5. Nietzsche va sieu hinh h9c
TRO CHUY(N TRIO HOC •
MATHEMA (cai dang biet Ion nhat). Tuy nhien, ndi Platon, cai AGATHON khong phai la "gia tr( ma la cai ban chat cua mQi y ni�m, tuc, la y ni�m
cua nhung Y ni�m. La cai lam cho mQi ton t�i c6
the duQ'c nh�n thuc, nen cai AGATHON con la cai EPEKEINA TES OUSIAS ( cai dung benkia ton t�i). M9i slj v�t sang len duoi anh sang cua AGATHON, nen moi slj v�t huu h�n, dung trong vung anh sang ay, la "tot" hay "thi�n" theo m9t nghfa nao d6: cai "tot" tro' thanh tinh chat sieu nghi�m cua cai dang ton t�i. Phai cho den thoi c�n d�i - nhat la ndi Kant - cac tinh chat sieu nghi�m ay moi c6 m<)t quan h� tat
yeu voi chu the; vi Kant xac dinh cai dang ton t�i la
doi tu'.Q'ng. Nho d6, Nietzsche moi c6 the suy tu6'ng "cai tot" cua mQi v�t tu moi quan h� cua chung voi
con nguiti, tuc, moi c6 the xac dinh chung nhu la gia
trt. Cac gia tri khong ton t�i tv than, khong phai la
thu<)c tinh co huu cua slj v�t, trai l�i chung bao gio ciing ton t�i cho m¢t chu the, tu'.dng ung voi vi�c
danh gia. Vi le ban chat cua slj v�t, theo Nietzsche,
la y chi quyen lljc, nen nhfing gia tri phai du'.Q'c y chi
nay tien-gia dinh nhu'. la nhfing dieu ki�n cho vi�c
bao ton va tang cu'.ong y chi quyen lljc, qua d6 y chi
quyen lljc tlj mang l�i phu'.dng huong va mvc dich
cho minh. Do d6, m9i cai ton t�i deu c6 gia tri, b6'i y
chi quyen ltjc - nhu la slj v�n d<)ng - xuyen tham va chi phoi m9i v�t. Nhu the, dang thuc cua Nietzsche:
Ton t�i = Gia tri ke thua slj bien doi cua thoi c�n d�i
ve moi quan h� giua ON (ton t�i) va AGATHON (cai Thi�n). Voi Nietzsche, m9i gia tri deu ton t�i
'" • BUI YAN NAM �ON
a trong doi song, a trong the gian, con ban than doi
song, ban than the gioi khong co gia trj. Day khong
phai la slj danh gia tieu cljc ve doi song va the gioi,
trai l�i, la slj thuc nh�n ve tinh khong-tht-danh-gia
cua chung: chung la cai toan b¢, con m9i slj danh gia <lien ra hen trong chung. V oi sg quy hoi vinh cuu, khong gian va thoi gian dtiqc suy tti6'ng cho m9i v�n d<)ng cua y chi quyen lgc. H9c thuyet ve sg quy hoi vinh cuu n6i len Sl/ VO nghia va vo-gia tri cua cai toan b<), trong d6 <lien ra m9i sg danh gia. Nhu the, khong
chi trong bon cau hoi Cd ban Cua sieu hinh hQC ma
ca trong each tiep c�n ve triet h9c gia tri, Nietzsche van con 1� thu¢c vao sieu hinh h9c. D6 la ly do khien Heidegger cho rang Nietzsche khong m6' ra m<)t bat
dau moi ma chi hoim tat sieu hinh h9c co truyen theo
m<)t phtidng thuc nhat dinh.
- Trtioc het, Heidegger t�p trung ly giai ve y chi quyen l\ic ndi Nietzsche. Thoi c�n d�i bat dau voi
m<)t stj thay doi ve ban chat cua chan ly. a thoi co
d�i, Chan ly la ALETHEIA, tuc, nhu la stj khong bi che giau cua cai ton t�i, nhti la stj khai quang
(Lichtung), trong d6 m9i stj v�t xuat 1¢ va ttj trinh
di�n. Roi sau d6, dt:ta vao dinh nghia cua Platon ve chan ly nhti la stj dung dan cua cai nhin, hay dung hdn, cua cai nhin ve cac y ni�m ("an dv ve cai hang"), nen, trong thoi c�n d�i, chan ly mang tinh
each cua stj xac tin (certitudo): n6 tr6' thanh mQt
phtidng thuc khi con ngtioi - nhti la chu the dang
hinh dung -xac tin ve cai ton t�i. Va cai ton t�i nay
TRO CHUY(N TRIO HOC • 45 phdi bay ra cho m<)t chu the: Dang chu y la: slj nh�n