THU THUAT NEU VAN DE BANG THANH N G Q , TUC N G Q T A O NEN SU C H U Y V A G A Y H Q N G THU NHAM N A N G C A O H'IEU QUA DAY - HOC T r a n Thi N h a Khoa NN&VH BHQGHN Nga, DHNN, I PHirONG PHAP DlfiN GIANG NfiU VAN D £ PhUdng phap day bgc ed quan he bien chiing vdi moi trudng kinh t§' - xa hoi va mdi trUdng each mang khoa hge ky thu^t Cae mdi trudng viia dUa cae yeu ciu eang cao dong thdi lai tao nhiing dieu kien thuan Idi cho quy trinh day bgc ndi chung va phUdng phap day bgc ndi rieng v^n ddng va phat trien Tim phUdng phap day bgc tbich hdp khdng phai ngau nhien, khdng theo y ehu quan cua do, ma xuat phat t\i muc tieu dao tao Vi "ci'u triie - sinh t h a n h " eua phUdng p h a p la: muc dieh nhiem vu - ndi dung - phUdng p h a p , tiic la muc dich (muc tieu) quy dinh phUdng p h a p Giai quyet van de (problem - solving) la y tudng xuat hien giao due hien dai, ed ke thiia n h i e u y t u d n g ciing t h e o h u d n g n h u hudng lay "van de", "neu van de", "chu de", " t i n h hudng", "tinh hudng ed v a n de" lam hUdng doi t h a y phUdng phap day - bgc de ed hieu qua hdn PhUdng phap diin giang neu van de la mot phUdng phap day hge dd ngUdi giao vien tao he thong tinh hudng ed van de roi eung ngUdi bgc giai quyet, nhd dd tao nen sU chii y va gay hiing thii nham nang cao hieu qua day - hge PhUdng phap di§n giang neu van de bao gom ba giai doan: 527 Giai doan xay dvfng tinh huo'ng c6 v a n de Tinh hudng c6 van de la tinh huo'ng ed chiia yeu to' da biet (dO kien) va yeu td'chUa biet, yeu to'mdi phai kham pha phai tim (dap so) Tinh hud'ng ed van de xuat hien, mot mat ngudi ta nhan thiic dUde no d miic nhat dinh nhUng mud'n giai quyet van de hay tim dUde eai mdi d dd ngUdi ta phai nd luc buy ddng nhiing tri thiic cdn thie't da tich luy dUdc de tao nen sU lien ket giiia eai da biet va eai ehUa biet - eai chu quan va khach quan Xay dung tinh huo'ng ed van de phai n^m dUdc trinh eua ngUdi hge nam viing chUdng trinh va bai giang cu the Trong gid day giao vien dat cho ngUdi hge mot cau hoi khd, cau hoi chi ngUdi bgc kha gidi mdi tra Idi dUdc Vi ngUdi kha gidi ed vd'n hay dii kien de hieu, de linh hoi tri thiic mdi cau hoi, hg da giai quyet dUde van de Cau hoi khd vdi ngudi hge trung binh va yeu kem hg khdng du tri thiic can thie't de tra Idi Nd khdng trd tinh hud'ng ed van de vdi hg Neu giao vien dat mot cau hoi de thi cau hoi trd tinh hud'ng ed van de vdi ngUdi hge trung binh va yeu kem, ngUdi bgc kha gidi lai khdng ed v^'n de gi can suy nghi de giai quyet Bdi vay mud'n neu van de day hge va w&n de trd tinh hud'ng cd van de, ngUdi day phai n§m dUde trinh eua tiing ngUdi hge hoac phan chia ngudi hge loai trinh nhan thiic: kha gidi, trung binh, yeu kem de soan bai day, ciing mot van de nhUng chuan bi cae phUdng an ve cau bdi khd - trung binh - dd khac Mot bai giang khdng ddn thu^n gom nhieu van de egng lai, ma cae van de dUde s^p xep theo md'i quan he nhat dinh va ed tinh he thd'ng: + Nhiing van de thugc phan trgng tam eua bai day + Nhiing van de thugc phan khdng trgng tam cua bai day Tuf loai van de ngudi ta ed each neu van de: Cdch 1: Nhitng tinh hudng c6 van de giao vien gidi quyet, loai c6 cdch dat cau hoi : 528 QJ Cau bdi trgng tam - ehuyen tiep Vi du: Nd can eii vao nhiing tri thiic ed ban nhat cae ph^n trgng tam eua bai Loai cau bdi giiip ngUdi hge sinh nhu e^u nhan thutc, tich cue suy ngb! de hieu sau ndi dung ehinh eua bai Loai cau bdi ciing giiip ngUdi giao vien lam noi bat nhiing phan trgng tam cua bai, khac sau tri thiic cd ban eua bai cho ngUdi hge Loai cau hoi edn giiip cho bai giang mach lac va chat che Khi soan loai cau bdi can luu y: Can eii vao tri.thiic r a t cd ban cua nhiing bai trUdc ed lien quan den nhiing tri thiic cd ban cua bai •dang day, vijTa xem xet tdi yeu cau eua thue tien se phai giai quyet, tii y trgng tam eiia phan trUde tdi y trgng tam cua phan sau b/ Cau bdi khdng trgng tam - ehuyen tiep Loai cau hoi chung nhat nhiing phan khdng trgng tam cua bai va cd th^ giiip giao vien ehuyen sang ph^n khac cua bai de giang Loai cau bdi giiip ngudi hge thay dUde logic cua cae van de bai giang, tri thutc can linh hoi, tii dd d l hieu va dl nhd bai hdn Nd ciing gdp phan lam cho bai giang chat che, mach lac hdn Cdch 2: Nhitng tinh hudng cd van de giao vien hitdng ddn ngUdi hge gidi quyet Nhiing tinh hud'ng cd van de phai diing loai cau hoi dSn dat (cau hoi gdi md, cau bdi phat van ) Trong phUdng phap diln giang neu v^'n de can loai cau bdi phat v^'n Cau bdi d i n d i t de bdi giiip ngUdi bgc kham pha nhiing tri thiic mdi phan trgng tam va ea phan khdng trgng tam Nd giiip ngUdi bgc nit nhiing tri thiic mdi tii nhiing dieu da biet: Nd phat buy cao tinh tich cUe nhan thiie ndi chung va tinh tich cUe tu ndi rieng, tinh ehu ddng eua ngudi hge de linh bdi tri thiic mdi va cud'i ciing ngUdi bgc dd hieu, di nhd va dd van dung bai Nd eung giiip cho gid day sinh ddng Giai doan giai quyet v a n de Sau da xay dUng dUde tinh hud'ng ed van de se sii dung cae phUdng phap, phUdng tien day bgc de giai quyet van de 529 Giai doan eung c6'va v a n dung tri thijfc Sau dUa vao he thd'ng cau bdi neu van de de giai quyet van de la xay dUng he thd'ng cau bdi de eung ed'va van dung tri thiic Loai cau hoi ciing s\i dung phan Idn la nbuEng cau bdi neu van de Da so' giao vien v i n day theo phUdng phap *'thuye't trinh", tiic la giao vien diing Idi ndi trinh bay tai lieu hge tap cho ngUdi hge mot each cd he thd'ng, nen 75% ngUdi hoc danh gia la thay day thieu sinh ddng (trich ket qua nghien ciiu ve giao due dao tao nam 1991 -1992 cua Bg Giao due va Dao tao) Day bgc theo phUdng phap dien giang neu van de da lam cho gid day kha smh ddng va ed hieu qua hdn, nhUng gid day ngoai ngii ndi rieng thu thuat neu van de nhu the nao de lam cho chat lUdng day - hoc td't hdn? 11 THU THUAT NEU VAN D£ B A N G THANH NG0, TUC NG0 TRONG BAI DAY NGOAI N G C (NGA - ANH) Dau gid, thudng ngUdi hge ehUa tap trung vao bai ngay, nen cae budc day hge ngUdi ta s\i dung thdi gian de kiem tra bai eii Trang 353 giao trinh "PVCCKHH SSBIK no-HOBowy " tac gia cd nha y cho kiem tra, van dung cau triic cd tii "Aeei" de viet mot doan van ta ve ngUdi ban, ngUdi than Thie't nghi ca ba each md bai (11.12.4) chi dap ling nhiing hge sinh trung binh, yeu kem, chUa thu hiit chii y eua nhiing bgc sinh kha gidi Trong tinh huo'ng dd, neu chiu khd tim tdi giao vien gdi y ngudi hge cd the md bai b i n g mot cau ngan ngii, tue ngii: "HejioBCK 6e3 jxpyzeii, HTO iiepcBo 6e3 KopHeH" Thai hge tap cua da so sinh vien (nhieu ca Idp) thay doi hdn Khi giao vien viia ndidiit Idi mot cau tue ngii thi ea Idp cham chii nghe mot so yeu cau giao vien n b i c lai de ghi ehep Khdng hge tap eua ea Idp bao hiic tii phiit dau cua tiet hoc Tai vay? Trong ddi thUdng eung tbich su dung ngii tue ngii Nd ngin ggn dd nhd va giau tinh thuyet phuc Khi can khdng dinh, phu dinh 530 hoac binh ph^m ve eai gi do, chi cSn budng mot cau ngii, tue ngO la hay va tien nh§'t Dd'i vdi ngUdi hge ngoai ngii e^'u true ngii phap hay tu tif v^n kem gia tri sii dung hdn mot cau ngii, tue ngii Di nhien ndi dung cau ngii, tue ngii phai lien quan den nhiing tri thiie bai nhU mot cau true cau, mot cap so sanh Vi du: De luyen cau triie so sanh ngang b^ng tieng Anh: , as + adj + as Bai 73 giao trinh Streamline dUa vi du : He is as rich as Rockefeler It is as cold as ice Chiing ta cd the gdi y, ddng vien hge sinh dUa hang loat ngii tUdng tU: As white as snow As black as night As dumb as fish As cool as cucumber As dry as dust As poor as a church mouse As stupid as a donkey As pretty as paint As slow as molasses As sober as judge Diing ngii, tue ngii neu van de da thu hiit chii y cua ca Idp hge Giao vien gdi md de ngUdi bgc n i t net tUdng dong song ngQ se lam tang bao hiing cua ngUdi hge, thay eai hay, eai hap dSn va gia tri cua ngdn ngii Tuf lam da neu nhflng van de tiep eua ndi dung bai day Cau ehuyen ngu ngdn "The man who could turn back the clock" d trang 114 cua giao trinh Headway da day chiing ta each dd'i nhan xii the, dac biet la quan he vd ehong Sau riit dUdc nhQng bai hge dao diic, each ling su! td't nhat bi vd ghen, de gin giii hanh phiic gia dinh giao vien cd the yeu cSu bgc sinh ehgn so'nhiing cau tue ngii ve tinh yeu sau day, mot cau tue ngii ed quan diem diing din nhat ve tinh yeu 531 Love Love Easy Love Love Love - it is a give - and - take matter can not be forced come - easy go me little, love me long is blind me, love my dog Nhu vay, cd the sit dung ngii, tue ngii chang nhiing de neu van de, giai quyet van de ma de ehd't van de lai, de giao due cho the he tre nhiing quan diem dung dan nhat ve tinh yeu Thanh ngii, tue ngii thUdng ngan ggn, bieu cam, de nhd Nd lam diem tua cho tri nhd, khac sau tri thiie bai hge Trong qua trinh chu^n hi bai ciing nhU tien trinh len Idp, thu thuat sii dung ngii, tue ngii de md dau tiet day hay xem ndi dung day tbich hdp da lam cho khdng Idp hge thay ddi, tinh tich cue, hang say eua ngudi hoc tang len ro ret No edn giiip ngUdi hoc tiep thu tri thiic cua bai hge mot each nhe nhang va nam bai mot each viing chac Thu thuat neu v^'n de bdng ngii, tue ngii da dUdc thuf nghiem d nhieu bai day da tdng ket, danh gia, dac biet la ket qua qua kiem tra ed dd'i chiing giiia bai day cd neu van de bdng ngii, tue ngii vdi bai day khdng neu van de bdng tue ngii, ngii, tren eiing mot dd'i tUdng (Idp bgc) hoac khac dd'i tUdng nhan thiic nhUng trinh tUdng dUdng (Idp N3 so vdi N2; N4 so vdi N5 cua K37 khoa Nga) Ket qua kiem tra da chi ro r i n g hge sinh cae Idp ed s^ dung ngii, tue ngii de neu van de gid bgc, say xUa hge hdn, chiu khd tim tdi, ed hiing thii lam bai tap d nha hdn ( 95%) Ket qua thi ky nang nghe - ndi Idp N2 cud'i ky II nam 2004 viia qua eung khdng dinh tinh Uu viet eua thu thuat m MOT s o YEU CAU DOI VOl NGUCJI DAY VA NGUCJI HOC G i a o v i e n l a ngifcfi t o chufc, d i e u k h i e n , d i e u c h i n h q u a t r i n h d a y h o c , l a m c h o q u a t r i n h d o thvfc s\i t r d t h a n h h o a t d o n g e u n g n h a u giufa ngiidi d a y v a ngvtdi h o c , n e n : 532 - Phai giiip ngUdi hge chap nhan mgi thach thiic vi neu v^'n de ma ngUdi hge khdng mud'n giai quyet thi chdng ed gia tri gi Giao vien can dSn ddt van de mot each hap d i n de ngUdi bgc chap nhan va cd nhu cau giai quyet vgi'n de, tranh ap dat huge ngUdi hge phai chap nhan; giao vien cd the xay dUng hoat ddng tUdng trd Idp hge de ngUdi hge dUdc chuan bi giai quyet van de mdi ma khdng sd bai hay be t i c khdng giai quyet dUde - Cho phep ngUdi hge theo duoi eon dudng rieng eiia minh de tim Idi giai, ed hd trd hg e^n thie't ma khdng de Id nhiing cau tra Idi - Cho ngUdi hge mot khung gdi y de hg cd the trinh bay lai suy nghi, cae y kien tham luan, cae bai viet ve giai quy^'t van de cd lien quan - Ndi ehuyen vdi ngUdi bgc ve cae qua trinh lien quan viee giai quyet van de de binh dan d hg vd'n kinh nghiem giai quyet van de - Giao vien phai ludng trUdc nhiing khd khan trd ngai ma ngUdi bgc se gap phai giai quyet van de, ed phUdng an thao gd tbich hdp: eung cap tri thiic, cae quy trinh, quy tac giai mau, cae gdi y V e ngifd^i h o c NgUdi bgc la chu the eua boat ddng bgc nen phai tich cUc va chu ddng - Nghien ciiu ea nhan (dge, nghien ciiu tinh hud'ng cd van de mot each can than hay sd lUdc de dUa each giai quyet van de) - Tham gia thao luan theo nhdm nhd hay chung ea Idp dudi sU hudng dan eua giao vien Viec ap dung phUdng phap day hge se lam cho quan he thay trd gdn bd, trd phat buy dUde kha nang doe lap suy nghi vdi sU giiip dd eua th^y Thay se d l phat hien nhiing diem yeu cua trd de bo sung kip thdi kien thiic hoac hUdng d&n trd tU suy nghi tranh cho trd y lai, ludi suy nghi hoc tap 533 TAI LI$U THAM KHAO Pham Van Binh, Tue ngit, thdnh ngit fieng Anh, NXB Hai Phong 1993 Nguyen Tiing Cudng, Tue ngit Nga vd cdc dcfn vi titcfng dUcfng tieng Viet, Ha Ndi - 2003 Tran Hoang Tran, Tue ngu:, thdnh ngit Viet Anh, Anh Viet thudng diing, NXB Van boa - thdng tin Ha ndi 2001 AKCCHoaa M.Il., PyccKHH JISLIK no HOBOMy John & Lis Soars, Headway pre - intermediate Bernard Hartley & Peter Winey, Streamline University Press, Workbook 534 English, Oxford ... khdng trgng tam Nd giiip ngUdi bgc nit nhiing tri thiic mdi tii nhiing dieu da biet: Nd phat buy cao tinh tich cUe nhan thiie ndi chung va tinh tich cUe tu ndi rieng, tinh ehu ddng eua ngudi hge