h<;>c la gi? ( 1991 ), ban tiSng Anh cua Tomlinson, H. va Burchell,
TRO CHUY(N TRIB HOC • 63
ngfi. MQi ngon ngfi, du la ngon ngfi thong tri ho�c bi gq.t sang ben le, deu d6n nh�n ca hai each SU d1;1ng, va, do d6, van h9c thieu so duqc hieu nhu la each XU ly nhfing bien s6 cua ngon ngfi theo each "thieu so". Th�t the, cai da so la cai thuan nhat, dong dq.ng ( homo gene).
N 6 can c6 quy phq.m de duy tri quyen htc, de tl,i kiem soat va tl,i khang dinh. N guqc lq.i, cai thieu so c6 the de ra nhfing bi�n phap de thoat khoi Sl,l cuang hue phai dong dq.ng h6a ay. N 6 d1,1 ph6ng nhfing "ductng thoat",
tq.O ra nhung khong gian "a giaa", va CO the tra thanh
khac. D�c diem cua thieu so la tinh khong thuan nhat,
khong dong dq.ng ( heterogene). N 6 khong bi kiem toa trong vong quy phq.m thong trj cua da so; n6 c6 the "them vao", nghfa la khong the do dem duqc, va khong chju "xep hang".
Theo nghia ay, "da so" ho�c "thieu so" khong nhat thiet the hi�n o so luqng, ma o vi tri cua chung hen trong moi quan h� quyen 11,ic khong doi xung duqc tang ctidng bang nhung ma ngon ngu va nhung doi l�p nhj phan. Chang hq.n, "nguc:1i dan ong-da trang-tay phuong" la thieu so tren the gi6'i, nhung hQ giu vi tri da s6 qua vi tri uu the, va uu the nay tham nh�p vao trong nhung c�p doi l�p ngon ngu luon CO XU hti6'ng khang dinh, xac l�p va trq giup chn vi�c thong tri. Neu nham mat chap nh�n nhfing phq.m tru doi l�p nhj phan ay, nhfing gi thUQC Ve thieu SO chi g6p phan tang cuc:1ng quan h� thong trj. N guqc lq.i, neu pha va nhung d6i l�p ay (phuong Tay /khong phai phuong Tay; da trang/khong phai da trang; nam/ nu; ngudi l6'n/ tre con, hay th�m chi con nguoi/ con v�t ... )
64 • BUI YAN NAM SON
thi nhung h;tc h.iQ'ng thieu so mdi c6 the thay doi quan h� quyen h;tc. "Chi c6 tro thanh "khac", chi c6 vuQ't cac doi C\IC CUa S\i doi l�p nhj phan Va lam mo cac ph�m tru phan lo�i ay, mdi c6 the sang t�o ra nhung kha the mdi cho S\i h.idng tac xa h¢i. M<)t tien trinh tra thanh-khac
nhu the la tam diem cua van h9c thieu so va cua vi�c SU dl;lng ngon ngu theo kieu thieu so, va chinh vi�c trit thanh-thilu so nay se chuyen h6a m<)t thieu so bi thong trj thanh m9t ll;ic lu'.Q'ng tich C\iC CUa S\l bien doi. Vi the, van h9c thieu so khong phai la m<)t san pham cho bang m9t tien trinh tro thanh thieu so, qua d6 ngon ngu l�p tuc duQ'c giai lanh tho h6a, cac van de xa h<)i va chinh tri du'.Q'C de c�p, va m9t S\i ket chuoi t�p the CUa phat ngon giup tim ra m9t nhan dan tt.idng lai"(l).
T 6m l�i, n6i m9t each th�t khai quat, theo Deleuze, da SO khong CO tinh sang t�o, khong t�o ra S\l bien doi, bien djch. N guQ'c l�i, m9i S\i djnh hinh cua thieu so thi luon c6 tinh t�m thoi va khong ngung phat trien.
QUAN Hi va1 CAI "cHiNH TRl·TRI/C TIEP"
N Qi dung chinh tri tnjc tiep cua phat ngon thieu so den tu slj "ket chuoi" t�p the cua phat ngon van h9c. "M9i van h9c thieu so deu c6 tinh chinh tri tnjc tiep: khong phai boi n6 dien d�t m9t thong di�p chinh ttj, ma vi phudng thuc the hi�n cua n6 la cat len tieng n6i khong