- Thenao la tai, thenao la diic, tai sao thanh nien phai coca tai Ian due?
nguai Cha m? cho bii mom, nuoi narig ,d^y do Xa hgi eung cap truang
^g^sach va, kien thuc, nganh nhe. Cac dieu ki^n nay c6 y nghia het sue quan
trpng. T h u tuang tirong mpt con nguoi sinh ra trong mpt gia d i n h ngheo tvin^, an khong d i i no lai phai lam vi^c de song thi se n h u thenao? Lai tuong tucrn^ mpt nguoi sinh ra trong mot gia dinh giau c6, day d u tien nghi sinh hoat hgc tap t h i the nao? Neu mpt con nguoi 6 noi heo lanh, xa trung tam van hon thieu truong so, it giao l u u thi the nao? M p t nguoi khac d thanh pho'lon, nhie\
truong to't, CO nhieu thay gioi thi se ra sao?
R6 rang dieu kien tot la rat thuan Ipi va dieu k i f n xau la het sue kho khan N h u n g dieu k i ^ n khong the quyet difih tat ca. Nhieu nguoi xuat than nghe,)
hen 1 ^ CO y chi v u o n len. 6 day, hoat dpng rich eye, chii dpng sang tao ciia m6i
nguoi van la yeu to quyet d i n h su dung dieu k i ^ n nhu the nao. K h i noi toi san^
t^o ra toi, toi t y lam ra chinh toi, khong c6 nghia la toi m u o n tro thanh cai d i n g dupe.
M p t nguoi ma khong c6 gipng hat troi phti thi khong the tro thanh danh ca; mpt nguoi khong c6 the chat to't khong the tro thanh van dpng vien trien vpng... N h u n g k h i da c6 mpt so da c6 mpt so' dieu k i ^ n nao do thi vi?c phat huy dieu kien tot, khac phuc dieu ki#n xau phy thupc chu yeu vao vai tro cua ca nhan c6 dieu k i ^ n ay.
Con nguoi lam n h u the nao thi no se dupe tro thanh n h u the'a'y. D u n g nhu
vgy, con nguoi dupe t y do lya chpn de t u thyc hien m i n h theo mpt ly hxon^
nha't djnh. Nha su Tue Tinh d i tu, nhung ong t y hpc de tro thanh mpt nha thuo'c vT dai cua dan tpc. Ong T u Ma Thien doi Han bj nhuc hinh, nhung ong chu d u khap nude, thu thap tai lieu de hoan thanh bp Su k i noi tie'ng... L6 Tan da tot nghi^p truong khai mo, nhung niem ban khoan cho so phan dan tpc dan ong den nghe van. Pasteur thi do truong su pham, nhung niem say me hoa hex lam ong don sue vao m o n khoa hpc nay va cuo'i ciing tro thanh nha bac hpc \ v i trung va phong dich v i dai. Ngay truoc cai che't, con nguoi van c6 co hoi d khSng d i n h m i n h . Cau noi ciia Tran Binh Trong "Ta tha lam quy nuoc N a n con hon V u o n g da't Bac" da khich 1$ bao nhieu the h ^ nguoi Viet N a m yeu nuac. A n h N g u y e n Ngpc K i l i | t ca hai tay van hpc viet bang chan... Lich su d i n g cho thay c6 nhieu guong lam lac, tuy c6 nhiing dieu kien tot d?p nhung con nguoi da t y lam hong doi m i n h .
R6 rang d i i dieu k i f n hoan canh c6 vai tro quyet d i n h n h u the nao con nguoi van chiu trach nhiem truoc nhan each cua m i n h . Hieu dupe dieu naV moi nguoi can thay het trach n h i ^ m cua m i n h truoc cupc doi m i n h trong tirng hanh dpng Ion nho.
Truoc m o i con nguoi, con nguoi m o ra m u o n nga, con n g u o i c6 the chpn mpt nghe phii hpp v o i kha nang so truong cua m i n h . N h u n g kha nang so
210
^cvng nguoi chi c6 the thuc sy phat huy k h i no gin lien v 6 i myc dich \o <1^P' P^^*^ ^'^^ nguoi, phyc v y xa hpi va nhan l o a i .
Khong phai ai dang hieu dupe trach nhi^m ciia m'mh doi v o i cupc doi ciia
Aph- kho iihan trac tro nguoi ta thuong than tho, vi?n ra nao hoan canh,
^ao so phan roi buong xuoi gap sao hay vay. N h u n g t u tudng diing dan thi cho tJiSy ngoai hoan canh, yeu to'quyet djnh so'phgn moi nguoi la chinh nguoi do.
^ /dm: V a n hpc c6 kha nang nhan d?o hoa con nguoi
<Sdi torn
Van hpc la trong nhijTig loai hinh nghf thuat c6 t u ra't som, gan bo thie't
than voi doi song tinh than ciia con nguoi ngay t u thud xa xua. D u d u d i hinh
thtic nao thi no van la sy phan anh the gidi khach quan qua the gidi chii the cua ngh?si...
Tac pham ngh^ thuat chan chinh la sy giai bay nhirng tinh cam, nhiing khat
vpng sau xa cua nha van trudc cupc ddi, truoc nhiing van de cd y nghla than thie't
doi vdi con nguoi. D u van hpc viet ve nhiing sy co Idn lao: bao tap each mang,
diieh tranh, hay chi dien ta mpt tieng chuong chiia, mpt bd tre, rupng lua... bao gio ta ciing tim thay hinh bong, tam sy ciia con nguoi gui gam d ben trong.
Vdi t u each la cu the ciia hoan canh, la dpng lye ciia sy phat trien xa hpi, la nguon go'c ciia m p i sang kien, phat minh. Con nguoi v d i tat ca niem v u i , noi
buon, tam t u khat vpng, thanh dat hay k h d dau luon luon la doi tupng trung tam ciia van hpc, la m o i quan tam hang dau ciia ngh$ si chan chinh. Tinh yeu thuong ddi v d i con nguoi la nguon dpng lye can ban nha't thiic day ngoi biit ciia mpi nha van chan chinh.
Nha van Nga Tolstoi da tung viet: " M p t tac pham ngh? thuat la ke't qua ciia
tinh yeu". Con Goethe thi ndi: " N h i i n g dieu dau tien ma thien nhien can la tinh yeu nong nan doi v d i cupc song". N i i van si Phap Elsa Trisolet thi dien ta 'inh yeu ay bSng hinh anh that cu the: "Nha van la nguoi cho m a u " . D d la mpt
'inh yeu bao g d m ca sy hi sinh to Idn. Tac pham chan chinh diing la san pham '^a tri t u ^ , trai tim, mo hoi va ca nude mat niia ciia nguoi ngh^ si, la ke't qua '^a qua trinh ne'm trai, nung na'u, cam xiic dao dat - cai ma nguoi ta gpi la cam
^ n g trong sang tgo ngh^ thuat.
& Khong ai lam tho lam van trong t r ^ g thai kho can, chai san xiic cam. Cam
g ay cd the bat dau t u niem v u i sudng, ty hao hay t i n tudng, phan khdi,
g vdi ngh^ sT chan chinh thi chang bao gio cd niem v u i hoi hot, gian don. " v i cupc song con nguoi, trong tinh hien thyc ciia nd, niem v u i luon luon d i
doi v 6 i noi buon, anh sang luon ton t ^ i ben canh bong t o i , cai xa'u luon In,-, xen Ian ben canh cai to't, hanh phiic thuong d i lien v 6 i kho dau, bat hanh... \ n h u n g kho dau ciia con n g u o i xua nay v o n la noi nhuc nho'i, biic xuc nha't th, thiic n g u o i ngh# sT cam but.
Chinh nha van X6 viet V.Raxpuchin da dien dat tinh cam ay mQt each gi^^^ d i chan thanh: " N e u toi viet, ay la v i toi cam thay dau 6 dau day trong nguoj" v o i H u y g o t h i be kho cua nhan loai la ham m o khai thac khong v o i can aia ong. T r u y ^ n kieu la tieng khoc d u t rupt. Chi Pheo la tieng thet phan uat doj quyen lam n g u o i . . . NhiiTig tac pham chan chinh, bat t u v o i thoi gian thuong n h i i n g tac pham dien ta n h i i n g xung dpt c6 k h i day b i Iqch giiia cai that Va cai gia, giira cai thi^n va cai ac, giua bong toi va anh sang, giija cai cao thug-ng va cai tha'p hen, ghe torn... Tuy nhien "thanh nam cham t h u h u t m o i the he van la cai cao thugng, cai to't dgp, cai thiiy chung". D o chinh la kha nang nhan dao ma van hpc chan chinh c6 the mang l^i cho con nguoi.
6 day CO ma'y van de can l u u y:
So d l noi van hpc chan chinh c h u khong phai van hpc noi chung v i trong su ton tai cua van hpc nhan loai qua la nhi>ng tac pham v i con nguoi, nang cao pham gia con n g u o i n h u n g ciing c6 t h u van chuong lam ha tha'p pham gia con nguoi. Co n h i i n g tac pham la ke't qua cua thao thuc kho dau, h i sinh, tran tro, n h u n g cOng khong thieu t h u van chuong lam thue, lam cong cu, boi but to son trat phan cho giai cap thong t r j trong n h i i n g xa hpi da suy tan, m y c ruong...
Co t h u van chuong bat t u , song mai v o i m u o n doi, c6 t h u van chuong re tien se b j quen lang v o i thoi gian. Chii nghia nhan dao, long yeu t h u o n g ton trpng con n g u o i la thuoc do can ban nha't de danh gia m p i gia t r i van hpc chan chinh. "NhiJTig n g u o i khon k h o " cua Hugo, " Song l a i " cua L.Tolstoi, Truy?n Kieu cua N g u y e n D u . . . la n h i i n g tac pham trong do tac gia con bpc I9 nhieu quan diem sai l a m ve t u t u d n g va nhirng giai phap cai tao xa hgi, nhieu nhan v^t ciing da trai qua bao nhieu va'p nga, giang xe, lam Ian... n h u n g do lai la n h i i n g tac p h a m nghe thuat chan chinh se song mai v o i thoi gian; b o i sue m^inh cam hoa sau xa, boi long yeu thuong con n g u o i menh mong, sau tham; boi thai dp cam ghet, phan uat trudc n h i h i g the'lyc xa'u xa, tan ac da giay xeo, cha dap len con n g u o i .
D o chinh la l i t u o n g tham m l cua nha van c6 kha nang nhan dao hoa con n g u o i , lam cho con n g u o i t i n hon o nhirng dieu thi^n, 6 kha nang v u o n toi cai cao ca, cao t h u p n g , ke ca nhirng con nguoi da trai qua va chju d y n g nhiing dieu ac k h i i n g khie'p do xa hpi va c6 k h i do chinh m i n h gay ra.
212
Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khong Vi$t
Ivlgt khac, n o i t o i qua trinh nhan dao hoa ciia van hpc khong phai chi la kha j n g g^^ ^^^'^ ^^"S * " ' ° ' " S n h i j n g canh ngp bat hanh
^6i ngheo dien ra trong xa hpi, dix dieu do d i n g la m p t p h u o n g t i ^ n dang qui.
j ^ a nang nhan dao hoa con bpc Ip 6 su t u y thuc ve ban than, t u nhan di^n jjin than truoc n h i i n g dieu xa'u, to't, thi^n, ac... ma tac pham gpi len. N g u o i ta noi den sy " t h a n h Ipc" tam hon ciia van hpc, hay h i n h thiic "sam h o i " a i a than truoc l u o n g tam ciia qua trinh tie'p nh^n tac p h a m la n h u the. •' ) j pQC N a m Cao k h o n g phai chi la de cam thong v o i Dien, v o i T h i i , v o i H p . . . vdi mpt cupc song bj " c o m ao ghi sat dat", no dang c6 nguy co giet che't n h i i n g ifdc m o va n h i i n g tinh cam nhan ai, cao thupng. NhiJng tac pham ciia N a m Cao con n h u m p t tam g u o n g soi de dpc gia horn nay t y nhan d i f n chinh m i n h , khong n g u n g v u p t len hoan canh ban than de song m p t each x i i n g dang hon, tot d?p hon.
Neu trong tac pham " D o i thira", nhan vat H p la m p t t r i thuc hoan toan tot thi tac pham c6 the khong lam ta xiic dpng den the. Sy giang xe giiia nhan each cao thupng, hanh v i d?p de, hoai bao to Ion, ta'm long vj tha ciia m p t "chang trai tre vo'n say me l i t u o n g " v o i n h u n g b^n rpn t?p nhgp v6 nghia l i , v o i sy cau thiic ciia d o i song tam t h u o n g hang ngay, ca n h i i n g cau tha, ba't l u o n g trong nghe cam biit va n h i i n g hanh v i "tan nhan ciia hSn" d o i v o i T u - nguoi v9 rat doi dang t h u o n g a i a y va nhirng giang xe n p i tam k h o n g nguoi trong long H p , l?i lam n g u o i dpc xot xa t h u o n g cam den tan day long. Chinh dieu do da lam nen gia t r i nhan van rat Ion ciia tac pham.
Chinh ban than tac pham " D o i thua" da tao dupe gia t r j dich thye ma tac gia ciia no hang m o n g m o i . " N o chua d y n g dupe mpt cai g i Ion lao, m ^ n h me vua dau d o n l^ii vira phan khoi. N o ca tung long thuong, tinh bac ai, sy cong binh... N o lam cho con n g u o i gan n g u o i h o n " . N h i i n g gia t r j nhan van to Ion •Au the lai dupe h i n h thanh tir n h i j n g mau chuy^n nho nhat, vat vanh n h u n g dupe viet bang m p t ngoi biit chan thyc, tai hoa va nha't la bang m p t cupc song ciing day m a u thuan, dau xot, tran tro ciia chinh nha van N a m Cao.
O day CO van de viet cai gi va viet n h u the nao. Khong nen dong nha't npi ' ^ l l g phan anh va sy phan anh. N o i cho ro hon, 6 day tinh cam, l u o n g tri, thai tran trpng d o i v o i gia trj tinh than ciia con nguoi da rpi sang vao tirng canh "^8^ trong cau van, lam da'y len 6 nguoi dpc m p t m o i lien t u o n g dong cam, dau D o m o i la n h i i n g yeu to' tao nen siic thuye't phyc sau xa doi v o i n g u o i dpc. E>pc " D o i t h u a " ta c6 cam giae n h u nha van da rpi vao cho sau k i n nha't ciia '^m t u . Qua trinh nhan dao hoa se hinh thanh t u sy dong cam ay. 6 "Lao H^ic" "^>lg vay. Tac pham gpi len long thuong cam noi n g u o i dpc t u cai chet the
Com nang luygn thi OH Ngtf Van, tqp 2: Ngh| lugn Xa h$l - Le Xuon Soon
t h a m a i a lao v i l o n g t h u o n g con v a v i t i n h trang kho'n q u a n cua lao. N h u n g trj n h a n dao ciia tac p h a m chu y e u lai k h o n g c h i n a m 6 day. Tac p h a m goi n h u n g t i n h cam v i tha, cao t h u o n g day t\ t r p n g ciia m p t lao gia n o n g dan , phac, h i e n lanh: biet d a u lao t\ t u con v i l o n g t y t r g n g b i t o n t h u o n g , b i lu, t a m cin r u t v i n o lira d o i m p t con cho! ( t r o n g k h i con biet bao con n g u o i m m | i t n g u o i n h u n g l o n g l a n g da t h u " n g u o i v o i n g u o i la cho soi"). Phat hie, cho sau xa n h a t n h u n g net d?p l u o n g t r i con n g u o i , tac p h a m d o n g v a i tro i eye t r o n g vi#c l a m cho con n g u o i t r o nen tot d?p, n h a n ai h o n .
D o la c h u a ke d e n n h u n g cau vSn chan chua m p t l o n g v i tha d p l u g n g , mot t h a i d p l a m hoa v o i n g u o i khac v a v o i c h i n h m i n h , n h i r n g t i n h c a m nhan van n h a n dao la b a i hpc ve each song, each x u the, each n h i n n h a n v a d a n h gia cop n g u o i l a m cho l o n g ta t r o n e n t h a n h t h a n h o n , cao t h u p n g h o n . "Chao 6i! i v o i n h i r n g n g u o i d q u a n h ta, ne'u ta k h o n g c o ' t a m m a h i e u hp t h i ta chi thay gan d o , n g u ngo'c, b a n ti?n, xau xa, b i 6 i . . . toan la n h i m g c d de cho ta tan nhan, k h o n g bao g i o ta thay hp la n h i m g n g u o i d a n g t h u o n g , k h o n g bao gio ta t h u o n g . . . " V p t o i k h o n g ac, n h u n g t h i k h o q u ^ r o i . M p t n g u o i d a u chan, c6 luc nao q u e n d u p e cai chan d a u cua m i n h de n g h i den m p t cai g i khac h o n . Khi n g u o i ta k h o q u a t h i n g u o i ta chSng con n g h i d e n ai d u p e n u a . C a i b a n t i n h tot ciia n g u o i ta b j n o i l o l a n g b u o n d a u i c h k y che lap mat. T o i biet v $ y n e n toi chi b u o n c h i i k h o n g n o g i ^ " .
Chao 6 i , ne'u ai c i i n g n g h i d u p e n h u the t h i q u a n h? g i u a con n g u o i v o l con n g u o i se t o t d^p biet bao n h i e u . N h i r n g cau v a n x o t xa m a d^p de n h u the da v u p t ra k h o i k h u o n k h o ciia tac p h a m , no n o i ve cai t i n h n g u o i m u o n t h u d can CO, no CO k h a nSng n h a n dgo hoa con n g u o i , l a m cho con n g u o i t r o nen cao t h u p n g v a n h a n ai h o n .
61 d a y n o i n h a n dao hoa de n h a i i m a n h sue cam hoa m a n h m e ciia nghe t h u ^ t . C o n n g u o i la san p h a m ciia t^o hoa, no v o n d?p de " n h a n c h i so, tinh b a n t h i ^ n " . N h u n g xa h p i c6 the l a m tha hoa con n g u o i t h i v a n c h u o n g chan c h i n h I ^ i c6 k h a nSng tac d p n g n g u p c 1 ^ . T i n h t h u o n g , l o n g n h a n d^o se cam hoa, t h u c tinh l u o n g t r i v o n l u o n an chua t r o n g chieu sau n p i t a m con ngi^o'i- CO k h a n a n g " n h a n dao hoa" con n g u o i . N o i " k h a nSng" v i k h o n g n h a t thie* bao g i o c i i n g c6 the d^t d u p e n h u v | y . N o con t u y thupc vao s u tiep n h a n rieng bi?t ciia c h i i the c a m t h \ i . N h u n g m p t nha v a n chan c h i n h bao g i o c i i n g nung nau, k h a t v p n g tac p h a m ciia m i n h se d e m l^ii m p t gia t r j t i n h t h a n nao da) r\ham c u u v a n con n g u o i . N g a y ca T r u y ^ n K i e u , d i i N g u y e n D u c6 viet:
" L o i que chap nhat d o n g d a i M u a v u i d i n g d u p e m p t v a i t r o n g c a n h "
T h i ta c i i n g h i e u d o c h i la m p t each n o i k h i e m n h u o n g . K h i t r i i t l e n n g o i b u t
^no n o i d o n d a u ve cupc d o i , d u o n g n h i e n nha v a n k h a o k h a t n h i r n g tarn l o n g tri am, n h i m g g i p t n u d e m a t d o n g cam:
Bat t r i t a m bach d u n i e n h a u . ' > T h i e n ha ha nhan k h a p To' N h u ?
M a y the k i t r o i qua, T r u y ^ n K i e u v a n h i r n g tac p h a m d a y n h a n dao ciia jsjguyen D u m a i m a i la n g u o i ban t a m t i n h , la n g u o n sue m a n h ciia b i e t bao the h? dpc gia, ke ca n h i r n g dpc gia tre t u o i h i ? n nay:
D a u S l i n g d a n nang l o n g ra h6a t u y e h ^ D i d u d n g dai, e m giir " T r u y ^ n K i e u " theo.
(Che L a n V i e n - Gm Kieu cho em Nam di danh My)
K h o n g the nao c6 the n o i he't kha n a n g n h a n dao hoa ciia v 3 n hpc d o i v o i con n g u o i . N h u n g qua that, dpc m p t tac p h a m v a n hpc chan c h i n h , ta c6 cam