can nang lye hpc sinh la mdt yeu cau cdp thilt dl nang cao chdt lupng giao dye, dapflngyeu cdu ddi mdi chfldng ttinh giao dye phd thdng sau nam 2015 Cd thi kl din mdt sd cdng ttinb nghien cflu vl danh gia ttong vd ngoai nUdc nhfl: Black Paul, Wiliam, Dylan (1998) [1], nghien cflu chl rang nlu nhdn dfldc thdng tin phdn hdi tfl hpc sinh mdt each thfldng xuyen ttong qud trinh day se lam cho kha nang nhdn thflc cfla hoc sinh vl vai ttd cua hpttongviec ty danh gia va nhin nhan kit qua hpc tap ciia minh d ttong ed qua trinh, cung nhU chiln Ifldc day hpc dfldc cac giao vien sfl dyng va cac chiln lUpc dinh hinh kit hdp ttong phUdng phap tilp cdn; Theo Thomas R Guskey (2003) [2], dfla each giiip giao vien danh gia hidu qua kit qua hpc tdp ciia ngUdi hpc, cung cdp va hUdng ddn khac phuc haul chl cdc phUdng thflc ddnh gia tmyln thdng nham giup giao vidn vd sinh vien ndng cao chat lUdng day va hpc Hay nhU Ngay nh|n bki: 17/09/2017 Ng^y nh|n iHng: 05/11/2017 'iVifCtng DaJ hoc Hong Ddc; 'e-mail: nguyeiihuuhau@hdu.edu.vn NGHlfeN CCV JEM., Vol (2017), No 11 Loma Earl, Steven Katz et all (2006) [3], nghien cflu lam ro cdc vdn dl: Taii chung ta cdn thay ddi pbUdng thflc danh gid Idp hpc?; Thi nao la danh gia vi sy tien bd cfla ngfldi hpc; Lam till nao dl danh gid nhfl la qua ttinh hpc t|p; Ldm dl danh gia vl kit qua hpc tdp"; Bernd Meier - Nguyen Wn Cudng (2014) [4] till bdn vl ly luan day hpc hien dai, ttong pbUdngtiiflcdanh gia gido due dang cd nhflng thay ddi phii hdp hdn vdi gido due hien dai dd la di vao ddnh gia nang lye ngudi hoc Thuc tiln, danh gia kit qud hpc tap cfla hpc sinh hien chu ylu tap ttung vao viec danh gia vl nhflng gi ma nhattirdngday cho hpc smh ma chuatiiUcsy chii ttpng vao viec ddnh gia nhflng gi hpc sinh hpc dflpc (hpc ttong trudng, hpc d nha, hpc ngoai xa hoi) Phfldng phap danh gia kit qua hpc tSp cua hpc sinh cung chua cd nhflng ddi mdi ve can ban, danh gia chu yen dua tren muc tieu (kiln tiiflc, ky nang va tiiai dp), va ndi dung ttong sach gido khoa Cach ddnh gia Id nguyen nhdn dan den viec hpc sinh hpc dl dapflngyeu cdu kilm tra chfl khdng phdi la danh gid vl su tiln bd cfla hpc sinh, ddng thdi cung lam cho giao vien trd nhflng ngfldi thy ddng, phu thudc, khd cd the phat huy dupc nang luc gidng day Mot sd khai niem liSn quan 2.1 Ddnh gid Cd rdt nhilu quan niem vl ddnh gid ttong giao due, nhien thudc vdo muc dfch danh gia, cdp dd danh gid va ddi tUdng danh gid ma mdi quan niem diu nhdn manh hdn vao khi'a canh nao dd cua Iinh vyc can danh gia Theo Tfl diln tilng Viet, danh gid dUdc hilu la; Nhain dinh gid tti Cac kit qud kilm'tra tt'ch hpc tap, ten luyen cua hpc sinh dUpc thi hien ttong viec danh gid nhflng tich hpc tdp, ren luyen dd [5]; C.E Beeby (1997) "danh gia la sfl thutiidpva ly gidi mdt cdch cd hd thdng nh&ig bang chflng ddn tdi sU phan xet vl gid ttj theo quan dilm hanh ddng", khai niem nhdn mzuih vao khfa canh gia ttj, coi danh gia la sU thu thdp va ly giai mdt each cd h^ thdng nhiing bang chfllig dan tdi sy phan xet vl mat gia ttj; R.Tyier (1984) ddnh gia thi hien d sU xem xet mflc dp thich dang gifla toan bd cac Qidng tin vdi toan bd cactieuchu^ tfldngflngvdi myc tieu xac djnh, nham dfla mdt quylt dinh "Qua ttinh ddnh gia la chu ylu la qua ttinh xac djnh mflc dp thyc hien cac myc tilu ciia chydng ttinh giao due"; Owen & Rogers (1999) "Ddnh gid la viec thu thdp thdng tin mdt each he tiling va dUa nhflng nhan djnh dua tten cd sd cactiidngtin ttiu dUpc" [6]; Theo Jean-Marie De Ketele (1989), ddnh gia cd nghia la "thu thdp mdt tdp hdp tiidng tin dutiu'chhdp, cd gia ttj va ddng tin cdy va xem xet mflc dp phu hdp gifla tdp hdp thdng tin va mpt tdp hdp tilu ehi phu hdp vdi cac myc tilu dinh ban ddu hay dd dUdc dilu chinh ttong qud ttinh thutiidptiidng tin nham dUa mdt quylt djnh" [7] Theo P.E Griffin (1996): "ddnh gid Id dUa phan quylt vl gia trj cua mpt su kiln, nd bao ham viec thu thap thdng tm sur dung ttong vile dinh gia cua mdt chUdng ttinh, mdt san p h ^ mdt tiln ttinh, muc tilu hay tilm ndng flng dung cua mdt cdch thflc dua ra, nham d^t muc dich nhdt dinh" [8] Theo tac gia Trdn Ba Hoanh, ddnh gia la qua ttinh hinh tiianh nhflng nhan dinh, phan dodn vl kit qua cua cdng viec, dUa vao sy phdnti'chnhflngtiidngtin tiiu dupc, ddi chilu vdi nhflng muc tilu, tilu chu£n da dl ra, nham dl xudt nhflng quylt djnh dl cai thien thuc ttang, dilu chinh, ndng cao chdt lUpng, hieu qua cdng viec [9] Ddng quan dilm vdi Nguyen Thj Lan PhUdng vd cdng sU (2013), chung tdi cho rang, danh gia la qua ttinh thu thdp thdng tin, phantt'ch,xfl 1^ thdng tin dl tim cdc chl sd ve lUdng, gia tti hoac su quan ttpng ciia nd ttong so sanh vdi muc di'ch, muc tieu da dat tfl trUdc, tfl dd dUa y kien, phan xet, khuyin nghi nham giflp cai thien, ndng cao chdt Iflpng cdng vile Nguyln Hflu H^u, Pham \ ^ Hiln JEM., Vol (2017), No 11 2.2 Ddnh gid kit qud hgc tdp Theo [11 ;]4], danh gia kit qua hpc tap cfla hpc sinh la qua ttinh tiiu thdp va xfl I;^ thdng tin vl ttinh dp, kha nang thuc hien myc tieu hpc tap cfla hpc sinh, vl tac ddng vd nguyen nhan cfla tinh hinb dd nham taio cd sd cho nhflng quylt djnh sU pham ciia gido vidn va nha trUdng, cho bdn than hpc sinh dl hp hpc tap tiln tra hdn Theo tac gid Nguyln Dflc Minh (2015), ddnh gia kit qua hpc t|p la qua trinh thu th$p va gidi thich mdt each he thdng, kip thdi cac thdngtinlien quan din kit qud hpc tap, thi hien d hai phUdng dien, thfl nhdt: kit qud hpc tap dat dupe cua hpc sinh so vdi kit qua hpc tdp ctia hpc sinh khdc, thfl hai; kit qua hpc tap dat dupc cfla hpc sinh so vdi muc tidu gido due da de Hai phUdng dien ddn din hai dang danh gia khac can cfl vao muc dfch cua viec gidi thich kit qua ddnh gia, dd Iddanhgiatheochu^n va danh gid theotieuchf []2;S] Trong bai vilt nay, khdi niem danh gia kit qua hpc tap cua hpc sinh dfldc hilu la: danh gia kit qua hpc t$p la boat ddng dien sudt qua ttinh day hpc nham xac djnh mflc dd d^t dUdc myc tilu hpc tdptiidngqua viec thu thap thdng tin minh chflng vl kit qua hpc tdp cua hpc sinh ttong qua ttinh hpc tdp, qua dd dUa nhflng nhdn djnh, phan doan va quylt dinh vl qud hpc tdp cua hpc sinh 2.3 Ndnghtc Cd rat nhilu dinh nghia vl ndng lye, each tilp can tfl cac gdc dd khac nhau, vi thi, chi cd thi tim cac ylu td cot Idi ma bdt ky* dinh nghia nao cung cd thi dl e ^ din hoac tim mdt djnh nghia the hien tUdng ddi day dfl cdc ylu td ciia khai niem Cd nhilutiiudtngfl khac dung chl khdi nidm nang lye chung/ cdt Idi EU da tdng kit khdi niem dupe sii dung bang nhilu tiiuat ngfl khac nhau, cac thudt ngfl sau ddy thfldng thdy ttung vdn bdn chfldng trinh giao due phd thdng cua nhilu nfldc: nang lUc xuyln chUdng trinh, nang lUc chi'nh/ cdt loi, nang lye nen tang, nang luc chu ylu, ky nang chinh Icy nang cdt Idi, nang lUc cd sd, khd nang/ pham chat chi'nh, ky nang chuyln giao dUpc Tham khao chUdng trinh thiet ke theo hUdng tilp can nang lye cua cac nude cd thi thdy loai chinh, dd la; Nhflng nang lUc chung va nang lye cy thi, chuyen biet Nang lUc chung: Id nang lye cd ban, thilt ylu ciia coo ngudi cd the sdng vd lam vifc binh thudng xd hdi Nang lye dupc hinh va phat ttiln nhilu mdn hpc, lien quan din nhilu mdn hpc Theo quan nilm cfla EU, mdi nang luc chung cdn: Gdp phan tao nen kit qua cd gia tti cho xa hdi va cdng ddng; Giflp cho cac ca nhan dapflngdupe nhflng ddi hoi cua mdt bdi cdnh rdng Idn va phflc tap; Chflng ed till khdng quan tiung vdi cac chuyen gia nhung rdt quan ttung vdi tdt ed mpi ngfldi Ndng lye cy till/ chuyen biet: la nang luerieng,dUdc hinhtiianhva phat triln mot Enh vUc/ mdn hpc nao dd; vi till chUdng ttinh Quebec gpi la nang luc mdn hpc cu till dl phSn bi^t vdi nang lUc xuyln chUdng ttinh (nang lue chung) Ndng luc la td hop cac ylu td tam - sinh ly, cacttitiiflcva kl nang hanh ddng cua ca nhdn mang lai hieu qud cao ttung viec giai quylt cac tinh hudng cu till Ddng ttidi nang lUc boat ddng cua ca nhdn cung dupc Wnh va phat ttiln chinh ttung qua ttinh gidi quylt cac tinh hudng dd Nhu vdy, nang lye la mdt he thdng dupc van hanh sy tUdng tac ciia cac ddn vi cdutiianh:tti tiiflc va kinh nghiem vl boat ddng, kl nang hdnh ddng vdtiididptt'chcue vdi hoat ddng Tat ca cac ddn vj ttdn diu dUpc ttiln khai ddng bd ttong viec giai quylt rapt tinh hudng cu till Chinh ttong qua ttinh giai quyet tinh huongtiiUctl dd, cac tti tiiflc, kinh nghiem vd boat ddng, ky nang hanh ddng va cac ylu td tdm ly khac dUdc hinh vd bd sung cho taotiianhnang lUc 50 NGHlfiN CCU JEM., Vol (2017), No 11 John Erpenbeck (1998); "nang lye dUpc xdy dUng tren cd sd tti thflc, thilt Idp qua gid tri, cdu true nhfl la cdc kha nang, hinh qua trdi nghiem/ciing cd qua kinh nghiem, hi^n thUc hda qua y chf; Weinert (2001): "nang lUc Id cac khd nang va ky ndng nhdn thflc vdn cd d ca nhdn hay ed till hpc dupc dl gidi quylt cdc vdn dl dat ttung cudc sdng Nang lUc cung ham ehfla ttung no tfnh san sang hanh ddng, ddng cd, y chf va ttach nhiem xd hdi dl cd thi sfl dyng mdt each tilidnh cdng va ed trdch nhi€m cac gidi phap ttong nhihig tinh hudng thay ddi" [13] Xu hrfdng dSi mdi danh gia kit qua hoc tap ciia hoc sinh theo tilp can nang Itfc 3.1 Quan niim ve dii mdi dmh gid kit qud hgc tap cua hgc sinh Dya tten Ifldng tdm ly, dya tten bdi cdnh va dUa tren ca nhdn hda, ddnh gid dupc chia lam ba hinh thai, dd la: Hinh that dUa tren ludng tam ly: NgUdi ta chu trpng tdi nhflng dl tbi chuan hda, tham chilu theo chu&, sfl dung tten dien rdng va nham myc dich giai ttinh Vdi binh thdi cai thlfn tt'nh khach quan ttong khdu chdm bai (nlu sfl dyng ede dl thi ttac nghidm khach quan), thich hdp ttong viec dl danh gia mdt ph^m vi rdng kiln thflc vd ttdn mdt sd Iflpng Idn cac ddi tupng; Hinh thai dUa tren bdi cdnh: Hinb thai hudng tdi viec danh gia xac thyc, quan tdm nhilu hdn tdi cdng cu ddnh gid ma ngUdi giao vi€n phdi tu thilt kl trln Idp, tham chilu theo tidu chf giup dilu chinb boat ddng day vd hpc, giup ngudi hpc tiln bd; Hinh thai dya trln ca nhdn hda: Hinhtiiainay la sU phat ttiln thim lln cua hinh thai dya tten bdi cdnh; hinh thdi ddnh gid cung hudng tdi viec danh gia tiung Idp hpc, gan bd chat che vdi vai ttd cua ngUdi giao vien, sfl dung bdi cdnh thyc tl cudc sdng dl dUa vao cdc bdi tap d binh thai ca nhdn hda, hpc sinh cung cd thi dupe hudng ddn dl ty danh gid, tU dfla nhflng quylt djnh va xac djnh muc tilu ca nhdn; dilu ndy cd nghia la ngfldi hpc dUde chii ddng va tham gia tfch eye hdn vao qua ttinh ddnh gid Nhu vay, xu hUdng ddi mdi danh gid kit qua hoc t§p cua hpc sinh se t$p trung tiieo cac hudng sau; Chuyln sang chfl ylu sfl dyng danh gia kit qud hoc tdp cudi mdn hpc, khda hpc (ddnh gia tdng kit) nham myc dfch xIp bang, phdn loai sang sfl dung da dang cac loai binh danh gid, coi ttpng ddnh gia thudng xuyen, djnh ki sau tflng phdn, tflng chUdng nham muc di'ch phdn hdi dilu ciilnh qud ttinh giang day va hpc tap (danh gia qud ttinh) Chuyen tfl chu ylu danh gia kilm tta ky nang sang danh gia nang lUc cua ngUdi hpc Chuyln tfl danh gia mdt chilu (gido vien danh gid), sang danh gid da chilu (khdng chi giao vien danh gid ma hpc sinh cung tham gia danh gid - tU danh gia, ddnh gia iSn nhau) Chuyln danh gia tfl mdt boat ddng ddc l|p vdi qua ttinh daiy hpc sang viectt'chhpp danh gid vdo qua ttinh day hoc, xem danh gid la mdt mdt phUdng phap day hpc Sfl dung cdng nghe tiidng tin ttong danh gia: sfl dyng cdc phdn mem th&i djnh cdc dau: tt'nh Ifldng cua cdng cu (dp tin c3iy, dd khd, dd phan biet, dd gia tti) va sfl dung cac md hinh thdng ke vao xfl ly phdn tich, ly giai kit qud danh gia 3.2 Phuang thdc ddnh gid kit qud hgc tap PhUdng tiiflc danh gid kit qua hpc tdp bao gdm nhilu ylu td cdu tiianh va dl ldm rd phfldng tiiflc danh gia chung ta can xdc dinh ro cac ylu td cdu thdnh dd, nhfl: myc tilu, ndi dung, thdi diem, eachtiiutiidptiidngtin.chfl till danh gia, each sfl dung kit qua danh gid (bdng I) [14;65 -67] Nguyln Hflu HSu, Pham Van Hiln JEM., Vol (2017) No 11 Bang i Bang md td phUOng thikc ddnh gid kit qud hoc t^p Yeut6c6utlmh Muc tieu danh gia kk qua hoc '^P Chlbaomota 1.1 1.2 1-3 1.4 1.51.6 1.7 Muc tieu danh gia ki^n thiic Mvc tieu