Summary of the Dissertation of Medicine: A study on nutritional status, the results of an oral nutritional supplement on maintenance hemodialysis patients

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Summary of the Dissertation of Medicine: A study on nutritional status, the results of an oral nutritional supplement on maintenance hemodialysis patients

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To investigate of nutritional status in maintenance hemodialysis patients by indicators: anthropometric, dietary energy, and protein intake, dialysis malnutrition score, serum albumin, prealbumin levels. To Understand the relationship between nutritional status and some clinical and laboratory characteristics, initially assessing the results of an oral nutritional supplement on nutritional status in 12 weeks in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

1 ABSTRACT Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has an increasing incidence. The  annual incidence and prevalence of CKD using kidney replacement  methods are increasing, reflecting advances in the treatment of this  disease   Malnutrition   is   common   in   patients   with   CKD   with   and  without   kidney   replacement   methods   Malnourished   and   CKD  interact with each other to increase morbidity, reduce the quality of  life, prolong hospital stay, increase treatment costs, and mortality in  this population Malnutrition in CKD patients has more than one factor alone.  Present,   diagnostic  of   malnutrition   in  this   object   does   not   have   a  “gold standard”. However, a list of signs and indicators to assess and  diagnose malnutrition status can be used, including assessments on a  diet, anthropometric measurements, laboratory parameters, and other  tools  Diagnostic   of   malnutrition   status   is   necessary   for   selecting  nutritional supplements for patients to solve the above issues.  In Vietnam, there were some studies on evaluating nutritional  status, but there has not  been any comprehensive research on the  issue of nurturing for CKD patients. To contribute to further clarifying  this problem, we proceed to the thesis: “A study on nutritional status,   the   results   of   an   oral   nutritional   supplement   on   maintenance   hemodialysis patients.” with two objectives: To   investigate   of   nutritional   status   in  maintenance   hemodialysis patients by indicators: anthropometric, dietary energy,   and   protein   intake,   dialysis   malnutrition   score,   serum   albumin,   prealbumin levels 2 To Understand the relationship between nutritional status and   some   clinical   and   laboratory   characteristics,   initially   assessing   the   results of an oral nutritional supplement on nutritional status  in 12   weeks in maintenance hemodialysis patients 2. Summary of new main scientific contributions of the thesis: Determine   the   malnutrition   rate   as   well   as   some   factors  affecting nutritional status in hemodialysis patients. Besides, initially  evaluating the results of oral dietary supplements for 12 consecutive  weeks in this subject. This thesis will contribute to clinical practice  and propose solutions to improve nutritional status for malnourished  patients.  3. Thesis layout:  The thesis consists of 125 pages, including sections and four  chapters:   Introduction   02   pages;   Literature   Review   33   pages;  Methodology   25   pages;   Results   26   pages;   Discussion   36   pages;  Conclusions 02 pages; Recommendations 01 page Refer to 150 documents (141 English, 11 Vietnamese) ABBREVIATIONS AMA: Upper Arm muscle area MAC:   Mid­upper   arm  BMI: Body mass index circumference CKD: Chronic kidney disease MAMC: Mid­upper arm muscle  DEI: Dietary Energy Intake circumference DPI: Dietary Protein Intake PEW: Protein Energy Wasting HBV: High Biological value RBC: Red blood cell ISRNM: International Society of  SGA­DMS:   Subjective   Global  Renal Nutrition & Metabolism Assessment­   Dialysis  Malnutrition score K/DOQI:   Kidney   /disease  TSF: Triceps Skinfold outcomes quality initiative CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE According   to   the   K/DOQI   2002,   CKD   is   defined   as   having  kidney damage or glomerular filtration rate below 60 ml/min/1.73 m 2  of at least three months. In 2002,  the  KDIGO  gave  a similar but  more concise definition. CKD is an abnormality in kidney structure  and function that lasts more than three months, and effects on patient  health. CKD is categorized based on etiology, glomerular filtration  rate,   and   albuminuria   Renal   replacement   therapy,  including  peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, or kidney transplantation The primary cause of CKD is diverse, depending on the region,  continent,   economic   status,   and   medical   development   of   each  country. The incidence and treatment of end­stage chronic kidney  disease are increasing in countries over the world * Renal replacement therapy by hemodialysis Hemodialysis continues to be the most common treatment for  end­stage chronic kidney disease in all countries, which is a method  of dialysis outside the body, by creating an external circulating body,  leading blood to the filtration system to filter metabolic products and  excess   water   The   blood   is   returned   to   the   body   Hemodialysis  procedure only replaces the renal excretion function, so patients still  need internal medical treatment: medical nutritional therapy, treatment  of hypertension, anemia, vitamins, and mineral supplements 4 1.2 MALNUTRITION   IN   PATIENTS   WITH   CHRONIC   KIDNEY  DISEASE According to the definition of the WHO, malnutrition is a state  of deficiency, excess, or imbalance in the energy and, or nutrients of  a person. The ISRNM  2008 uses the term protein­energy wasting  (PEW) in chronic kidney disease Evidence suggests that malnutrition is common in patients with  CKD conserving treatment, hemodialysis, or peritoneal dialysis.  There are many possible causes of malnutrition in hemodialysis  patients,   including   low   nutrient   intake,   increased   metabolism,  acidosis, inflammation, anemia, oxidative stress, changes in response  to anabolic hormones, increased retention of toxic substances, loss of  nutrients   in   dialysis,   and   comorbidities  There   are   independent,  overlapping,   complementary,   or   antagonistic   mechanisms   that   it  difficult to troubleshoot their effects on protein metabolism and energy  balance.  Malnutrition cause increasing in morbidity and mortality, poor  quality of life, length of stay, and re­admission in CKD patients * Methods of assessing nutritional status There are many methods for evaluating malnutrition in patients  with   CKD   However,   useful   clinical   tools   are   illustrated   by   the  nutrition care guidelines developed by K/DOQI ­   Anthropometric   measurements:   weight,   body   mass   index,  skinfolds   thickness,   mid­arm   circumference,   mid­arm   muscle  circumference, and arm muscle area.  ­ Diet and food use ­ Subjective global assessment­Dialysis malnutrition score 5 ­   Laboratory   parameters:   serum   protein,   albumin,   prealbumin,  total cholesterol, red blood cells, hemoglobin, lymphocytes ­ Protein­energy wasting, according to ISRNM 2008 criteria * The nutritional requirement in hemodialysis patients Dietary energy intake (DEI): K/DOQI 2000 recommends DEI 30 to  35 kcal/kg/day (over 60 years old), at least 35 kcal/kg/day (under 60) Dietary protein intake (DPI): K/DOQI 2000 recommends DPI at  least 1.2 g/kg/day *   Eggs   are   a   rich   source   of   dietary   cholesterol   and   are   a  nutritious whole food, so they should be judged based on total intake  rather than specific components, like cholesterol. Although there are  concerns about regular egg consumption that may be associated with  a   risk   of   cardiovascular   disease   due   to   cholesterol   levels   Most  epidemiological studies were claiming to use one egg a day did not  increase cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, or stroke * Treatment of hemodialysis patients with malnutrition In   hemodialysis   patients   who   are   malnourished   or   at   risk   of  malnutrition, there is no single treatment approach that significantly  reduces the negative consequences of malnutrition, including ­ Nutritional counseling ­ Oral nutritional supplement ­ Intradialytic parental nutrition ­ Enteral and total parental nutrition 6 CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY 2.1. RESEARCH SUBJECT ­ Maintenance hemodialysis patients ­ Location: Department of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, 103  Military Hospital ­ Study period: from March 2016 to January 2018 2.1.1. Subject criteria for evaluation of the nutritional status ­ Inclusion criteria: Over 18 years of old patients; at least three  months of dialysis, dialysis three times a week, 4 hours each time ­ Exclusion criteria: severe acute illness, severe chronic heart  failure, severe liver failure, advanced cancer, deaf and dumb, or non­ cooperative research 2.1.2. Subject criteria for the intervention study ­   Inclusion   criteria:  Patients   with   energy   and   protein   intake  below   recommended;   malnutrition   is   determined   by   BMI,   SGA­ DMS, serum albumin, prealbumin level ­ Exclusion criteria: Having surgery three months before, during,  or dying during the intervention; are allergic to milk, eggs; disagree to  participate in intervention research, or did not fulfill commitments 2.2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.2.1. Research design The study design consists of two consecutive research methods:  the cross­sectional descriptive study and intervention study 2.2.2. Sample sizes and sampling methods ­   Cross­sectional   study:   the   whole   sample,   according   to   the  chronological order, 173 patients ­ Intervention study: 79 patients were divided into intervention  group and control group according to their dialysis schedule: patients  with dialysis schedule on Monday/Wednesday/Friday of  the  week  were   enrolled  in   the  intervention   group,   while   those   on   Tuesday,  Thursday,  and Saturday of  the week  were into the  control group.  Thirty­nine   patients   participated   in   supplementation   of   diet  (intervention   group);   40   patients   did   not   participate   in  supplementation (control group) 2.2.3. Implementation of the intervention study * Research materials: The   supplementary   diet   consisted   of   48   g   of   Nepro2   and   one  chicken   egg   (average   42   g)   daily   for   12   consecutive   weeks   This  regimen   provides   about   259   kcal,   14.9   g   of   high   biological   value  protein * Implement supplement intervention ­ Treatment for both groups: according to a uniform procedure ­ Intervention group: patients were advised on a daily diet, oral  supplementation diet, for 12 consecutive weeks.  ­ Control group: patients were only counseled on a regular diet  and did not participate in the dietary supplement ­ Compliance assessment: sitting and watching them, make sure  that they ate the entire supplement, or ate at least 70% of the dietary  supplement. Also, call, remind, and return the package to the next filtration.  2.2.4. Data collection * The patients’ information * Some diagnostic criteria used in the study: CKD and some cause 8 * Collecting information, criteria for assessing nutritional status ­ Anthropometric indicators: dry weight, height, calculation  of BMI, triceps skinfold, mid­arm circumference, calculation of the  mid­arm   muscle   circumference,   and   arm   muscle   area   BMI   is  classified by the WHO. Body composition indexes are categorized  by Blackburn and Harvey, and Frisancho ­ Dietary energy and protein intake Evaluation by the 24­hour recall for three days. The calculation  is based on the Vietnam Food Ingredient Table 2016, average over  three days, based on ideal body weight. Compare with K/DOQI ­ Subjective global assessment­Dialysis malnutrition score This tool consists of seven components. Each part is rated on a  scale of 1 to 5. The total score ranges from 7 to 35, the higher the  score, the worse the nutritional status is. Classification of nutritional  status   into   the   healthy   group   (7­10   points),   mild   and   moderate  malnutrition (11­21 points), and severe malnutrition (22­35 points) ­ Laboratory parameters The venous blood sample is taken before the start of the dialysis  section, including the concentration of serum albumin, prealbumin.  Besides,   the   evaluation   of   serum   protein,   total   cholesterol,   urea,  creatinine, and high sensitive CRP. Hematological indicators such as  red   blood   cell,   hemoglobin,   lymphocytes   Classification   of   serum  albumin and prealbumin levels based on K/DOQI 2000 guidelines ­  Diagnosis   of malnutrition, according  to the International  Society of Renal Nutrition & Metabolism (ISRNM 2008) * Evaluation of the results of an oral nutritional supplement Patients were assessed for nutritional status and general features  at   baseline   and   after   12   weeks   of   supplementation   diet   in   the  intervention and control group with the following indicators BMI,  SGA­DMS,   the   concentration   of   serum   protein,   albumin,   total  cholesterol, red blood cell count, and hemoglobin level CHAPTER 3 RESULTS  3.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDY SUBJECTS 3.1.1. Characteristics of age and gender The mean age of subjects was  53.0 ± 14.6 years old, ranging  from 24 to 89. The under­65 group accounted for 73.4% of patients  (n=127). Males accounted for 62.4% (n=108) of patients 3.1.2. Cause of chronic kidney disease Chronic glomerulonephritis causes CKD,  with a majority with  57.2%, diabetes mellitus accounted for 13.9% of patients 3.1.3. Features of the hemodialysis vintage The median, quartiles dialysis time was 23 (10­55) months. The  under five year HV group accounted for mainly 77.4% (n=134) of  patients 3.1.4. Characteristics of appetite status Patients   with   normal   appetite   status   (good   and   very   good)  accounted for 22.0% of patients, and loss appetite status accounted  for 78.0% (very poor, poor, and fairly).  3.1.5. Characteristics of dietary energy and protein intake The means DEI, DPI, and HBV protein of patients were 24.9 ±  4.2   kcal/IBW/day,   0.95   ±   0.17   g/IBW/day,   and   52.9   ±   6.7%,  respectively. There were 67.6% of patients prioritizing using high  biological value protein in their diet (≥ 50%) 10 Chart 3.5. Percentage of patients achieving DEI and DPI  requirements according to K/DOQI 2000 93.1% of patients did not meet both DEI and DPI requirements.  3.1.6. Characteristics of some laboratory parameters The   percentage   of   patients   with   serum   total   cholesterol  concentration,   red   blood   cell   count,   hemoglobin   concentration,  count,  and  percentage of  peripheral  blood lymphocytes  below the  standard threshold were high,  with  57.8%, 89.0%,  91.3%,  35.8%,  and 60.7%, respectively 3.2. NUTRITION STATUS OF THE STUDY SUBJECTS 3.2.1. Dry weight and BMI Table 3.1. Characteristics of weight and BMI (n=173) Variables Number  Weight, kg BMI,  Prevalence % ­  10) was 85.5% (n=148), in  which   mild­moderate   malnutrition   (11­21)   accounted   for   77.5%  (n=134), severe malnutrition (22­35) was 8.1% (n=14) of patients 3.2.4. Biochemical parameters The prevalences of malnutrition, according to serum albumin  and prealbumin criteria, were 67.6% (n=117) and 57.6% (n=98) of  patients 3.2.5. Nutritional status when combining indicators The percentage of malnourished patients, when all four criteria  are present, is 16.5% — meanwhile, 4.1% of patients in the normal  range for all four indicators 12 3.2.6. Protein­energy wasting according to ISRNM 2008 The   prevalence   of   PEW,   according   to   ISRNM   criteria  (including   BMI,   AMA,   DPI,   and   serum   albumin),   was   24.3%  (n=42).  3.3   RELATIONSHIP   BETWEEN   NUTRITION   INDICATORS  WITH  SOME  CLINICAL  AND LABORATORY  FEATURES, AND  INITIAL RESULTS OF AN ORAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT  ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS  3.3.1. Correlation between indicators of nutritional status Table 0.1. Correlation between indicators of nutritional status SGA­DMS  BMI  DEI  DPI  (score) (kg/m ) (kcal/kg/day) (g/kg/day) r r r p r p p p BMI ­0,22 0,004e DEI ­0,47

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Mục lục

  • ABSTRACT

  • CHAPTER 1

  • LITERATURE REVIEW

    • 1.1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

    • CHAPTER 2

    • METHODOLOGY

      • 2.2.1. Research design

      • 2.2.3. Implementation of the intervention study

        • * Research materials:

        • - Subjective global assessment-Dialysis malnutrition score

        • - Laboratory parameters

        • * Evaluation of the results of an oral nutritional supplement

        • CHAPTER 3

        • RESULTS

          • 3.2.4. Biochemical parameters

          • 3.2.5. Nutritional status when combining indicators

          • 3.2.6. Protein-energy wasting according to ISRNM 2008

          • 3.3.1. Correlation between indicators of nutritional status

          • 3.3.2. Relationship between nutrition indicators and some variables

            • 3.3.2.1. Body mass index with some features

            • 3.3.2.2. Dialysis malnutrition score with some features

            • 3.3.2.3. Dietary energy and protein intake with some features

            • 3.3.2.4. Biochemical parameters with some features

            • 3.3.2.5. Multivariate logistic regression analysis

            • 3.3.3. Initial results of oral nutritional supplementation on nutrition status in hemodialysis patients

              • 3.3.3.1. General characteristics of the intervention and control group at baseline

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