CHEMISTRY,   EMISSION CONTROL,  RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION  AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY   pot

... most used tools for evaluating the potential environmental impact of products and materials. LCA is a technique for assessing the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with ... cancer are considered to be negligibly low. Acetamide may induce skin irritation. The irritating potential of the aldehydes and amides might in this context be the most relevant adverse health ... effects. Therefore, all these compounds have to be evaluated together with respect to irritating potential of the air around the gas plants (Marit, Instanes et al. 2009). These statements highlight...

... will be attached outside of the chamber. There, the researcher can operate the device without the potential harm of an ETS exposure. Glove ports on the outside of the chamber will provide an isolated ... Grutzkau A, Serowka F, Fischer A, Henz BM, Welker P: Mast cells and vasculature in atopic dermatitis potential stimulus of neoangiogenesis. Allergy 2005, 60:90-97. 63. Peiser C, Springer J, Groneberg ... the mobile sensing module will be mounted inside the chamber at a location where children are potentially exposed to ETS. To create comparable settings, all conditions (ETS generation, test...

... indirect (e.g. opportunity costs of women’s time, environmentalimpacts, etc.) effects of these potential interventions on health, and in particular their distribution within the household (women, ... Thesestoves can reduce indoor air pollution because of better combustion, with lower emissionsand potentially also shorter cooking times. Development of local production and markets hasalso been ... (housing, ventilation); and user behaviour (fuel drying, protection of child) - see Table 4. Table 4. Potential interventions for reducing IAP exposure in developing countries (49)Addressing the Impact...

... 49useandtesting,andthesurveillanceforhealthoutcomes–havebeendiscussedinsomedetailwithstaff.IssuesthoughttobeofparticularrelevancearereportedinSections3.5and3.7.3.4Education(health),productpromotionandfinance(loans)Educationandproductpromotioniscentraltothisproject.Thekeypeopleintermsofdeliveringthisarethevendors,whohavebeentrainedbySWAPprojectstaff.ThevendorsareindividualsidentifiedfromHIVsupportandcommunitygroups(typicallytwoindividualspervillagecommunity)mostofwhomarewomen,andwhoarealreadyinvolvedinsomeformofbusinessactivity,forexamplesellingagriculturalproduce(Figure3.5).Figure3.5Oneoftheprojectvendors(atrear,right)withtheprojectandevaluationstaff.Thisvendorhadoneofthefewkiosksforadvertisingandsellingproducts‐mostwoulddosodirectlyfromtheirhomes,whentheyvisit,atmeetings,etc.ThekioskcontainedasmallstockofHWTproductsandstoves.(PhotoCredit:BruceN,2009)Initially,visitsaremadetothegroupswhereSWAPisintroducedandallitsproductsarepromoted,emphasizingthehealthandeconomicimpacts.Thegroupsareencouragedtousethisasanincomegeneratingactivityandatthesametimeimprovetheirownhealth.The'EducationThroughListening'(ETL)methodisusedforallteaching.ETLisamethodthathasbeendevelopedbyCDC/DrBobbiePerson(SeniorBehaviouralScientist,CDC,Atlanta),whichplacesemphasisonencouragingthehouseholder/potentialcustomertothinkabouttheirsituationandneedsandhowtheymightbeabletomeetthesewiththeproductsavailable.Onceagroupbecomesavendortheyqualifyfortraining.Trainingcoverssafewater(onedaytrainingfortheentiregroup),andanintroductiontomicrofinanceservices,sincesomegroupsreportedthattheydonothaveenoughcapitaltopurchasetheproducts.OncetheyregisterwithKRep(theorganisationofferingMicrofinanceservices)andqualifyforaloanafteratleasteightweeksofsavings,theyundergotraininginbusinessskills.Thisprovidesbasicskillsonhowtomanageasmallscalebusiness,generationofbusinessideas,marketing,recordkeeping,andsoon.Duringthebusinesstraining,theywillbetakenthroughalloftheproductsagain,theirusedemonstrated,andhealthbenefitsexplained,togetherwithhowtheycanturnvendingtheseproductsintoanincomegeneratingactivity.Aclearmessagefromtheprojectisthattheproductswillnotbefreegive‐aways,andanimportantissuehasbeenhowhand‐outsfromanumberofotherNGOsandaidorganizations(especiallyduringfloods,anddrought)haveinterferedwiththemarketsustainabilityofSWAP'sactivities. ... Linkagestowidereconomicdevelopmentprograms,asmentionedinSection2.8.2couldalsobemade.Thesuccessofsuchinterventionsrestsonpeople’swillingnessandabilitytopaythem,andthusasustainablemarket(withorwithoutsupportivefinancialinstruments),isessential.HealthimpactThedataonhealthbenefitsareinconclusive,mainlyduetolackofinformationonvalidatedcompliancewithwatertreatmentandIAPexposurechanges.Furthermore,bothwatertreatmentandhouseholdenergyinterventionshavehadmixedsuccess,anddebatecontinuesabouttheextentandnatureoftheirhealtheffectsinpractice.Someoftherecommendationsin2.7includesuggestionsforimproveddatacollection.Asfaraswecouldnote,thebeneficiariesappearedtobeinterestedandactivelyparticipating,andalsoseemedmoreawareofconsequencesfortheirhealthasaresultoftheGTZeffortssince2006.ThiswasalsoseenintheGTZfinalreportasreportedinSection2.4.Wenotedacleardemandforcleandrinking‐waterintheinterventionblocksvisited,andneighbouringresidentswerealsovocalaboutwantingtheirblockstobeincludedinthestudy.Itmustalsobenotedthatthebenefitsfromwater‐treatmentprojectsinlow‐incomesettingsalsorestonotherbarriersoftransmissionofwater‐relateddisease(Cairncross,etal.,2010).Assuch,hygieneandsanitationareessentialcomponentsofanyapproachaimingatthesediseases.Similarly,safewaterstoragecouldhavebeenamoreimportantcomponentinmonitoringthisproject.SafestorageisanessentialpartofHWTS,asanyrecontaminationfrompoorhouseholdwatermanagementpracticescouldnullifytheeffectsoftreatment.MambandaMultiStoveTheproductdemonstratedpotentialforscalingup.Thoughhealthwasincludedinitspromotion,itssuccessseemstohavestemmedfromthetechnologicalandaestheticimprovements,comparedtotraditionalcookingmethods,thatitprovided.Itspopularityasafuel‐savingstovethatwasalsoabletouseagreaterrangeoffuelextendeditspopularitybeyondMambanda,andinsomecasesevenDouala.Todate,therehasbeennoresearchonreductionsinemissions,exposureorhealtheffects.However,adegreeofreducedvisiblesmokewasnoted(asinKenya,section3),andtheMMSwasbuiltonseveraldesignsofimprovedstove,whichhavebeenshowntoreduceemissions.Thoughinterestwashigh,costwasamajorbarriertouptake.Microfinancecouldbeapossiblewayofaddressingthisissue,butwasnotpursued.Whatwaspursuedwastheformationofafinancingcommittee,usingthelocalprojectteam,whichcouldbeself‐sustainingafteraninitialstart‐upfund.Asdiscussedabove,fundingsolutionsarevital.HWTSTheevaluationnotedacleardemandforsafe,cleanwater.Beneficiariesnotedhowtheircommunity’sattitudestowater,healthandhygienehadpositivelychangedsincetheGTZ’sprojectsinMambanda.Earlierwementionedhowthedemandforcleanwaterseemedto ... Figure2.2“MamiPegna”poster(ExtractedfromGTZ,2009)Promotionaleventswereheldregularlyatfocalpointssuchaschurches,schoolsandcommunitycentres(particularlywithwomen'scommittees).ThesewereheldbyboththeACMSandlocalprojectimplementers.Meetingswereheldineachoftheinterventionblocks,withjointdemonstrationsshowcasingWG,MMS,andthefirelesscooker(brieflymentionedinSection2.4.2).Thesewereaccompaniedbyexplanationsofgoodpractices,groupactivitiesledbyACMS,cookingdemonstrationsandpublichealtheducation.Thecommunityworkersplayedacriticalroleincommunitymobilizationandproductuptake.Overthecourseofthefirstproject,atrademarkhadbeencreated,knownas“MamiPegna".Thecommunityworkersworebrightt‐shirtsshowingacartoonrepresentationof"“MamiPegna”asillustratedinFigure2.2above."MamaPegna"isawomansymbolisinggoodmorals 37# AreaofpotentialsynergyorantagonismSynergy(Benefit) Antagonism(Shortcoming)information.Easierfortrustandacceptanceofprojectimplementers&communityworkers.ACMScouldpromoteotherpublichealthsuppliesviathelocalimplementers,includingITNnets,condomsandsoap.Overall,thisassessmentfoundthattheintegrateddeliveryofproductsforimprovingthehouseholdenvironmentwaspositive....

... allergy clinicsof North America, 13 (1), 15.Van Ginneken, J. K., Lob-Levyt, J., and Gove, S. (1996) Potential interventions for preventingpneumonia among young children in developing countries: Promoting...

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... quality (IAQ). The IAQTools for Schools Action Kit was developed to helpschool leaders assess potential problem areas with-in their buildings. Checklists are included for schoolstaff to begin ... every child by responding to complaints,addressing health hazards within the schools,foreseeing potential problems and advocatingsolutions. When kids needed better nutrition sothat they could ... management, children withasthma can walk to school, par-ticipate fully in school activitiesand potentially become a topathlete. Jackie Joyner-Kerseeand Greg Louganis have asthma,and at least...

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