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TRIET H O C SO (218), THANG - 2009 D6NG THUAN XA HOI: MOT SO VAN D I LY LUAN CHU VAN TUAN(*) Bai viel gdp phin luan giii mdt sd' van di ly luan xoay quanh dong thuan xa hdi Cu the la, tac gia da: thu nha't, trinh bay each hieu rieng cua minh vi khai niem ding thuan xa hdi; thd hai, phan tich cac dac diem va ban chai cua ddng thuan xa hdi; thu ba, phan tich vai trd cua dong thuan xa hdi vdi tu cich vua la muc lieu, vua la ddng luc cua su phat then xa hdi; thutu, lam rd nhung ea sd ehu yen de xay dung su dong thuan xa hdi - lpi ich, muc tieu va ly tuong chung, cdng bdngxa hdi, truyin thd'ng van hda, I r o n g t h d i g i a n g i n day, k h i i n i e m ddng thuan xa hdi (Social C o n s e n s u s ) d u g c dd c a p n h i e u cac s a c h b i o , t a p chi, c d n g n h u cac hdi t h a o k h o a hpc va t r o n g c i c chu t r u o n g , ducing Id'i, c h i n h s a c h ciia D i n g va N h a n u d e t a T u y n h i e n , h i u n h u chua cd m d t t a i lieu n a o n g h i e n ciiu m d t each day du, cd be thd'ng cac v a n de, khai niem, ndi d u n g , dac didm, ca sd, dieu kien, cdng n h u vi t r i , vai trd c u a ddng t h u a n xa hdi dd'i vcii s u p h a t t r i e n xa hcii v.v Cd t h e ndi, k h i i n i e m "ddng t h u a n xa hdi" mdi chi dugc dd cap mcit each s a luge, lucit qua v i cdn n h i e u v a n de c h u a di ddn thd'ng nha't, t h a m chi la t r a i ngugc n h a u T r o n g lich s u p h a t t r i e n cua Viet N a m , ddng t h u a n xa hdi ddng vai trd h e t sue to Icin t r o n g viec t a o n e n khdi dai doan ket d a n tcpc Dieu da dugc t h e h i e n rd n e t t r o n g lich sii bao ve v a x a y d u n g d a t nude cua d a n tdc Viet N a m t u x u a , c d n g n h u t r o n g s u n g h i p p each m a n g m a D i n g va n h a n d a n t a h i e n d a n g tien h a n h Trong cdng cucic ddi mdi va day m a n h cdng n g h i e p boa, hien dai boa da't nude hien n a y , viec p h a t h u y ddng t h u a n xa hdi l i mdt t r o n g n h u n g y e u t d q u a n t r p n g h a n g d i u , gdp p h i n dn d i n h dcii sd'ng k i n h te - xa hdi, dn d i n h c h i n h t r i ; t u dd, t a o nen ddng luc t h u c h i e n t h i n h cdng m u c tieu x a y d u n g chu n g h i a xa hdi Didu dd da dugc D a n g Cdng s i n Viet N a m y t h u c m d t each b e t sue s a u sac Cu t h e la, t r o n g cac v a n k i e n g a n d a y cua D a n g , v a n dd ddng t h u a n xa hcii ludn dupe de cap den Vin kien Dai hdi dai bieu toan qud'c lan thu X cua D a n g n h a n m a n h : "Lay m u c t i e u gid viing ddc l a p , thd'ng n h i t cua Td qudc, vi d i n giau, n u d e m a n h , xa hdi cdng b i n g , d a n chu, v a n m i n h l a m diem t u o n g ddng de g i n bd ddng bao cac d a n tdc, c i c tdn g i i o , cac t a n g Icip n h a n d a n d t r o n g nude va ngudi Viet N a m d i n h cu d nude ngoai; xoa bd mpi m a c cam, dinh kidn, p h a n biet ddi x u ve q u a k h u , t h a n h p h i n giai cap Tdn t r p n g n h d n g y kien k h a c n h a u k h d n g t r a i vcii Icri ich ciia d a n tdc Dd cao t r u y e n thd'ng n h a n n g h i a , k h o a n dung, xay d u n g t i n h t h i n cdi md, tin cay lan n h a u vi s u dn d i n h c h i n h tri v i ddng thuan xa hdi (tac gia n h i n m a n h ) " ( l ) T r o n g bdi c a n h l o a n c i u hoa hien n a y , l a m t h e n i o de g i i i quye't dugc n h u n g m a u t h u a n xa hdi ( n h i t la n h d n g m a u t h u i n ve \ai ich), n h u n g b a t b i n h d i n g , n h i i n g s u c h c n h lech g i u a cac v u n g midn va k h o a n g each g i i u n g h e o , v.v d a n g n g a y c a n g gia t a n g va didn bien b e t sue p h u c t a p de t a o s u ddng t h u a n xa hcii la m d t van dd vd c d n g cap t h i e t T a t ca n h d n g dieu dd cho t h a y , viec n g h i e n ciiu ('•') Tien sT, Vien Khpa hpc xa hdi Viet Nam (1) Dang Cdng san Viet Nam Van kien Dai hoi dai bieu loan quae lan thd X Nxb Chinh tri Qud'c gia, Ha Ndi, 2006, tr.ll6 25 CHU VAN TUAN mdt each day du, cd he thdng vd van dd ddng thuan xa hcii la mot yeu ciu cap bach, khdng chi cd y nghia quan trpng ve mat ly luan m i cdn cd gii tri to Icin vd mat thuc tien ddi veil nude ta hien Khai n i e m d n g t h u a n xa hoi Trong cac Tu dien chuyen nganh, k h i i nipm ddng thuan xa hdi rat it dugc de cap den, ndu cd thi cung chi dugc dinh nghia mdt each bet sue khai lupc Ching ban, Tu dien tieng Viet cua Trung tam tu dien hpc, Nxb Da N i n g an hanh nam 2007, khai niem "ddng thuan xa hcii" dugc dinh nghia nhu su "bing Idng, ddng tinh ddi vdi nhdng van de quan trgng"(2) Trong Tu dien thuat ngii chinh tri Phip Viet, ddng thuan xa hcii dugc hidu la "su ddng tinh rd rang hoac ngam dinh gida p h i n lem cac vien cua mdt nhdm, mdt dang, mot dan tdc, v.v ddi vcH mdt hanh dpng, mcit chinh sach hay cac gia tri dupe thua nhan"(3) Theo hai dinh nghia vua neu, ncii h i m cua k h i i niem ddng thuan xa hcji chinh la su bing Idng hay ddng tinh cua cac vien xa hdi Trong Tu dien true tuyen Wikipedia, khai niem ddng thuan xa hdi dugc giai thich theo hai nghia nhu sau: thu nha't, dd l i su thoa thuan giua cac vien cua cdng mcit nhdm hay cung mdt cdng ddng nao dd, ma mdi ngucii nhdm i'y ddu thuc h i n h dugc mdt y kien nio dd viec hoach dinh quye't dinh va hanh ddng theo dd; thu hai, la mdt ly thuyet va thuc tien ciia viec tap hcTp nhdng su thoa thuan nhu the Theo dd, ndi h i m cua k h i i niem ddng thuan xa hdi van la su ddng tinh, ung hp Quan diem n i y da xem xc§t khai niem ddng thuan xa hdi tu hai gdc dp: ly luan va thuc tien Trong tieng Han, thuat ngu ddng thuan gin lien vdi hai tu: |i ijlll/j (ddng thuan, nghia l i ddng tinh, ddng long, thuan theo) v i JtiJi'S (cpng thiic, nghia la cdng dat tdi 26 mcit su nhan thuc chung)(4) Nhu vay, ndi ham ca ban cua k h i i niem ddng thuan la su ddng tinh, ddng Idng, boa ddng, cung chung v i thuan theo Tuy nhien, dd khdng phai la su ddng long, ddng tinh de di den su ddng nha't ciia t i t c i mpi ngudi, m i l i tren ca sd su thoa t h u i n cac y kien, quan diem k h i c cudi cung di de'n mdt hucing thdng nha't Cdng tuong t u nhu vay, mdt quan diem khac cho r i n g , "ddng thuan xa hpi la su ddng tinh, nha't tri cua da sd vien xa hdi ve mdt van de nao tren ca sd nhdng diem tuong ddng, luc v i n thua nhan nhdng diem khac biet vol didu kien khdng lam i n h hudng den muc tieu chung"(5) Qua tham k h i o mdt sd dinh nghia neu tren, chung tdi cho r i n g , ddng thuan xa hdi la su ddng tinh, nhi't th hay tan thinh, unghg mdt each rd rang hay ngim dinh cua da so eac thinh vien xa hdi dd'i vdi mdt vi'n de nio dd (ching han, mdt quan diem, mdt chu truong, dudng ldi, chinh sach, mdt quye't dinh, v.v.) tren ca sd nhung diem tuong ddng va cung chung muc dich Trong pham vi rdng, ddng thuan xa hcii dugc xem la su ddng tinh, nha't tri cua da sd cac vien xa hdi, khdng phan biet t i n g Idp, giai cap, tdn giio, tin ngudng, dan tpc, v.v ddi vdi nhiing van dd chung cua xa hdi, hay ddi vol chu truong, dudng ldi, chinh sach cua Nha nude Trong pham vi hep, ddng thuan xa hdi l i dieu kien cd tinh khich quan (2) T r u n g t a m t u dien hpc Vietlex Tu dien lieng Viet Nxb Da Nfing, 2007, tr.54'1 (3) Td dien thuat ngu chinh tii Phap - Viet Nxb The giei, 2005, tr 143 (4j Vien Ngdn ngu hpc T r u n g tam Khpa hpc xa hpi va N h a n van Qudc gia Td dien Han - Viet Nxb Tp Hd Clii Minh, 2001 (5) Nguyen Thi Lan Xay dung su ddng thuan xa hpi d nude ta bien Tap chi Cdng san, sd 23, 2007 DONG THUAN XA IlOl: MOT SO VAN DE LY LUAN dam bio cho su tdn tai ciia mdt he thd'ng chinh tri - xa hipi, mot td chuc, mdt Ding hay mcit nhdm xa hdi nao dd, v.v Su tdn tai ciia bat cu mdt he thd'ng chinh tri - xa hpi nao cdng ddu phai dugc xay dung tren CO sd su ddng thuan xa hdi Bdi le, cac ducing Idi, chu truong, chinh sach, neu khdng cd su ddng thuan cua cac vien xa hpi, se khdng thd dugc thuc hien mot each bieu qua, se khdng the trd hien thuc Do dd, ddng thuan xa hdi la CO sd de he thd'ng kinh te, chinh tri, xa hcii van hanh thdng sudt; the hien su phu hgp cua chinh sach phat trien kinh te - xa hpi vcii dieu kien lich su cu the, veil quy luat khach quan, v.v De dat dugc su ddng thuan xa hdi, vd mat chu quan, ddng thuan xa bdi khdng the di ngugc lai veil Icri ich cua cac vien, cac tang Icip, cac dan tdc, v.v Vd mat khach quan, ddng thuan xa bdi khdng the di ngu'pc vcii quy luat khach quan, quy luat phat trien chung cua xa hdi loai ngudi Ddi lap vdi ddng thuan xa bdi la su phan dd'i cua xa hdi Su phan ddi cua xa hdi bidu hien rat phong phu va veil nhdng muc dp khac nhau; ching ban, bieu tinh, phan khang, tham chi chdng ddi, xung dot Mim mdng cua su phan ddi xa hdi chinh la nhiing mau t h u i n xa hdi Do vay, xay dung ddng thuan xa hdi, mdt mat, nhim dn dinh dcri sd'ng kinh te, chinh tri, xa hpi, tao ddng luc cho su phat tridn dat nude; mat khic, la casd, dieu kien de ngan chan, xoa bd mau thuan, xung dcit xa bdi Qua nhdng phan tich tren, chung ta thiy rang, ddng thuan xa hcii l i mdt khai niem cua triet hpc chinh tri, bcM nd gin lien vcii su tdn tai cua cic he thd'ng chinh tri Cu the, ddng thuan xa bdi khdng chi dugc xem l i mdt muc tieu can b i n cua cac he thd'ng chinh tri, ma cdn l i mdt phuong thuc tap hcip luc lugng quan trpng cua cac he thdng chinh tri dd Trong chd dp phong kien trudc day, cho dd "ddng thuan xa hdi" chua dugc xem la muc tieu va ddng luc cho su phat trien xa hcii nhu quan dicm hipn nay, nhung cac trieu dinh phong kidn cdng y thuc rat rd tam quan trpng cua viec thu phuc nhan tam, an dan, dupe Idng dan, dugc dan ung hd Trung Qudc va Viet Nam, lich su cdng nhu hien tai, van de "dan vi ban" hay bai hpc li'y din lim gd'c ludn dupe coi trpng va dat len hang diu Trong lich su tu tudng phuong Ddng, khdng cd khai niem "ddng thuan xa hpi" nhung ngudn gd'c, m i m mdng cua nd cd the dugc tim thay hpc thuyet Tam tai ciia Nho giao (thien thcM - dia \qi ~ nhan hoa), hay tu tudng "boa" ciia triet hpc Trung Qud'c Van de "hoa" truyen thdng tu tudng Trung Qud'c vua thudc ve pham vi luan ly dao due, vua la mdt thai dep chinh tri, tham chi mang y nghia ban the Theo dd, "boa" la mot trang thai tdn tai cua su vat, hien tupng; ddng thdi, la ca sd, ndn tang cho su tdn tai va phat trien cua su vat, bien tucmg Nho giao bet sue coi trpng "nhan boa", coi "nhan boa" cao hem "thien thcri" va "dia Icri" "Hoa" cdng chinh la "bai hoa vd Icri Ich" - mdt nhdng nhan td quan trpng dd giai quyct nhdng mau thuan, xung dot xa hgi, n h i m tao nen su ddng thuan xa hcii; ddng thdi, dd cdng chinh la dung boa cac su khic biet, de cao nhdng diem tuong ddng - CO sd cua ddng thuan xa hcii Do dd, khdng chi truyen thd'ng ma ca giai doan hien dai, Trung Qud'c vin ludn coi trpng "hoa", liy dd l i nen tang, dcing luc de phat trien kinh te - xa hcii va dn dinh chinh tri D a c d i e m , ban c h a t ciia dong t h u a n x a hoi Qua nghien ciiu, chung tdi cho r i n g ddng thuan xa hdi cd nhiing dac diem va ban chat sau: 27 CHU VAN TUAN Thu nhi't, ban chat ciia ddng thuan xa hpi chinh l i giii quye't miu thuin giua cac mat dd'i lip Van de lam the' n i o de giii quye't dugc mau t h u i n gida cac vien, cic luc lucjng, giai tang, cac dan tdc, cac tang Idp, tin ngudng, tdn giao khac nhau, V.V dd t u dd, tien tcii miit t h o i thuan chung, hucing de'n muc tieu chung la mcpt van de hoin t o i n khdng don gian Trong mdt xa hcii, de dat dugc su ddng thuan xa hcii, khdng the giai quye't mau thuan giua cac mat dd'i lip, dac biet la cac mau t h u i n xa hdi, bang bao luc, ma phai thdng qua su thucmg lucmg, thoa thuan de di den su ddng tinh, nha't tri van de nao dd Tinh lich su cu the cua ddng thuan the hien a chd, mot va'n dd cd dugc su ddng thuan giai doan lich sii chua chic da dat dugc su ddng thuan nhiing giai doan khac, dieu n i y thudc vio viec vi'n dd cd cdn l i muc tieu chung cua t o i n xa hdi hay khdng? Nd cd di ngugc lai Icpl ich cua cac vien, cac giai cap, tang Icip xa hdi hay khdng, V.V Tuy nhien, nhu da p h i n tich d tren, ddng thuan xa hdi l i dieu kien khich quan cho su tdn tai cua bat cu he thd'ng chinh tri xa hdi nao; dd, mpi giai doan lich sii, ddng thuan xa hdi ludn la muc tieu cua cic he thd'ng chinh tri Viec giai quyet mau t h u i n nhu vua neu d tren, ve thuc chat, n h i m glii quye't nhdng mau thuan vd \qi Ich, bdi chung chinh la nhdng mau t h u i n ca b i n v i chu yeu xa hdi anh hudng true tiep den ddng thuan xa hpi Thu hai, ban chat cua ddng thuan xa hcii chinh la su lien ket xa hdi Vi vay, ddng thuan xa hpi thudng dugc g i n lien veil doan ket xa hdi Dd l i su lien ket giua cac t h i n h vien xa hcii, giua cac t i n g Icip, dan tdc, giua cac nhdm \qi Ich khac nhau, v.v Su lien ket xa hpi la mdt qua trinh vua tu giac, vua tu phit; vua cd nhdng yeu td chii quan, vua mang nhung yeu td khach quan Ca sd cua su lien hcyp, gin ket gida cac t h i n h vien, cic luc lucmg xa hcii cd the la lgi Ich chung, muc tieu chung, cdng cd the l i truyen thd'ng van hoi hay cic yeu td chung khic Tuy nhien, su lien ket dd khdng the dua tren nhdng bien phap cd tinh cudng ep Neu su "thd'ng nhi't xa hpi" dugc thuc hien tren ca sd cudng ep thi nd khdng the tdn tai vdng chic va Slim mudn se hi p h i vd Thu tu, ddng thuan xa hdi mang tinh tuong dd'i Thue te cho thay, khdng the cd mdt su ddng thuan xa hpi "tuyet dd'i", cd the tdn tai d b i t cu glal doan nao, bat cu the che chinh tri nao, bat cu ccing ddng nao, xa hdi n i o , v.v Tinh tuong ddi cua ddng thuan xa hpi cdn the hien d chd, mdt giai doan, cdng khdng the cd su ddng thuan cua ta't ca mpi t h i n h vien xa hpi ve mdt van de nao Thu nam, muc dp cua ddng thuan xa hpi phan anh muc dp doan ket cdng nhu su dn dinh, su cdng bing, dan chu xa hcii Nghia l i , nd phan inh su van hanh hcyp ly cua kien true thucmg t i n g mdi quan he hai h o i veil ca sd t i n g , cdng n h u phan anh su dung din cua cic chu truong, dudng ldi, chinh sich, V.V Muc dp ciia ddng t h u i n xa hdi cdn bleu hien su vdng chic hay khdng cua he thd'ng chinh tri - xa hdi, cung nhu ciia toan bp he thdng xa hdi Ddng thuan xa hcii cd nhidu muc dp va hinh thuc bleu hien khac nhau, nd cd the bleu hien dueii hinh thuc su ngam dinh, cdng cd the bieu hien mot cich rd rang thdng qua hanh dpng hay t h i i dp Thu ba, dong thuan xa hdi mang tinh lich sucu the Khdng the cd ddng t h u i n xa hpi chung chung, phi lich su; ddng thuan xa hpi ludn la su ddng thuan dd'i vdi mdt 28 Thu sau, ddng thuan xa hpi cung chinh la giam bdt va xoa bd su khac biet DONG T H U A N X A HOI: M(!)T SO VAN DE LY L U A N de xay dimg nhiing yeu td chung, tuong ddng Tuy nhien, didu dd khdng cd nghia la bien xa hdi mdt khdi ddng nha't, xoa bd cai rieng, cai dac thu, triet tieu da'u tranh giua cac mat ddi lap Ddng vai trd nhu l i cai chung, ddng thuan xa hdi v i n chua dung nd nhung cai rieng, cai dac thd Giua nhiing cai rieng, cai dac thu dd vin ludn cd su da'u tranh l i n nhau, nhung la da'u tranh tren ca sd cua mdi quan he vcii cii chung, pham vi cai chung Su da'u tranh dd giup cho ddng thuan xa hcii tiep tuc dugc phat huy va cung cd hon nda Vol trb cua ddng thuan xd hpi Ddng thuan xa hdi l i mdt dieu kien khach quan cho su tdn tai cua mdi mdt he thd'ng chinh th - xa hdi Bat cu mdt he thdng chinh tri nao, neu khdng dat dugc su ddng thuan xa hdi, tuc la su ung hp cua cac t i n g Idp, cac giai ting, cac vien xa hcii, thi khdng the tdn tai dugc Do dd, ddng thuan xa hdi dugc xem la mdt phuong thuc tap hcyp luc lupng cd tinh k h i thi nha't ddi sd'ng chinh tri - xa hpi ciia xa hdi hien dai Su tap hcpp luc lucmg dd dua tren nhdng tieu chi ma cac giai cap, t i n g Icip, cac luc lucmg xa hdi dd cd lgi ich khac nhau, nhung v i n cd thd gin ket d muc dp nha't dinh v i v i n bao tdn dugc nhdng dac thd rieng cua minh, khdng hi hoi tan, khdng bien ke khic Mat khac, ddng thuan xa hdi cdng tao nen su dn dinh, doan ket nha't tri cua ban than cic he thd'ng chinh tri Ddng t h u i n xa hcii khdng chi tao nen su doan ket n h i t tri ciia toin xa hpi, ma cdn giup cho su doin ket, thd'ng nha't mdt dang, mdt nha nude, mdt td chuc, v.v Dieu dd cd the xem nhu dieu kien chu quan cho su dn dinh cua cac he thd'ng chinh tri Gida didu kien khach quan va didu kien chu quan cd mdi quan he bien chiing vcii Neu khdng cd su ddng thuan ban than be thd'ng chinh tri, thi se rat khd de xay dung ddng thuan xa hpi; ngugc lai, ddng thuan xa hpi se giup cho ddng thuan cua b i n than he thdng chinh tri dupe tang cudng, cung cd va phat huy hon nda Ngoai vai trd quan trpng ddi vcii su tdn tai v i dn dinh cua he thdng chinh tri, ddng thuan xa hdi cdng cd vai trd quan trpng ddi veil ta't ci cac llnh vuc khac cua dcM sd'ng xa hdi, giup tri su can bing, dn dinh cua ddi sdng xa hdi, gdp phin thuc day xa hdi phat trien Trong giai doan hien nay, n h i t la ky nguyen toan ciu hoi, cdng vcri cac ydu to khac, nhu khoa hpc - cdng nghe, ngudi, cdng bing xa bdi, dan chu, v.v., ddng thuan xa hdi dugc coi la mdt yeu td tao nen ddng luc thuc day su phat trien xa hpi Bdi le, ddng thuan xa hdi la nen t i n g tao nen khdi dai doan ket dan tdc - ydu td npi luc quan trpng thuc day su phat tridn xa hdi Theo nghia dd, ddng thuan xa hdi vua la muc tieu, vua la ddng luc cua su phat trien d i t nude Ddng thuan xa hdi cdng cd y nghia to Idn viec tao nen sullen hgp, gin ket xa hdi Trong bat cu xa hdi nao cdng ludn tdn tai nhidu t h i n h p h i n , luc lucmg, giai t i n g khac nhau; vi vay, viec lam the nao de g i n kdt cac p h i n , luc lugng mdt khdi thd'ng n h i t la van de dugc quan tam hang d i u Lich su cua dan tdc Viet Nam da chung minh ring, cac t h i n h phan, tang leip, dan tpc, tdn giio, V.V xa hdi dugc gin ket vcii nhau, tao t h i n h mcit khdi thdng n h i t thi cd the tao nen sue manh to Icin, vugt qua mpi khd khan Nhu vay, ddng thuan xa hpi khdng chi ddng vai trd ddng luc thuc day xa hdi phat trien, ma cdn cd y nghia dac biet quan trpng viec dieu chinh xa hdi, giup xa hdi tri dugc su dn dinh, can ddi va bai boa 29 CHU VAN TUAN Ca sa cua ddng Ihudn xd hdi Khi da n h i n thuc dugc vai trd, tam quan trpng ciia ddng thuan xa hpi va doan ket xa hdi ddi veil su p h i t trien cua xa hdi hien nay, thi mcit van de dat la lim the nio de xay dung dugc ddng thuan xa hpi; ndi each khac, ca sd, nen t i n g de xay dung ddng t h u i n xa hdi la gi? Theo chdng tdi, ca sd cua ddng t h u i n xa hdi bao gdm cic yeu td CO ban sau: Thu nhi't, de xay dung ddng thuan xa hdi thi yeu td d i u tien v i can b i n nhat la phai giii quyet dugc cac mau t h u i n xa hdi, ma cdi ngudn cua cic mau t h u i n xa hcii dd chinh la van de Icri ich Lcri ich cd the la nhdng Icri ich vat chat, cd the la nhdng Icri Ich tinh t h i n Ddng thuan xa hcii dugc xay dung tren ca sd bao dam Icri ich cua ta't ca cac t h i n h vien xa hcii; khdng the cd ddng thuan xa hpi ma Icyi ich cua cic t h i n h vien xa hdi hi vi pham hoac khdng dugc tdn trgng, bio ve Trong mcit pham vi nha't dinh, cd the ndi, muc dp dim bao Icyi ich cua cac vien, luc lucmg xa hpi cd anh hucmg true tiep den muc dp ddng thuan xa hdi; Icyi ich cang dugc dam bao va giai quyet triet de bao nhieu thi muc dci ddng thuan cang tang them bay nhieu Ndi nhu vay khdng cd nghia bat cu hoan canh nio Icil ich cdng ddng vai trd la ca sd quan trpng nha't cua ddng thuan xa hdi Ching han, mcpt sd hoan cinh nao dd thi cac yeu td khic, nhu truydn thd'ng van boa, cdng b i n g xa hcii, trach nhiem xa hdi, dan chu, v.v lai ddng vai trd la ca sd quan trpng nhat cua ddng thuan xa hdi Viec dam bao cho ti't ca cic t h i n h vien xa hgi ddu dugc t h o i man vd mat lgi ich la mot vice vd cung khd khan Bdi, neu khdng glii quyet tdt lgi ich se din den mau t h u i n , tham chi ca su xung dot xa hpi Do dd, viec d i m bio Igi ich cho ta't c i cac vien xa hdi 30 de tao ddng thuan xa bdi cdng ddng thdi l i qua trinh giai quyet mau thuan ve mat lpi ich gida cac vien, luc lucmg, tang Icip, v.v xa hcii "Neu quan niem giii quyet m i u t h u i n mcii chinh l i ddng luc cua sit p h i t trien xa hdi thi viec seim p h i t hien v i giai quyet mau thuan ddng vai trd quan trpng tao su doan ket va ddng thuan xa hcii De tao su ddng thuan xa hdi, doan ket hay thdng nhi't xa hdi, chdng ta phai kip thdi p h i t hien nhdng m i u t h u i n va giai quye't nhung mau t h u i n dd Giii quyet kip thcM nhiing mau t h u i n la ca sd cho su ddng thuan v i doin ket xa hpi Do do, cd the ndi, ddng thuan v i doan ket xa hdi la ket q u i cua viec giii quye't nhdng mau thuan xa hc3i"(6) Nhu vay, viec dam bao Icri ich va giai quyet mau t h u i n ve mat Icpl ich la ca sd quan trpng nhat dd xay dung ddng thuan xa hdi Ben canh dd, viec giii quyet nhdng mau thuan xa hdi khic, n h u m i u thuan tdn giio, sic tdc, v.v cdng l i ca sd quan trgng de xay dung ddng t h u i n xa hpi Thu hai ngoai Icpl ich, vi'n dd muc tieu chung, ly tudng chung cdng l i mdt nhdng ca sd quan trpng tao nen ddng thuan xa hdi Khi t i t c i cac t h i n h vien xa hipi cdng hucing den muc tieu chung, ly tudng chung thi dd se trd t h i n h tien de quan trpng cho ddng thuan xa hdi, dieu kien muc tieu chung dd khdng triet tieu lgi ich cua cac vien xa hpi Trong mdi mcit glal doan lich sii khac nhau, muc tieu chung, ly tucriig chung cdng cd su thay ddi, ching ban nhu giai doan trudc day l i muc tieu chdng giac ngoai xam, muc tieu ddc lap dan tpc, cdn la muc tieu xiy dung chii nghia xa hcpi, muc tieu thuc hien t h i n g lgi cdng nghipp h o i , hien dai boa vi (6) P h a m Van Diic Vai trd va cosdciia doan kei xa hpi d Viet Nam hien Tap chi Triet hpc, so 1, 2008, tr.51 DONG THUAN XA HOI: MOT SO VAN DE LY LUAN dan giau nude manh Nhung neu nhu muc tieu chung, ly tucmg chung lai i n h hudng den Igi ich cua cac vien xa hdi thi r i t khd cd the trd ca sd de xay dung ddng thuan xa bdi Do dd, muc tieu chung, ly tucing chung khdng dugc triet tieu nhdng Icri ich rieng; nhung mcpt pham vi n i o dd, de dat dugc muc tieu chung, cac vien, cac t i n g lc5p, dan tpc, v.v ddi phai gac bd, tham chi hy sinh Icpl Ich rieng cua minh Cd muc tieu chung, ly tudng chung la dieu kien quan trpng de xay dung ddng thuan xa hdi, nhung mat khac cdng cin phai cd su nhan thuc dung d i n cua tat c i cac vien xa hdi ddi vcii muc tieu chung, ly tucriig chung Thuc chat, day la van dd giii quyet mdi quan he gida Icpl ich chung va Icpl ich rieng, giua Icpl ich ca nhan va Icpl ich tap the, v.v Thu ba, mdt nhung ca sd khac ciia ddng thuan xa hpi la cdng bang xa hpi Thuc ra, viec d i m bao lgi ich cua cac vien cdng ddng cdng nhu viec giai quyet cac mau thuan xa bdi, dac bipt la nhdng mau t h u i n vd lpi ich, xet d mcpt gdc dp nao dd, cdng chinh la n h i m tao cdng bing xa hdi Tuy nhien, ncpi ham cua khai niem cdng bang xa hcpi rpng hon nhidu.-Do khdng chi l i cdng b i n g vd Icpi ich, ma cdn la cdng b i n g phan phdi, cdng bing phat trien, cdng bang ddi xu, va dac biet, nd g i n lien vdi van de dan chu Tuy nhien, vice dim bio va giai quye't nhdng mau t h u i n ve mat Icpl ich, nha't la nhung Icpi ich vat chit khdng phai luc n i o cdng cd the mang de'n cdng bing xa hcii Khi xa hdi cing p h i t trien, thi cdng b i n g xa bdi v i dan chu ducing nhu lai quan trpng hon nhiing ydu td khic Khi dd, de dat dugc su ddng thuan xa hdi, ddi hdi phai ddi xu mot cich cdng bing v i dan chu ddi vcii mdi vien cdng ddng hay xa hdi Cd the coi cdng b i n g xa hdi la dieu kien khach quan va trach nhiem xa hcii la dieu kien chu quan de tao nen su ddng thuan xa hdi Thu tu, trich nhiem xa hdi cua ca nhan - mcpt dieu kien tao nen su ddng thuan xa hdi Ngoai Icpl ich ciia b i n than minh, cac vien can phai cd trach nhiem dd'i vdi su phat trien chung cua xa hcii, cin phil hucmg den nhdng muc tieu chung Viec dat dugc trach nhiem xa hipi trudc het phii dua tren nhan thuc chung cua cac t h i n h vien, cic giai t i n g xa hpi dd'i vdi muc dich chung, Icpi ich chung cua toan xa hdi Nhu tren da ndi, trach nhiem xa hdi nhu la dieu kien chu quan cua ddng thuan xa hcpi Nd la van dd thudc ve dao due Thu nam, khdng ddng vai trd quyet dinh, nhung truyen thd'ng van boa cdng la yeu to gdp p h i n tao nen ddng thuan xa hpi Ndi den truyen thdng van boa tuc la ndi de'n nhdng phong tuc tap quan, tin ngudng, thdi quen va quy t i c ling xu gida ngudi veil ngudi, gida ngudi vcM tu nhien, v.v Dd nhan thay ring, cic t i n g lc5p, luc lucpng, v.v xa hcii hay mdt cdng ddng nao dd cd chung mot ndn t i n g van hoa, nghia la cd nhdng diem tuong ddng thi viec xay dung ddng thuan xa hpi se didn mdt each thuan Icpi Viet Nam vd'n cd truyen thd'ng doan ket, nhan ai, khoan dung, dum bpc lin nhau, v.v Dd chinh la nhdng not dac thu van hoi ngudi Viet, ddng thcri la nhdng yeu td quan trpng gin ket mpi ngudi veil nhau, tao nen su ddng thuan xa hcii Tren day la nhdng nghien ciiu budc diu ve mdt sd van de ly luan cua ddng thuan xa hdi De cd the hieu mot cich diy du v i sau sic hon ve ddng thuan xa hdi, cin tiep tuc di sau nghien cuu van de tu nhidu gdc dp, phucmg dien khac nhau.Q 31
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