... adverted to the concept of Kultur toexplain this phenomenon, speaking of ‘ culture layers,’’ ‘ culture ground,’’ and ‘ culture earth.’’ The ground’s speciWc nature demon-strated for them a shallowness ... people slipping across theborder from German Prussia with sacks of books printed in Tilsit. Ordi-nary smugglers turned into popular activists, while secret schools spreadacross the countryside, ... ground as well: hill forts by the hundreds reminded thatthis had long been a war land. Roadside crosses and chapel poles wereeverywhere, an insistent pre-Christian tradition, sometimes massed...