health effects from indoor air pollution

... the main health effects Table 1 Sources and characteristics of varied indoor air pollutants and associated health effects 7 Pollutant* Sources and characteristics Associated health effects Environmental ... relation to indoor cooking  res in developing coun- tries: a methodological comparison. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2005; 208: 219–225. 21 World Health Organization. Indoor air pollution from solid ... in industrialized countries. 9,10 INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Household use of solid fuels is the most widespread source of indoor air pollution worldwide; solid fuels are...

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... of multiple indoor air pollutants. It is used as a complementary indica- tor to decrease indoor pollution level in total and achieve healthy indoor air environment. 109) The in- door air concentration ... of SHSwasproposed as health impairments caused by indoor air pollution, regard- less of the place, causati ve substance, or pathogen- esis.” 15) The health effect of air pollution in schools has ... compounds (VOC) in indoor air. Indoor Environ., 10, 147–154 (in Japanese). 71) Chikara, H., Iwamoto,S.andYoshimura,T. (2009) Indoor Air Pollution of volatile organic compounds Indoor/ Outdoor concentration,...

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... The national burden of disease from indoor air pollution in India. In: Raw G, Aizlewood C, Warren P, eds. Indoor Air 99, the 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, August ... found 1083Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2000, 78 (9) Indoor air pollution in developing countries Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge Nigel ... 181–186. 131. Indoor air pollution from biomass fuel. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1992 (unpublished document WHO/PEP/92–3). 132. Reid H, Smith KR, Sherchand B. Indoor smoke exposuresfrom traditional...

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... Energy and Indoor Air Pollution on the Health of the Poor Implications for Policy Action and Intervention Measures Addressing the Impact of Household Energy and Indoor Air Pollution on the Health ... and Indoor Air Pollution on the Health of the Poor Implications for Policy Action and Intervention Measures | 9 42 | Addressing the Impact of Household Energy and Indoor Air Pollution on the Health ... (formal or informal), indoor air pollution also contributes to outdoor air pollution. In Soweto, South Africa for example, indoor coal- burning has a profound impact on ambient air pollution, exacerbated...

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... between Indoor Air Pollution, Household Energy and Human Health Report from Washington Consultation | 23 2 | The Health Burden of Indoor Air Pollution Exposure Levels of Smoke Pollution Studies from ... between Indoor Air Pollution, Household Energy and Human Health Report from Washington Consultation | 7 Tackling indoor air pollution: examples of key activities to date ã Biofuels, Air Pollution ... between Indoor Air Pollution, Household Energy and Human Health Report from Washington Consultation Addressing the Links between Indoor Air Pollution, Household Energy and Human Health Report from...

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... the health professional and to the patient. General Information on Indoor Air Pollution For the health professional: American Lung Association. Health Effects and Sources of Indoor Air Pollution, ... 1992. 146(4): 823-824. Gold, D.R. Indoor Air Pollution . Clinics in Chest Medicine. June 1992. 13(2):215-229. Samet, J.M., Spengler,J.D., eds. Indoor Air Pollution — A Health Perspective. Johns Hopkins ... remove indoor air pollutants. While it is true that plants remove carbon diox- ide from the air, and the ability of plants to remove certain other pollutants from water is the basis for some pollution...

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... Moscow. 22 A PROMISING, ECONOMICAL SOLUTION TO INDOOR AIR POLLUTION The first and most obvious step in reducing indoor air pollution is to reduce off-gassing from building materials and furnishings ... 23. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. NationalResearchCouncil,CommitteeonIndoorPollutants.1981.Indoorpollutants. Washington: National AcademyPress. Nero,A.V., Jr. 1988.Controllingindoorair pollution. Scientific American 258(5):42-48. Marklein, M.B. 1989. Taking a healthy ... and air pollutants, only indoor air is addressed here. In this study the leaves, roots, soil, and associated microorganisms of plants have been evaluated as a possible means of reducing indoor air...

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... polluted air. Yet in rural areas of developing countries, indoor air pollution can be much worse than atmospheric pollution levels in big cities. Indoor air pollution is a major public health prob- lem ... Bruce. 2000. In- door air pollution in developing countries and acute respiratory infections in children. Thorax 55: 518–532. v Mishra, V. In press. Indoor air pollution from biomass com- bustion ... 107: 670–676. xi Smith, K.R. 2002. Indoor air pollution in developing countries: recommendations for research. Indoor Air 12: 1–7. See also National Family Health Survey Bulletins at http://www2.eastwestcenter.org/pop/pop53001.htm ...

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... Introduction Indoor air pollution is recognized as a significant source of potential health risks to exposed popula- tions throughout the world. The major sources of indoor air pollution worldwide ... households. 1.4 Health effects of exposure to biomass smoke Supporting evidence for health effects associated with exposure to smoke from biomass combustion is provided by studies on outdoor air pollution, ... time. Thus, although air pollutant emissions are dominated by outdoor sources, human exposure to air pollutants is dominated by the indoor environment. 7 12 Indoor Air Pollution Associated...

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... (World Health Organization). 2002a. “Addressing the Links between Indoor Air Pollution, Household Energy, and Human Health: Based on the WHO-USAID Global Consultation on the Health Impact of Indoor ... Policy Makers: Indoor Air Pollution. ” Geneva: WHO. http://www.who.int/indoorair/policy/en/. ———. 2004d. “The World Health Survey.” Geneva: WHO. http://www3. who.int/whs/. ———. 2004e. From Theory ... and Young Children to Indoor Air Pollution in Developing Countries.” Paper prepared for USAID/WHO International Consultation on Household Energy, Indoor Air Pollution and Health, Washington, DC,...

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... analysisoffactorsfordemand/uptake.Assessingreasonsforpurchasing/not purchasingone ormoreproducts.Thiscouldincludewillingness‐to‐pay, socioeconomicindicators,exposuretobehaviour‐changeactivities,technological benefits, health benefits,etc.  Exposureand health   measurementofhousehold air pollution andexposurewithstovesineverydayuse 14 project,however,thesestovesappeartobewell‐likedandwell‐used,andarereportedto savewood,reducesmokeandtheconsequentirritation,cough,headaches,etc.,aswellas thelevelofsootinthekitchen.Womenhavere‐organisedtheirkitchensinresponsetothis, bringingpotsandother utensilsmuchclosertothestove.Thereasonsforthisinconsistency betweenfieldexperience(reportedreductionsinsmokeandirritation)andtestfindings(for PM 2.5 )arenotclear,asreductionsinambientkitchenPM 2.5 ofsomewherearound40‐50%(at least)mightbeexpectedgiventhereportedimprovementsinthekitchenenvironment.The projectteamusedanestablishedprotocolandequipmentformakingthemeasurements.  Informationonthenumbersofstovesadoptedineachcommunity,andhencelevel(%)of uptake,wasnotreported acrossthestudyareaoravailabletous(althoughthesedatashould beavailabletotheproject).Itisthereforenotpossibletocommentonwhetheradoptionhas metthetargetsetintheprojectobjectives.Whileeffectivenessofthestovesremainsopen toquestionandwillbefurtherassessed oncethenewmeasurementresultsareavailable, themodelofpromotionandsaleofacook‐stoveproductthatiswell‐likedandusedisan importantachievementandofvalueforthefutureoftheproject.  Synergies TheapproachofcombiningthepromotionanddeliveryofHWTSandHHE productsmetwith acrosstheboardpositiveresponses.Itappearsmorecost‐effectivethanifthesame productswerepromotedthroughseparateprogrammes.Combineddeliverymayalso achievehighercompliance,butthisdoesneedfurtheranalysis.Therewerenosubstantive concernswithanyofthecriteriaidentified from thebackgroundreview paper.  Impacton health outcomes Analysisoftheresultsoftheimpactsoftheinterventionsondiarrhoeaandpneumonia incidenceisawaited.Itcanbeexpectedthatthereportedlevelofcompliancewithwater treatmentwouldhavesomeimpactondiarrhoea,particularlywherethehigherlevelshave beenreached.On theotherhand,theverymodestreductioninPM 2.5 levelsrecordedforthe Upesistovewouldnot(ifconfirmed)beexpectedtoleadtosubstantialreductionsinriskof pneumonia.  Sustainabilityandscalingup Withrespecttothetwolinkedissuesofsustainabilityandscaling‐uptheoutcomeofthe evaluationalsoispositive,althoughbothdependtosome degreeatleastontheexistence andmodusoperandiofSWAP.Thevendorsspokentosaidthattheywerecommittedto continuingtheirwork,evenifSWAPceasedoperations,butonlyiftheycouldstillobtainthe products. From theperspectiveoftheSWAPmanagement,thevendorsarestilldependent on SWAP’ssupportwithtraining,followupvisits,supplyofproducts,motivatingthemwith incentivesandsoon.SWAPitselfisalsostilldonordependent,andhasrecentlydevelopeda businessplantoraiseitsownincome.However,giventhefactthatSWAPoperatesasimilar methodologyacrossitswholearea ofoperationsfordeliveringthewatertreatment,ITNs andother(original)setofproducts,itdoesseemreasonabletoassumethatdeliveryofthese plusthestoveswouldalsobepossibleacrossthismuchlargerarea.  Todate,scalingupoftheimprovedstovesacrossthiswiderareahasbeen veryslow,dueto theneedtoscaleupproduction,andalsofortrainingofinstallers.Considerationalsoneeds ... 13 Thisisawell‐managedproject.Itreliesonvendors,usingasustainablecommercialmodel supportedbylow‐interestloansandinnovativeeducationalmethodstoempowerlow‐ incomehouseholdswithknowledgeabouthowvariousproductscanimprove health of families,andencouragesadoptionthroughexample.  Projectfunctioningandachievements The vendors,localmembersofthecommunitiesdrawn from HIVsupportgroupsandother communityselfhelpgroups,areessentiallyrunningsmall‐scalebusinessoperations facilitatedby(relatively)low‐costloans,andarekeytothefunctioningandsuccessofthis project.Theyworkthroughcommunitymeetingsandschools,andalsodirectly byhouse‐to‐ housevisits,whilesomealsosellincommunitykiosksandpharmacies.TheSWAPvendors areofferedtrainingonsafewaterandbusinessskillstohelpthemtobecomemoreefficient inmanagingtheirsmallscalebusinessesincludingselling health products.  Thepromotionofproductsiscommerciallysustainable asthesearesoldatcostwithasmall mark‐upforthevendors,althoughthisisepisodicallycompromisedbyfreehandoutsby otheragenciesofwatertreatmentproductsduringfloodsandothercrises.Overall,this appearstobeaneffectiveandrobustmodelforsustainabledelivery.LikeallsuchNGO ‐led activitieshowever,itwasnotentirelyclearhowwellthissystemwould‘survive’ifSWAP fundingandkey,highlycompetentpersonnelwerenolongermanagingtheprogramme. Vendorsareverycommitted,andrecognizecommunitydemand,butareunsurewhether theywouldstillbeabletoaccesstheproducts.The productsthemselveshavethepotential toimpactonarangeofhighprioritydiseaseconditionsforchildsurvivalinKenya,namely pneumonia(Upesistoves),diarrhoea(arangeofHWTSproductsandhand‐washingsoaps), malaria(ITNs)andunder‐nutrition(Sprinkles).  Watertreatmentandstorage TheHWTSproductscanbeexpected tobeefficacious,buteffectivenessdependson complianceineverydayuse.Furtherdataanalysisisneededtocompletethepicture,but resultsavailabletodateshowcomplianceacrosstheNICHEareatobemoderate,reachingat best66%reporteduseand57%confirmedbychlorineresidualtestinginthe10integrated  projectvillagesamongimprovedstoveusers.Onthebasisofthesedata,theprojecthas reached(andexceeded)thestatedgoalforHWTS.  Thislevelofcompliancemayhoweverberelativelygood,intermsofwhatcanbeachievedin practicewithHWTS.Althoughcomplianceappearstobehighestwhere combined interventionshavebeenpromotedandadopted,thisneedsfurtheranalysis,adjustingfor socio‐economicandotherconfoundingfactors.Itisalsoimportanttotakeintoaccountthe effectofparticipationinastudywithfrequenthomevisitswhichmayinflatecomplianceina non‐sustainableway.  Improvedstoves The authorsarenotawareofanypriorstudiesoftheefficacyoftheUpesistoves,specifically intermsofHAPreductionsinideal(‘test‐house’)circumstances.However,results from testingof indoor air pollution levelsinthecurrentproject(repeatedearlyin2010) demonstrateverymodestreductionsinPM 2.5 of10‐20%atbest.However,strongerevidence ofsavingsinfuelwoodofnearly30%wasreported.Basedoneverydayexperienceinthe ... EfficacytrialsofMMSincludingemission,household air pollution levelsandfuel efficiency,andpossiblealterationstoimproveperformanceandreduce air pollution.   EpidemiologicalstudiesforbothWGandMMSusers(withappropriatecontrol groups),asalongertermevaluationobjective.   KENYA Countrysituation Kenyaisacountryof38.8millionpeople,ofwhich68%areclassifiedas rural(WHO/UNICEF, 2010).Neonatalmortality(33/1000livebirths...

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... passive smoking, and indoor air pollution from biomass fuels have been implicated as risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) infection, disease, and death. Tobacco smoking and indoor air pollution are persistent ... Clinical TB Disease for Indoor Air Pollution Exposure Compared with Nonexposure doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040020.g008 Table 6. Quality Assessment and Subgroup Analysis: Indoor Air Pollution and TB Disease Category ... smoke exposure, and indoor air pollution are associated with TB. We identified 33 papers on tobacco smoking and TB, five papers on passive smoking and TB, and five on indoor air pollution and TB....

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... significant impact on public health. Third, we use concentra- tion-response (CR) functions from long-term air pollution exposure studies for our health impact assessment. The long term air pollution exposure studies ... BACT, the health benefits from mortality and morbidity avoided would be $1.4 billion, half of the total health damages related to air pollution from Zaozhuang under 2020 BAU. Under ACGT health damages ... CO 2 underground. Our marginal health benefit calculation suggests that if the primary air pollution control objective is to minimize the total health damages of air pollution from energy use and if NH 3 emissions...

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... of the workshop on indoor air pollution monitoring is explained using the environmental health pathway which links household energy practices to health effects via indoor air pollution concentrations ... levels of indoor air pollution. Globally, indoor air pollution is responsible for approximately 1.6 million deaths every year. Various interventions are available to reduce indoor air pollution ... Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Indoor air pollution and household energy monitoring: workshop resources. 1. Air pollution, Indoor. 2. Environmental monitoring. 3. Air pollutants - adverse effects. 4. Program...

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... (1996) Health Effects of Acid Aerosols on North American Children: Air Pollution Exposures. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104 (5), 492-499. Smith, K. R. (1986) Biomass Combustion and Indoor Air ... different levels of air pollution, New York metropolitan area, 1971-1972. Arch Environ Health, 36 (2), 66-74. Magnussen, H. (1990) The effect of air pollution on patients with airway diseases. Pneumologie Sonderh, ... viscosity during an air pollution episode: a link to mortality? Lancet, 349, 1582-87. Roemer, W., Hoek, G., and Brunkreef, B. (1993) Effects of Ambient Winter Air Pollution on Respiratory Health of Children...

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