) khi huu the tlj phdi md ra cho con nguo'i trong ket hQ'p
3 J H Lyotard, Das postmoderne Wissen, Graz I Wien 1986, tr 1 (Nguyen tac tiSng Phap: La condition postmoderne).
TRO CHUYIN TRlfi HOC • 1 09
hieu cua trao hiu "h�u - hi�n d�i" (posl:-moderne) ngay nay - rang ha tieu diem d�c tntng cua thoi "hi�n d�i" ( t�m hieu la thoi co dien, phan hi�t voi "tam thuc h�u hi�n d�i" tu nhung nam 1970) la "phep hi�n chung cua Tinh than, giai minh h9c ve y nghia va slj giai ph6ng cho chu the tu duy va lao d9ng", thi Holderlin qua thu9c ve truyen thong ay. Ca ha d�c tntng tren deu co trong tac pham cua ong, nhat la d�c trung dau tien von thuong duqc gan lien voi ten tuoi Hegel du ong moi la nguo'i tht;ic st;i c6 cong dau. Quan ni�m cua ong ve d9ng lt;ic tlj dao luy�n ( Bildungstrieb) cua giong loai, huyen tho�i ve Tinh than nguyen thuy tt;i tha h6a trong the gioi v�t chat roi qua qua trinh phat trien hi�n chung cua Iich SU ma tlj nh�n thuc chinh minh - tuy la thanh qua suy tu chung voi Hegel khi con tre va sau nay duQ'c Hegel pho dien rt;ic ro, - nhung cac nghien cuu moi day cho thay ve diem nay, Hegel da h9c duqc rat nhieu o Holderlin hdn la nguQ'c l�i. Truyen thong tu duy ve Iich SU theo phong thai Hegel bat nguon tu Holderlin nhieu hdn nglio'i ta tuong.
2. Ong tu duy theo m\JC dich lu�n. Tinh than con nguo'i va Iich SU n6i chung deu huong ve m9t m\lC dich. Toan b<) ton t�i deu mang tinh tien trinh.
St;i song tt;i v�n d<)ng theo m<)t vong quay ly tam
( exzentrische Bahn). Khoi nguyen la m<)t "thoi d�i
hoang kim", xet d g6c d<) Iich SU giong loai d6 la tr�ng thai tlj nhien voi slj hoa di�u nguyen thuy; xet o Iich SU ca the la tuoi au thd hon nhien, thd
11 o • BUI YAN NAM SON
d�i. Giai do�n phat trien tiep theo la S\l tha h6a tat
yeu ( theo nghfa vua tat nhien vu'.a can thiet) Cua S\l
ca the hoa, S\l phan li�t chu the - khach the, S\l phan
doi giua con ngu'.oi va t\i nhien. N di ca the, d6 la giai
do�n phan tu'., bieu hi�n O S\l Khai minh cho thay
con nguoi khong con la m9t voi the gioi v�t the chung quanh. Con nguoi Ion len, dong thoi mang
trQn noi dau cua S\l ca the hoa voi long hoai mong
tro ve voi tr�ng thai sd nguyen. Day chinh la thoi
d�i cua chung ta, du'.Q'c Holderlin g9i an dl;l la "dem tru'.ong", la "the d�" trong each dich cua Bui Giang
(die Nacht). De thang vliQ't noi dau ay, con nguoi tim kiem m9i neo duong de khac phl;lc tha h6a, "hoa giai" voi thien nhien, voi nguoi khac, voi chinh minh, voi cai sieu linh, tren mQt trinh d¢ khac, cao
hdn, khong gian ddn, de" d�t than", o chon "que nha
dich th\ic khong con S\l thong tri U toi nao".
Ly lu�n ve lich SU theo kieu bi�n chung - tien trinh
duqc h� thong h6a m<)t each duy tam ndi Hegel - hay cai t�o m<)t each duy v�t ndi Marx sau nay - da tim thay nhung buoc di dau tien trong cac tac pham cua Holderlin.
Va Heidegger, trong each d�t van de ve huu the c6 khac hdn, nhung each giai dap cua ong ve vi�c
khac ph\lC tha hoa - hi�n hfiu dich th\ic/khong dich
th\tc ( eigentlich/ uneigentlich), c6 y thuc ve su tinh
cua huu the/lang quen huu the (seingeschichtlich/
seinsvergessen) - cfing khong khoi lay cam hung tu each tiep c�n nay.
TRO CHUYlN TRIO HOC • 111
3. Holderlin khac voi Hegel, bc:tn ong, o ket lu�n: ong khong tin rang Cd SO hi�n thljc toi h�u Cua tri thuc, tuc nen m6ng cua h� thong triet h9c c6 the dc:tt duQ'c bang m9t d9ng tac cua tu duy. Ca hai ong deu chung m9t tien de: m9i phat bieu ve cai Toan the deu phai hQ'p voi ly tinh, nhung voi Holderlin, chua the c6 m9t phat bieu nao nhu the, nhat la neu chi dt;ia vao ly tinh ddn thuan. Neu Hegel tin rang minh da nam chac cai Toan the trong tay - Ly tinh cua ong da thoat ly chu the ca nhan, dung han trong mieng dat cua cai Tuy�t d6i va triet h9c la bieu hi�n t6i cao cua cai Tuy�t d6i - tuc Ly tinh - t\i nh�n thuc chinh minh, thi Holderlin chi xem do la m9t dt;i baa ( die Ahnung) con phai chd ban than Ly tinh kiem nghi�m. Truoc ca Nietzsche, Dilthey va truoc rat xa Horkheimer, Adorno va cac nha "h�u hi�n dc:ti", ong lo ngc:ti truoc tinh "cong c1( cua ly tinh: "Tit giac tinh ddn thuan ( der Verstand),
khong the co triet h9c, vi triet h9c la cai gi sau xa hdn nhieu nhung tri thuc huu hc:tn ve cai hi�n ton. Tit ly tinh ddn thuan ( die Vernunft) cfing khong the co triet hQc, vi triet hQC con la Cai gi khac hdn la doi hoi mu quang m9t slj tien b9 khong ngdi nghi de ket hQ'p roi tach roi cac v�t li�u kha giac" <1>. Neu triet h9c khong la gi khac hdn la tu duy thuan tuy ly tinh, thl so voi thi ca, n6 lc:ti bat c�p: khong the d�t nen cha dc:to due h9c.
Tit ly tinh ddn thuan, khong the rut ra ly tuong nhan dc:to ho�c tht;ic tien CUQC ddi. Ly tinh khong tlj d�t noi nen cha chinh minh, cfing khong the mang lc:ti m1;1c 1 Holderlin, StA, 1; 298.
112 • BUI YAN NAM �ON
dich cho CUQC song. Khong mang ly tlio'ng le;1i cho ly tinh, th�m chi no Se tro' thanh cong C\1 khung bo be;10 tan. (Hegel ve sau ciing c6 phan tich sau sac m�t nay trong Hitn tti<Jng h9c Tinh than). Vi the, n6 chi la quan nang he;1ng nhi, can duQ'c dtnh hu6'ng b6'i "cai d�p cua tinh than va cua trai tim". Chung ta phai huy d<)ng toan b¢ kha nang nh�n thuc cua con nguoi neu muon mang le;1i chan ly va y nghia cho cai Toan the. Toan b¢ nang Ive ay cua con nguoi, theo ong, chinh la ngh� thu�t thi ca theo nghfa rat r<)ng. La dua con cua thoi Khai minh, han nhien ong chi chap nh�n m<)t tri thuc c6 the dung vfing trlio'c S\i kiem tra cua Ly tinh theo nghfa Tri tu� (Ratio), ong khong the di gi�t lui trlio'C S\i Khai minh nhli cac nha lang m<;1n, dieu ong muon la m<)t S\l "Khai minh cao hdn" ma Hegel cho rang da tro' thanh S\l th�t trong triet h9c cua minh. Cho nen, v6'i Holderlin, tg do c6 nghia la tg giai thoat khoi nhung rao can cua nh�n thuc, la vlidn t6'i cai con Bo Ngo ( das Offene).
Hinh tugng dien hinh cua ong, vi the, la Hyperion, ten nhan v�t chinh trong tac pham l6'n cua ong, la hinh ttiQ'ng con nguoi t\i dao luy�n, bi tha h6a va khong ngung t\i khac pht;1c tha h6a. Hyperion luon bi danh mat thien duong cua minh - qua hinh anh "do4n truong" cua nang Diotima - va phai no lgc khong ngung de len duong tim l4i. Ten tuc la nguoi: Ion ( tieng Hy L4p) la ke lu hanh, Hyper la qua muc d<). Hyperion, Hyper Ion: nguoi lu hanh mien vien, ke truong lu.
TRO CHUY(N TRIO HOC • 113
Hoiderlin ban c�n ke theo nghia h�p Ian nghia r9ng. Theo nghia h�p, phan doi my h9c duy Iy cua Baumgarten, ong cho rang, chinh thi pham dong vai tro hoa am, dieu tiet (Akkord) cho cac nang Ive tinh than khac cua con nglidi, n6 dieu tiet ca cam tinh, giac tinh va ly tinh ( cac khai ni�m nay duqc hieu theo nghia cua Kant). Theo nghia r9ng, thi ca phan anh tinh each "hyperpol" cua tinh than con ngudi Iuon c6 kha nang suy tu'.ong vuqt ra khoi ranh gi6'i cua kinh nghi�m, no t�O nen cac bu'.o'C nhay VQt Ve chat trong tu duy, t�o ra duqc cai chinh the (Einheit) ma tu'. duy phan tu'. ( trong d6, chu the, khach the va hanh
vi phan tu'. tach rdi nhau) khong the thtjc hi�n (xem them (1)). Tutien de duytamkhach quan, Holderlin
1 Theo Holderlin, triSt h9c chi xu§.t hi�n a nhfrng nai nao c6 cam thuc vs S\I hoa di�u (Harmonie). TriSt h9c dung la bit d§.u tu sv thuc vs S\I hoa di�u (Harmonie). TriSt h9c dung la bit d§.u tu sv ng�c nhien nghi nga nhung y thuc vs mau thuftn va sv khism khuySt, me cai "d�i nghi" chi c6 thS phat triSn nSu con nguai df>ng thai ciing c6 cam thuc ve sv hoan hao, sv hoan thi�n. Cho nen, vi c6 Hy L�p cam nh�n sau s�c vS cai "M9t vo h�" (FHA XI; 681) nen m&i neu duqc quan ni�m "HEN DIAPHERON HEAUTO",
me "Cai M9t nim trong sv tv phan lia", me "ban chit cua cai d�p" (FHA XI; 681), ca so t6i h�u cua v�n v�t.
Xem them: "NSu phan tu khong bao gia c6 thS nim bit duqc cai nguyen uy cua chinh n6 la gi, thi phan tu ciing bftt Ive trong vi?c vuqt bo nhfrng phan ly gifra cai Toi va thS gi&i. Chi c6 ngh� thu�t la c6 thS lam hiSn 19 di€u ma khong tu duy hay hanh dc)ng nao co thS lam dugc: tinh th6ng nhftt nguyen thuy cua t6n y1i. Trong ngh� thu�t, b�ng "thAm my", S\f th6ng nhftt cua chu the va khach ths m&i tro thanh thvc t�i, diSu ma b�ng "ly lu�n" chi co thS lam dugc trong m9t tiSn trinh vo t�n". (G. Kurz, Mittelbarkeit und Vereinigung. Zurn Verhaeltnis von Poesie, Reflexion und