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Hen Ctu Khoa hoc Giao due O A N H G I A K E T Q U A H O C T A P M O N T I E N G V I E T Q T I E U H O C • • • • • B A N G T R A C N G H I E M K H A C H Q U A N Giao due nude ta nhdng nam gan day da ap[.]
Hen Ctu -Khoa hoc Giao due O A N H GIA KET QUA HOC T A P M O N TIENG VIET Q T I E U HOC • • • • • BANG TRAC NGHIEM KHACH QUAN PGS.TS HOANG HOA BINH Trung tam Nghien cuu Giao due Phd thdng G TN kien thdc [knowledge test) cho biet HS nam cac sp kien ngdn ngU nhu the nao - TN kinang dung hinh thdc kiem tra, danh gia bang (performance test) giup danh gia viec sd dung trac nghiem khach quan (TNKQ) dca ba cap hqc ngdn ngQ cua HS thdng Tuy nhien, di vao thpc tien, de TNKQ TN ki ndng ngdn ngd (language subskills test) d nhieu noi da bj mat tin nhiem nghiem trpng giup danh gia nhQng to rieng re cua ngdn nen cang it dupe sd dung Nguyen nhan chu ye'u la viec bien soan de TNKQ khd hon ngQ nhu tU vpng, ngQ phap va phat am - TN ki nhieu so vdi bien soan de luan nhung ngudi ndng giao tiep {communication skills test) giup bien soan lai chUa nam vdng kT thuat de, khau danh gia each sQ dung ngdn ngQ cua HS kiem duyet, tham d|nh chua duoc lam tot, sp trao ddi t u tudng va thdng tin TN sdn sinh (productive test, vi du: bai kiem tra da tao nen nhUng de hoae la mac nhieu sai sot, hoae de dai, thieu tri tue, So luong cau hdi ndi) ddi hdi HS phai cd cau tra Idi tich epe va TNKQ mpt de kiem tra (ke't hpp TNKQ va tQ sang tao - TN tiep nhdn {receptive test, vi dp: TN luan) 0THPT cd chi la cau (trai vdi nguyen Ipa chpn, kiem tra kT nang dpc - hieu) giup danh tac de) khien HS de dang chpn dUpc phuong gia nhan thdc cua HS thdng qua sp Ipa chpn cau an dung nhieu chi bang each nhin bai cua tra Idi tdt nha't TN rieng le (discrete-point test) moi cau hdi kiem ban Nam 2012, HS Viet Nam d dp tudi 15 bat dau tra mdt khia canh dac thu - TN tich hop (integratham gia Chuong trinh danh gia PISA cung HS tive test) cd the kiem tra nhieu kT nang ngdn ngQ qudcte Vi vay, can sdm khdi phuc cdng cu danh khac nhQ each sQ dung ngdn ngQ gia bang TNKQ phat huy Uu diem cua cdng cu thpc te TN theo trinh dp (norm-referenced test) doi nay, sd dung thudng xuyen t d cap Tieu hpc de nang cao chat lupng hoat dpng danh gia, giup chieu moi HS vdi cac ban cung Idp - TN theo tieu HS lam quen vdi cac kieu de TNKQ vQng vang, chudn (criterion-referenced test) ddi chieu moi HS tptin tham gia Chuong trinh PISA vdi nhUng tieu chuan nha't dinh, bat ke trinh dp Bai viet trinh bay quan niem veTNKQ, cac cua nhUng HS khac the nao TN thdnh tich (proficiency test) danh gia toan kieu TNKQ ki thuat bien soan va neu mpt sd kie'n nghi sd dung TNKQ bp kha nang ngdn ngU cua HS d mpt thdi diem nhat dinh - TN tien bp (achievement test) danh gia I Trac nghiem khach quan sp phat trien kha nang cua HS ve tUng mat TN chu quan (subjective test, vi dp: bai djch va Ddi lap vdi TNKQ la trac nghiem chu quan (cdn gpi la trac nghiem (TN) luan) chi la mpt bai luan) giup danh gia kT nang ngdn ngQtp nhieu cap pham tru ddi lap TN Theo sp nhien cua HS, gidng nhQ nd dien thpc phan tich cua Harold S Madsen ddi vdi cacTN d te ddi song - TNKQ (objective test) khao sat, chuong trinh tie'ng Anh ESL thi cd capTN doi ludng ke't qua hpc tap cua HS bang cau hdi, bai lap nhU sau: tap cd nhQng dac diem co ban sau: - Dap an cua cau hdi, bai tap la dap an dong, tdc la chi cd mpt phQOng an tra ldi dung hoae Harold S.Madsen Techniques in testing - Oxford dung nha't University Press, 1983, p.8 iao due nude ta nhdng nam gan day da ap KHGD so 66, thang - 2011 33 Khoa hoc uiao due - Ngu'di lam bai phai tim dupe phuong an dung (nam gida cac phuong an sai) hoae dung nhat (giQa cac phuong an dung) thdi gian ngan nha't ma khong can trinh bay lap lugn Hinh thQcTN dQpc xem la khach quan vi nd dam bao tinh khach quan cua ke't qua, loai bd dau an ca nhan cua ngudi lam bai va anh hudng cua nhQng ye'u to chu quan nhQ kT nang, sdthi'ch,tinh cam chu quan cua ngQdi cham bai cho diem Cach phan loai nhQ tren cua Harold S Madsen cho tha'y cd rat nhieu phuong dienTN mot chuong trinh day ngdn ngQ De kiem tra, danh gia toan dien ke't qua hpc tap cua HS, can phdi hpp nhieu cap TN Trong cac cap doi lap tren, chung ta thudng chi ndi den cap TNKQ va TN luan NhUng tren thpc te, moi TNKQ hay TN luan deu cd the laTN kie'n thUc hoae kT nang,TN kinang ngdn ngQ hoae kinang giao tiep, TN san sinh hoae tiep nhan, 1.1 TN lua chon la dang cau hdi, bai tap cho sin it nha't phuong an tra Idi va yeu cau HS chpn phuong an tra Idi dung (giUa nhUng phuong an sai), hoae phuong an tra lOi dung nhdt (giQa cac phuong an dung) bang each danh da'u vao phuong an dd 1.2 Cau hdi, bai tapTN Ipa chpn thudng cd phan: a) Phdn hdi (cau tien de) gdm: - Cdu dan: viet dudi dang cau nghi van hay bd IQng de neu van de can giai quye't - Cdu lenh: neu each thpc hien hanh dpng b) Phan Ida chgn, gdm mpt sd cau (d dang rut gon) neu cac phuong an tra Idi; moi phuong an dUpc trinh bay mdt ddng rieng; dau ddng cd • hoae cd ki hieu bang sd hay chQ cai de phan biet vdi phQOng an khac 1.3 KT thuat bien soan cau hdi, bai tapTN Ipa chpn 1.3.1 Bien soan phdn hdi a) Cau dan va cau lenh phan hdi phai rd rang, ngan gon Trong trQdng hpp cac cau cd II Cac kieu TNKQ - kT thuat bien soan Cac cau hdi, bai tap TNKQ rat da dang nhung cung yeu cau thi nen lenh gdp de tranh lap lai, gay cam giac nham chan Vi du, mpt de kiem tra cd the quy vao loai Idn nhu sau: a/ Loai cau hdi, bai tap cho san nhieu phuong gom 10 cau hdi cd the thpc hien theo cung mpt an tra Idi va yeu cau HS dung ki hieu de chpn lenh: Dda vdo npi dung bdi dgc, ddnh ddu Vvdo • phuong an tra lOi dung (hoae dung nhat).Thupc trddc y trd ldi dung loai cd cac kieu sau: b) Tranh nhQng hien tupng ngQ phap phQc tap, - TN Ipa chpn (con gpi la TN nhieu Ida chgn - cd the gay tranh cai Vi du, vdi cau "Dan trau no multiple choice test) cd nghech nhin chung tdi nhQ chd dpi.", HS tieu - TN dung - sai {true-false test; cdn gpi la TN nhi hpc rat de nham la cau Ai the ndo ? (vj ngQ phan-binary test) la no cd ) De HS de nhan day la cau Ai Idm - TN ddi chieu (cdn gpi ia TN doi chieu cap ddi gi ?, nen bd cum tQ no cd (Ddn trdu nghech nhin - matching test) chung tdi nhd chd dgi.) Cdn neu van giQ tQ no cd b/ Loai cau hdi, bai tap cd the cho sdn hodc thi nen xem la cau danh cho HS gidi hoae HS khdng cho san phuong dn trd ldi, HS phai tim cac Idp Idn hon va viet hoae ndi phuong an tra Idi dung c) Tranh dung tQ phu djnh Viec dung tQ phu Loai bao gdm kieu: djnh khdng (vi du: Khoanh tron chd cdi trddc cdu trd Idi khdng dung) thudng lam cho HS tieu hpc - TN thay the (substitution test) lung tung vi ndngUpcvdi tam li thdng thudng d - TN sap xep (rearrangement test) Ida tuoi la Ipa chon phuong an dung Trong - TN dien khuyet (completion test) trUdng hpp nay, nen thay cum tQ khong dung - TN tra Idi ngan (short answer test) Dudi day, chung tdi xin gidi thieu cu the tUng bang tQddng nghTa (sai) cho de hieu hon hoae in dam / gach chan cum tQ khdng dung de gay kieu TNKQ: chuy 1.3.2 Bien soan phan Ida chgn Trac nghiem ltfa chgn 34 KHGD so 66, thang - 2011 hien :tru a) Phan liia chpn chi co mpt phiiong an tra Idi dung (hoae dung nhat) Neu la TN Ipa chon phuong an tra Idi dung thi can chu y dien dat cho khdng dan den tinh trang tat ca cac phuong an dUa deu dung Vi du: Nui trong cau luc bat (Nui cao bdi co ddt bdi/Nui che ddt thdp nui ngdi d ddu) dupe nhan hoa nhd nhUng t d ngU nao ? • Nhd t d che • Nhd tir ngd/ • NhdcatU che va t d ngdi Trong trudng hpp nay, phuong an va khdng dung bang nhung van la dung Oe dam bao tinh chinh xac cua TN tren, cd the chpn each nhu sau: - Sda cau lenh thanh: "Chpn phuong an dung nhdt." - Sda cac phuong an va nhu sau (de chi cd phuong an la dung): • Chi nhd tU che • Chi nhd tU ngdi • Nhd ca tU che va tU ngd/' Ne'u la TN Ipa chpn phuong an tra lOi dung nhdt (trong so cac cau dung), can tranh mac loi Id gich: cac phuong an, chi cd phuong an dung, cac phuong an cdn lai deu sai Day la vi du ve mpt cau TN tim hieu kT nang dpc - hieu truyen vui dan gian Bon cdng vd sdu cdng dupe xem la bien soan khdng chat che: Khoanh trdn chU cai trudc cau tra Idi dung nhdt: Cau ndi cua chu linh dang cudi vi chu cho la a) Chay bp cung ngpa nhanh hon cudi ngpa b) Chay bang sau cang nhanh hon bdn cang c) Cang cang nhieu, chay cang nhanh Ca phuong an trongTN tren deu dung nhUng khdng xac djnh dUpc phuong an nao dung nhdt: phuong an a (Chgy bp cung ngt/a nhanh hon cifdi ngua) la dung nha't xet theo hanh dpng cua chu linh, phuong an b (Chgy bang sdu cdng nhanh hon bon cdng) la dung nhat xet theo ldi ndi cua chu linh, nhUng phuong an c (Cdng cdng nhieu, chgy cdng nhanh) lai the hien dung nha't ban chat ngoc cua chu linh Vi khdng chpn dupe dap an dung nhdt nen phai chuyen cau TNKQ mpt cau tu luan (Vi cdu ndi cua chu linh ddng cUbi?) hoae phai sda de cd cac phuong an tra Idi phan biet mdc dp dung rd hon.Vidu: KHGD so 66, thang - 2011 -Khoa hoc Giao due Cau ndi cua chu linh dang cudi vi a) Cau ndi ay khdng dung thpc te b) Cau ndi ay chdng td chu linh rat ngoc c) Cau ndi ay chdng td chu linh suy nghT rat may mdc Ba phuong an tren deu dung nhung phuong an c dung nhdt vi suy nghi may mdc cua chu linh mOi thpc sp la nguyen nhan gay cUdi.Tuy nhien, dat cau hdi cho HS Idp 4,5 van la qua khd b) Tranh tao sp khac biet qua Id lieu gida phuong an tra Idi dung vdi cac phuong an danh lac hudng, lam cho hoat dpng Ipa chpn cua HS trd nen mat y nghTa Mpt kinh nghiem bien soan phuong an danh lac hudng la co gang dat cau vdi nhUng tU ngU cd van ban, tao cam giac hop li cho ca nhdng phuong an sai c) Cac phuong an nhieu can cd dp dai tuong duong vdi phuong an dung Phuong an dung can duoc bd tri d nhUng vj tri khac de HS khdng de doan md 1.4 TN Ipa chpn la kieu TN dUpc sd dung bien nha't vi ngoai nhUng Uu diem cua TNKQ ndi chung, nd cd the sd dung de ludng cac mdc dp dat muc tieu khac (nhan biet, hieu, van dung, ); ke't qua TN chju sai sd may rui doan md it hon nhieu so vdi TN dung - sai TN Ipa chpn cung cd mpt so nhupc diem rieng ben canh nhUng nhupc diem chung cua TNKQ: Khi dUa cac phuong an Ipa chpn, neu cac phuong an danh lac hudng qua de vdi HS thi se lam tang kha nang HS doan dUpc cau tra lOi dung, dd lam giam dp tin cay cua ket qua.; HS lam baiTN Ipa chpn mat nhieu thdi gian hon cac loai TNKQ khac vi phai dpc di dpc lai cau hdi va cac phuong an tra Idi Trac nghiem dung - sai 2.1 TN dung - sai la dang cau hdi, bai tap yeu cau HS danh gia phuong an tra Idi cho san vdi Ipa chpn: dung hay sai, cd hay khdng, ddng y hay khdng ddng y, 2.2 Cau hdi, bai tapTN dung - sai thudng cd hai phan: a) Phan hdi, gom cau dan va cau lenh gidng nhuTN Ipa chpn b) Phan Ipa chpn, gom: 35 Khoa hoc Giao due - Cot trai la mpt hoae mpt so cau trinh bay y kien, nhan xet, tQdng thuat sp viec hoae mieu ta sp vat; moi npi dung ddpc trinh bay mpt dong rieng; dau dong cd the co ki hieu bang so hay chQ cai de phan biet vdi phQOng an khac - Cot phai chia hai cot nhd, phan biet bang cac chQOung - Sai (Cd - Khdng hoae Dong y - Khdng ddng y) de HS danh dau the hien sp Ipa chpn cua minh Vi du (Idp 4): Oanh dau V vao d thich hpp: DUNG SAI a) VOng chac la tip ghep O CD b) Deo dai latolay • • c) Nhun nhan latoghep • • d) Bai bc> latolay • • e) Nui non latoghep • O g) Lao xao latolay O — Ng|i^^u| van ban; cho diem cao hon nhQng cau kiem tra ki nang nghe, kiem tra sQ thdng hieu kie'n thQc ve tQ, cau 2.4 TN dung - sai cd uu diem la bien soan de hon TN Ipa chpn NhUng kieu TN chi cd sp I pa chpn nen HS cd 50% kha nang doan md dupe cau tra Idi dung, dieu lam giam dp chinh xac cua ke't qua Mdt nhupc diem nQa la nhQng y kie'n sai dupe trinh bay cau hdi, bai tapTN dung - sai cd the in vao tri nhd HS nhd, gay anh hudng tieu cue ddi vdi cac em Trac nghiem doi chieu 3.1 TN doi chieu la dang cau hdi, bai tap yeu cau HS xac djnh sp phu hpp giQa moi yeu to tap hpp cot ben trai vdi ye'u to tap hpp d cot ben phai bang each ndi chung vdi hoae viet cac ki hieu ndi ghep Vi du (Idp - Mpt each the hien khac cua TN 3.2 Cau hdi, bai tap TN doi chieu cd ca'u tao dung - sai): Oanh dau V vaoO trQdc nhQng y nhQsau: kien dung: a) Phan hdi gom cau dan va cau lenh b) Phan Ipa chpn gdm hai tap hpp ye'u td dQpc • Doan ket - chia re la to trai nghTa trinh bay hai cot ben trai va ben phai Oac G Tinh nghjch - bifcVng binh la 2tod6ng nghTa diem cua hai tap hpp la: _ Chin "oi chin" va chin "chin tuoi" la to dong am - Cac yeu to cua hai cdt cd quan he nha't dinh [T Vang ve - hiu quanh la 2totrai nghTa vdi nhau, vi du: cot ben trai A neu mpt sd tQ ngQ p Chan "ban chan" va chan "chan troi" la to can giai nghTa thi cot ben phai B neu nghTa cua dong am tQ ngQ hoae hinh ve minh hoa; cot ben trai A 2.3 Ve ki thuat bien soan TN dung - sai, can neu ten mpt so nhan vat, tac gia, tac pham, dia chu y: diem, thi cot ben phai B neu dac diem cua nhan - Can soan hang loat cau (khoang den cau vat, tac gia, tac pham, dia diem, vdi HS Idp 4, 5) de han che kha nang doan md - So IQpng yeu to d cot ben phai B thQdng cua HS, lam tang dp tin cay cua de NhQng cau nhieu hon cdt ben trai A de HS khdng the de TN dung - sai hang loat cd the la thQ thach dang doan cac moi quan he.Tuy nhien, vdi HS khdng nho ddi vdi HS neu cac em khdng thQc sp cap tieu hpc, cd the soan mpt so cau TN cd so nam vQng kie'n thQc va khdng dpc kT yeu cau IQpng ye'u to d hai cot bang - Han che nhQng cau ma HS trung binh cd - TrQdc moi ye'u to d cot ben phai B va ben trai the nhan la dung hay sai, khdng can suy A cd the cd ki hieu bang sd hay chQ cai de HS nghi tien the hien ket qua ddi chieu - Tranh dung Id'i noi phu dinh lam HS bdi roi Vi Vi du (Idp 5):Ooi chieu khdng tuong xQng -1 du, khdng nen viet: Chin "oi chin" va chin giQa cac ye'u td d hai cdt: Ndi moi cau tuc ngQ d "chin tuoi"/d hai tit khdng dong am ma nen cdt A vdi nghTa thich hpp d cdt B: viet: Chin "oi chin" va chin "chin tuoi" A B la hai td dong am (hoae la hai nghia khdc 1) Lop triroc gia di co lap sau thav cua td nhieu nghia) de HS de danh gia nhan a) Tre non de uon the djnh dung hay sai b) Tre gia, mang 2) Day tretoluc nho de hon - Ve bieu diem, nen cho diem thap nhQng cau moc kiem tra kT nang dpc - hieu, tai hien npi dung 36 KHGD so 66, thang - 2011 Nghien c) Tre cay cha, gia 3) Dang 6" tuoi trung nien cay d) Tre vui nha, gia 4) Tre cang Ion cang khon, ngirai gia vui chua thi lu lln e) Tre chira qua, gia5) Con nho dya vao cha me, ve gia chwa toi dya vao 6) Tre vui ce nha, nguai gia vui voi viec di ll, van canh chua chien TN ctoi chieu giup kiem tra khong chi kha nang nhan biet kie'n thdc ma ca kha nang thong hieu, van dung, rat thich hpp de kiem tra cac kie'n thdc ve td, cau va kT nang doc hieu van ban 3.3 Ve ki thuat bien soan TN ddi chieu, can chu y: - Phan lenh phai chi dan each the hien ke't qua ddi chieu that rd rang: ne'u the hien bang dudng ndi thi nen cho mau ndi; ne'u the hien bang each viet lai chd hoae sd d cdt A vdi chd hoae so d cot B (a2, b i , c5, ) thi cung can chi rd phai viet vao dau -Tranh tao nhieu kha nang tra Idi dung mdt quan he ddi chieu - Cd the soan TN dd'i chieu vdi so ye'u to d hai cdt bang nhau, nhiing nen cd ca nhQng bai tap ma so ye'u td d hai cot khdng bang (so ye'u td d cdt B nhieu hon cdt A) Trac nghiem thay the 4.1 TN thay the la dang cau hdi, bai tap yeu cau HS thay the mdt ye'u to da cho bang ye'u to khac theo tieu chi nha't dinh 4.2 Cau hdi, bai tap TN thay the cd cau tao nha sau: a) Phan hdi cd the gdm cau dan va cau lenh; mpt so trQdng hpp cd the khdng can cau dan b) Phan Ipa chpn cd the gdm: - Ye'u to can dQpc thay the Cac ye'u to thiidng la am, chQ cai, tieng, tQ, cum tQ, dQng dpc lap hoae dupe dat mpt ca'u true Idn hon Od cd the la nhQng yeu to da dQpc sddung dung nhQng can thay the bang ye'u to cung vi tri hay cung nghTa Dd cung cd the la yeu to bj sQ dung sai, can thay the bang ye'u td khac cho dung - Ye'u td thay the Cac ye'u td cd the cung vj tri (trong ca'u tao tie'ng, ca'u tao tQ, ca'u tao cau, ), cung nghTa, cung tradng tQ vpng - ngQ nghTa, KHGD so 66, thang - 2011 Khoa hoc Giao due vdi yeu to can dapc thay the hoae phu hpp hon ye'u td can dapc thay the Sp cd mat cua ye'u to thay the khdng phai la bat bupc Trong nhieu tradng hpp, HS phai tim nhQng ye'u to thay the Tuy nhien, neu de bai cho sin ye'u td thay the thi so IQpng ye'u to thay the thaOng phai nhieu hon ye'u to dapc thay the de HS Ipa chpn Vi du (Idp 4): Trong truyen vui sau, cac tQ chi thdi gian (in dam) dQpc dung khdng dung cho Em hay thay the cac t d ay bang ta thich hpp Nha van np cd mpt anh hau rat ngoc Mpt hdm, nha van dang ( ) di dp tiec, bao anh hau dun nadc tam Lat sau, anh hau chay bo vao, la Idn: - Chay! Chay! Nha bep se ( ) chay! Nha van tdc toe cung anh hau chay vao bep Trong bep, Ida sap ( ) boc chay dung dung Thi ra, anh hau dang ( ) de mpt bd cui Idn gan bep Id, cui khd nd, ben Ida va bdc chay.Tha'y ndi nQdc tam rat to tren bep Id, nha van lenh: - Hat ndi nadc vao dam chay! Anh hau keu len: - Do ( ) vd ich thdi Vi la nadc ndng (Theo Truyen vui va tha gian bdn phaong) TN thay the dapc sQ dung de kiem tra kha nang hdi nhd, thdng hieu va van dung nhQng dieu da hpc Qua trinh di den dap an, nha't la vdi nhQng cau kiem tra kha nang hieu, van dung, cd cdng doan HS phai suy nghT, ddi chieu cd phe phan (vdi mpt vai phaong an da cd nhung khdng dapc dat ra) de Ipa chpn ta ngQ thay the Chang han, de hoan bai tap: "Thay tQ ngQ dapc gach chan cau: Cd "la cd" va cd "nddc cdhay" Id hai nghia khdc cua td nhieu nghia bang tQ nga khac de cau tra ldi trdthanh dung.", HS phai nhd lai kien thdc da hpc ve t d ddng nghTa, nhieu nghTa, ddng am, tQ dd cd Idi giai dung: tQco'dd khdng phai la nghTa khac cua t d cd cd nhieu net nghTa ma la tdddng am, khac hoan toan ve nghTa Vdi each de nhatren, bai tap da kiem tra dapc kha nang thdng hieu kie'n thac ve tQ ddng nghia, nhieu nghTa, ddng am cua HS Idp 4.3 Khi bien soan TN thay the, can tranh nhQng cau hdi, bai tap ma HS khdng can suy nghT, Ipa chpn cung cd the cho Idi giai dung 37 Khoa hpc Giao due Trdc nghiem sap xep 5.1 TN sap xep la dang cau hdi, bai tap yeu cau HS sap xep cac ye'u to cho sin theo trat nha't dinh de tao mpt ca'u true Dap an cua kieu baiTN mang tinh khach quan: qua trinh ta dung dan cua mpi HS deu dan den chi mpt ke't qua 5.2 Cau hdi, bai tapTN sap xep cd cau tao nha sau: a) Phan hdi gdm cau dan va cau lenh, mdt so tradng hpp chi cd cau lenh b) Phan Ipa chpn gdm cac ye'u to can dapc sap xep Cac yeu td cd the la am, chQ cai, tieng, td, cum td, cau, doan van, ddng dpc lap hoae dapc sap xep chaa dung quy tac mpt ca'u true Idn hon De tien trinh bay phaong an sap xep, bai tap thUOng yeu cau danh dau thdtp bang chdcai hoae chd sd trade moi ye'u to Vi du ve tao lap doan (Idp 4): Sap xep lai cac cau van sau bang each danh so thd vao • trade moi cau de tao mdt doan van mieu ta Id bang: • Cd nhdng cay mua nao cung dep nha cay bang • Sang he, la bang len that day, anh sang xuyen qua chi cdn la mau ngoc bich • Sang den nhdng cudi ddng, mua la rung, nd lai cd ve dep rieng vdi mau sac nha ddng, nhin khdng chan mat • Khi la bang nga sang mau due, ay la mua thu • Mua xuan, la bang mdi trdng nha nhdng ngon Ida xanh Theo DOAN GIOI Ng ijer^^ru^ so thd vao • trade moi cau Vi vay, moi em se the hien ke't qua lam bai theo nhdng each khac va ngadi cham bai se mat thdi gian xd li ke't qua - Can than de tranh mdt cau TN sap xep cd hon phaong an tra Idi dung Vi du, vdi cau TN sau: "Td cau ghep dadi day, hay tao cau ghep mdi bang each thay doi vj tri cua cac ve cau: Kim along rat quy v) kim cUdng rat dat vahiem -> "se cd phaong an tra ldi dung: a) VI kim cdong rat dat va hiem, kim cddng rat quy b) Kim cddng rat ddt vd hiem vi kim cddng rat quy Can sda cau tren nha sau: "Kim cddng rd't ddt vi kim cddng dep, hiem vd cd rat nhieu cdng dung ddc biet -> "de nd chi cd phaong an tra Idi dung: Vi kim cddng dep, hiem vd cd rat nhieu cdng dung dgc biet, kim cddng rat ddt - Ve mdc dp khd cua bai tap, khdng nen bai tap qua khd vdi qua nhieu ye'u to can sap xep lai, lam HS hoang mang Vdi HS Idp 4, 5, cd the yeu cau cac em sap xep khoang den 12 yeu to vdi bai sap xep t d cau; den yeu to vdi bai sap xep cau doan Trong tradng hpp so ye'u to nhieu han, cd the gpi y bang each viet hoa chd dau cau (bai sap xep td) hoae danh sd thd trade mpt hoae mpt vai cau (bai sap xep cau) de dam bao HS chi sap xep lai mpt so yeu to nha't djnh Trdc nghiem dien khuyet 6.1 TN dien khuyet la dang cau hdi, bai tap yeu cau HS hoan chinh mdt cau true bang each dien them ye'u to nha't djnh vao cho 6.2 Cau hdi, bai tapTN dien khuyet cd ca'u tao Trong mdn Tie'ng Viet, TN sap xep giup kiem nhasau: tra cac kie'n thdc can hdi nhd, kiem tra kha nang a) Phan hdi gdm cau dan va cau lenh; nhieu thdng hieu, van dung kie'n thdc de tao lap cau, chi cd cau lenh b) Phan Ipa chon cd the gdm: doan, van ban va cac don vj ngdn ngd khac - Mdt ca'u true cd cho khuyet can dien them 5.3 Ve ki thuat bien soan TN sap xep, can chu yeu td y: - Mdt so ye'u td de HS ipa chpn dien vao cho - De bai phai neu rd yeu cau sap xep Ne'u can, phai cho mau Vdi vi du tren, ne'u chi yeu cau HS khuyet Sped mat cua cac ye'u td khdng phai sap xep cac cau van mpt doan van ta la la bat budc Trong nhieu tradng hop, ta HS phai bang, khdng cd chi dan thi HS se khdng rd phai tim nhdng yeu to dd.Tuy nhien, ne'u de bai cho sap xep bang each viet lai tdng cau van hay ghi sin cac ye'u to de Ipa chpn dien vao cho khuyet 38 KHGD so 66, thang - 2011 thi so luang ye'u to de liia chon phai nhieu han 1, tot nhat la nhieu han Vi du (Idp 4): Chon td thich hap (tai nang, tai dtfc, tai hoa, tai nguyen) dien vao cho trdng de hoan chinh cau: a) Anh ay la mdt ngu'di ven toan b) Nhdng dudng net cham trd tren tren chiec binh that c) Phat hien va bdi dudng nhUng tre d) Moi ngudi dan phai cd y thUc bao ve cua dat nUdc e) NhUng ngdn tay mem mai, ludt tren nhUng phim dan TN dien khuyet thudng dupe sd dung de kiem tra kha nang ghi nhd, thdng hieu nhdng kie'n thdc da hpc: quy tac chinh ta, kie'n thUc ve tU va cau; nhUng cau tuc ngU, ngU, ca dao HS can thudc Cau hdi, bai tapTN dien khuyet khdng thupc dang md vi HS khdng the phan doan ma phai tra Idi cau hdi, hoan bai tap bang each nhd Igi (cao han mUc nhan ra), hoae phai the hien sp thdng hieu dieu da hpc 6.3 Khi bien soanTN dien khuyet, can chu y: - Han che suf dung y nguyen cau van SGK de tranh khuyen khich HS ghi nhd may mdc - Viet cau hdi vdi Idi chi dan rd rang, khdng gay hieu lam, de dam bao chi cd cau tra Idi dung Vi du, vdi cau hdi: Vj quan noi tieng giu nghiem phep nadc md em biet qua sach Tieng Viet Id HS tra Idi Trdn Thu Dd hoae Td Hien Thanh deu dung vi Td Hien Thanh noi tie'ng chi'nh trpc cung la vj quan ludn gid nghiem phep nUdc, vang bac va uy quyen cua mpt ba thai hau cung khdng bupc dupe dng thay doi di chieu cua nha vua NhU vay, ne'u mudn hdi veTd Hien Thanh thi can sQa cau hdi cho cd sp khac biet rd han: Viquan thdi Ly noi tieng chinh true Id "; cdn mudn hdi ve Tran Thu Dp thi can hdi: Vi quan cd cdng lap nen nhd Tran, ludn guong mdu, gid nghiem ki cddng, phep nddc Id Can tranh nham lan TN dien khuyet vdi TN luan Vi du: Them mdt ve cau vao cho trdng de tao cau ghep: a) Mua thu da tdi, b) Mat trdi moc, c)Vitrdi mUato, KHGD so 66, thang - 2011 De tao nhQng cau ghep, HS phai dien vao moi cho trdng mdt ve cau cd du phan chu - vi va moi HS se dien vao cho trdng nhQng ve cau khac Moi y cua bai tap vay se cd nhieu dap an dung, vi du: Mat trdi mpc, sddng tan dan.; Mat trdi mpc, cdc bdc ndng ddng.; Mat trdi mpc, chung tdi len dudng Khi cau hdi cd nhieu dap an khac nhau, thupc vao ngQdi tra ldi nhQ vay thi la TN tQ luan chQ khdng phai TNKQ Trac nghiem tra Id'i ngan 7.1 TN tra Idi ngan la dang cau hdi, bai tap yeu cau HS tim cau tra Idi phu hop vdi cau hdi da cho 7.2 Cau hdi, bai tapTN tra Idi ngan thQdng chi cd phan hdi la mpt cau hdi; mpt so trudng hpp cd the cd cau dan Sp cd mat cua phan Ipa chpn la khdng bat bupc Trong trQdng hop de bai cho s§n mpt sd cau de HS Ipa chpn thi so lupng cau de Ipa chpn phai nhieu hon 1,t6t nhat la nhieu hon Vi du (Idp 5):Tra Idi cau hdi: a) Vi Tong thong dau tien cua nude Nam Phi mdi la ? b) Ai la ngudi dau tien phat hien chau MT? c) NhQng ngQdi dau tien chinh phuc dinh E-varet la ? Moi cau chi cd dap an dung: a) Nen-xan Mande-la; b) Cri-xtd-phd-rd Cd-ldm-bd; c) Et-man Hin-la-ri vaTen-sinh No-ra-gay Can phan biet TN tra Idi ngan vdi TN dien khuyet Khac vdi TN dien khuyet, TN tra Idi ngan chi neu cau hdi va yeu cau HS tra Idi bang mpt cau rut gon chQ khdng phai la dien mpt yeu to vao cho trdng de hoan chinh cau true khuyet thie'u ye'u td Cd the thay ro sp khac biet giQa TN dien khuyet vdiTN tra Idi ngan (khdng cd yeu to Ipa chpn) qua so sanh dQdi day: TN dien khuyet: Vi sti thdn tri dung song todn, giup nude Viet thodt khdi ngn cdng ngp tugng vdng cho nhd Minh degdp gid, den mgng tudng gidc Lieu Thdng Id TN tra Idi ngan: Vi sd than tri dung song todn, giup nude Viet thodt khdi ngn cdng ngp tugng vdng cho nhd Minh de gop gid, den mgng Lieu Thdng Id ? Khoa hoc Giao due — 7.3 Khi bien soan cau hoi tra Idi ngan, can tranh chep y nguyen cau hoi, cau van SGK Cau hoi phai ngan gon, yeu cau ro rang, khong gay hieu lam va dam bao chi cd nhat mpt phuong an dung Khi HS lam bai, giao vien can nhac cac em tra Idi ngan gon vao dung dieu dQpc hdi, khdng can viet mpt cau tra Idi hoan chinh Vi du, vdi cau hdi W sdthdn tri dung song todn, giup nddc Viet thodt khdi ngn cdng ngp tddng vdng cho nhd Minh degdp gid, den mgng Lieu Thdng Id ?, chi can viet: Giang Vdn Minh Khdng can viet day du: V/ sdthdn trf dung song todn dd Id Giang Vdn Minh mdt de phat cho HS cd so bao danh le Cac de cd npi dung gidng nhau, nhung khac d sp sap xep cac cau hdi va thd cac phuang an tra Idi mdt cau hdi Do vay, ne'u mpt HS khdng lam dupe bai, cd chep bai cua ban thi ket qua cung khdng kha hcn.Db la nhQng Qu diem giup giam thieu tinh trang gian lan thi cQ deTNKQ Ben canh dd, de TNKQ can tranh hien tupng sQ dung mpt each don dieu chi mpt kieu TN Ipa chpn hoae TN Ipa chpn ket hop vdi TN dung - sai Ben canh nhQng cau hdi, bai tap kieu Ida chgn cdu trd Idi dung, ddnh gid dung - sai, can bo sung mpt so IQpng nha't djnh cac cau hdi, bai III Mot vai kien nghi ve su" dung TNKQ De phat huy Qu the cua TNKQ, trQdc het, can tap kieu ddi chieu, thay the, sdp xep, dien khuyet, tang so IQpng cau hdi, bai tap moi de trd Idi ngdn Cac cau hdi, bai tap kieu se TNKQ (nhat la deTNKQ dTHCS, THPT hien nay) giup danh gia dupe toan dien nhieu kie'n thQc, de bao quat dQpc nhieu ndi dung hpc tap, nhieu ki nang, kha nang van dung kien thQc va danh mach kien thQc, ki nang, qua dd danh gia dupe gia dQpc phan nao kha nang lap luan, cam thu, hpc Ipc cua HS toan dien hon so vdi de tQ luan giam thieu nhQng han che cua de TNKQ Mat thQdng chi gdm mdt vai cau hdi, bai tap Trong khac, can nhQng de phoi hop TNKQ vdiTN 45 phut kiem tra, vdi HS Idp 5, mQc dp khd, luan nham danh gia dung kha nang lap luan, de, cd the tQ 20 den 35 cau hdi, bai tap (tham cam thu va dien dat cua HS chi tQ 45 den 60 cau vdi de 60 phut) Cac cau hdi, bai tapTNKQ da dupe thQ nghiem Viec tang so IQpng cau hdi, bai tap de thpc te, dQpc hpi ddng tham djnh phe TNKQ khien HS phai het sQc tap trung mdi cd the kjp dpc va lam het bai thdi gian cho phep duyet, dat dp tin cay cao, can dQpc tap hop Day dupe coi la thu thuat de nham danh gia mpt ngan hang de vdi sd IQpng du Idn chinh xac nang Ipc cua HS vi vdi thdi gian lam va kha nang lap rap linh hoat de phuc vu cho viec gap nhu vay, HS phai cd kie'n thUc, ki nang cac dot kiem tra, thi cQ vdi quy md khac thuan thuc va tam li vQng vang mdi cd the hoan Day la mpt viec rat can dQpc Bp Giao due va Dao nhiem vu Trade yeu cau lam viec het sQc tao quan tam, sdm cd y kie'n chi dao thpc hien khan truong, cac em cung se khdng cd thdi gian de chuan bj tot cho giao due Viet Nam tham gia sQ dung tai lieu dem vao phdng thi, khdng cd Chuang trinh PISA sap tdi thdi gian giup dd hay hdi han nhQng HS khac Mat khac, vi npi dung cua de TNKQ lien quan SUMMARY den nhieu phan chQOng trinh hpc nen HS The article discusses concepts of multiple khd dem theo tai lieu, ma du tai lieu cd dung vdi choice tests: types; preparation techniques npi dung kiem tra, thi cQ thi cung khd dung vi and recommendations in usage in Vietnamese nhQng cau hdi dat khdng phai la nhQng cau language in primary education chep tQ SGK De tranh hien tupng HS nhin bai cua (2) Duo-rig Thieu Tong, TrSc nghiem va luang lam bai theo deTNKQ, can sQdung it nhat la hai qua hoc tap, Truang Oai hoc Tong hop Thanh de, mpt de phat cho HS cd sd bao danh chin, Ho Chi Minh, 1995, tr 10-11 40 KHGD so 66, thang - 2011 ... xem la khach quan vi nd dam bao tinh khach quan cua ke''t qua, loai bd dau an ca nhan cua ngudi lam bai va anh hudng cua nhQng ye''u to chu quan nhQ kT nang, sdthi''ch,tinh cam chu quan cua ngQdi... Chin "oi chin" va chin "chin tuoi" la to dong am - Cac yeu to cua hai cdt cd quan he nha''t dinh [T Vang ve - hiu quanh la 2totrai nghTa vdi nhau, vi du: cot ben trai A neu mpt sd tQ ngQ p Chan... cau hdi: Vj quan noi tieng giu nghiem phep nadc md em biet qua sach Tieng Viet Id HS tra Idi Trdn Thu Dd hoae Td Hien Thanh deu dung vi Td Hien Thanh noi tie''ng chi''nh trpc cung la vj quan ludn