Halliday''s Introduction to Functional Grammar - 4th Edition - M.A.K. Halliday, Rivesed by Christian M.I.M. Matthiesse - 2014

Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar Fully updated and revised, this fourth edition of Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammarr explains the principles of systemic functional grammar, enabling the reader to understand and apply them in any context Halliday’s innovative approach of engaging with grammar through discourse has become a worldwide phenomenon in linguistics Updates to the new edition include: • • • • • Recent uses of systemic functional linguistics to provide further guidance for students, scholars and researchers More on the ecology of grammar, illustrating how each major system serves to realise a semantic system A systematic indexing and classification of examples More from corpora, thus allowing for easy access to data Extended textual and audio examples and an image bank available online at www routledge.com/cw/halliday Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar, r fourth edition is the standard reference text for systemic functional linguistics and an ideal introduction for students and scholars interested in the relation between grammar, meaning and discourse M.A.K Halliday is Emeritus Professor of Linguistics at the University of Sydney, Australia Christian M.I.M Matthiessen is Chair Professor of the Department of English in the Faculty of Humanities at Hong Kong Polytechnic University Related titles include: The Functional Analysis of English, third edition Thomas Bloor and Meriel Bloor ISBN 978 415 825 931 (hbk) ISBN 978 444 156 652 (pbk) Introducing Functional Grammar, third edition Geoff Thompson ISBN 978 415 826 303 (hbk) ISBN 978 444 152 678 (pbk) Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar F O U R T H E D I T I O N M.A.K Halliday Revised by Christian M.I.M Matthiessen Third edition published 2004 by Hodder Education, an Hachette UK company This fourth edition published in 2014 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1985, 1994, 2004, 2014 M.A.K Halliday and Christian M.I.M Matthiessen The right of M.A.K Halliday and Christian M.I.M Matthiessen to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Halliday, M A K (Michael Alexander Kirkwood), 1925– [Introduction to functional grammar] Halliday’s introduction to functional grammar / M.A.K Halliday and Christian Matthiessen – Fourth Edition pages cm Previous ed published as: Introduction to functional grammar, 2004 Includes bibliographical references and index Functionalism (Linguistics) Grammar, Comparative and general I Matthiessen, Christian M I M., author II Title P147.H35 2013 410.1’8–dc23 2013006799 ISBN: 9780415826280 (hbk) ISBN: 9781444146608 (pbk) ISBN: 9780203431269 (ebk) Typeset in 10 on 12.5pt Berling by Phoenix Photosetting, Chatham, Kent Contents Conventions ix Introduction xiii Part I The Clause 1 The 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 architecture of language Text and grammar Phonology and grammar 11 Basic concepts for the study of language 20 Context, language and other semiotic systems 31 The location of grammar in language; the role of the corpus 48 Theory, description and analysis 54 Towards a functional grammar 58 2.1 Towards a grammatical analysis 58 2.2 The lexicogrammar cline 64 2.3 Grammaticalization 67 2.4 Grammar and the corpus 69 2.5 Classes and functions 74 2.6 Subject, Actor, Theme 76 2.7 Three lines of meaning in the clause 82 Clause as message 88 3.1 Theme and Rheme 88 3.2 Group/phrase complexes as Theme; thematic equatives 92 3.3 Theme and mood 97 3.4 Textual, interpersonal and topical Themes 105 3.5 The information unit: Given + New 114 3.6 Given + New and Theme + Rheme 119 3.7 Predicated Themes 122 3.8 Theme in bound, minor and elliptical clauses 125 3.9 Thematic interpretation p of a text 128 CONTENTS Clause as exchange 134 4.1 The nature of dialogue 134 4.2 The Mood element 139 4.3 Other elements of Mood structure 151 4.4 Mood as system; further options 160 4.5 POLARITY and MODAL ASSESSMENT (including modality) 172 4.6 Absence of elements of the modal structure 193 4.7 Clause as Subject 197 4.8 Texts 200 Clause as representation 211 5.1 Modelling experience of change 211 5.2 Material clauses: processes of doing-&-happening 224 5.3 Mental clauses: processes of sensing 245 5.4 Relational clauses: processes of being & having 259 5.5 Other process types; summary of process types 300 5.6 Circumstantial elements 310 5.7 Transitivity and voice: another interpretation 332 5.8 Text illustrations 356 Part II Above, Below and Beyond the Clause 359 Below the clause: groups and phrases 361 6.1 Groups and phrases 361 6.2 Nominal group 364 6.3 Verbal group 396 6.4 Adverbial group, conjunction group, preposition group 419 6.5 Prepositional phrase 424 6.6 Word classes and group functions 426 Above the clause: the clause complex 428 7.1 The notion of ‘clause complex’ 428 7.2 Types of relationship between clauses 438 7.3 Taxis: parataxis and hypotaxis 451 7.4 Elaborating, extending, enhancing: three kinds of expansion 460 7.5 Reports, ideas and facts: three kinds of projection 508 7.6 The clause complex as textual domain 549 7.7 Clause complex and tone 553 7.8 Texts 555 Group and phrase complexes 557 8.1 Overview of complexing at group/phrase rank 557 8.2 Parataxis: groups and phrases 560 8.3 Hypotaxis: nominal group 564 8.4 Hypotaxis: adverbial group/prepositional phrase 565 vi Contents 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 Hypotaxis: verbal group, expansion (1): general 567 Hypotaxis: verbal group, expansion (2): passives 575 Hypotaxis: verbal group, expansion (3): causative 578 Hypotaxis: verbal group, projection 584 Logical organization: complexes at clause and group/phrase structure, and groups 588 Around the clause: cohesion and discourse 593 9.1 The concept of text; logogenetic patterns 593 9.2 The lexicogrammatical resources of COHESION 603 9.3 CONJUNCTION 609 9.4 REFERENCE 623 9.5 ELLIPSIS and SUBSTITUTION 635 9.6 LEXICAL COHESION 642 9.7 The creation of texture 650 10 Beyond the clause: metaphorical modes of expression 659 10.1 Lexicogrammar and semantics 659 10.2 Semantic domains 666 10.3 MODALITY 686 10.4 Interpersonal metaphor: metaphors of mood 698 10.5 Ideational metaphors 707 References Index 732 753 vii This page intentionally left blank Conventions Systemic description Capitalization labels used in systems and realization statements Capitalization lower case, or lower case with single quotes small capitals initial capital Convention name of term in system (feature, option) name of name of system name of structural function (element) Example ‘indicative’/‘imperative’ MOOD, MOOD TYPE, SUBJECT PERSON Mood, Subject; Theme, Rheme Operators in system specifications Operator Symbol entry condition leading to terms : in system systemic contrast (disjunction) / systemic combination (conjunction) & Example indicative : declarative/ interrogative declarative/interrogative; declarative/imperative: tagged/ untagged intensive & identifying: assigned/ non-assigned Operators in realization statements Operator insert Symbol + Example order ^ declarative Subject ^ Finite expand () indicative Mood (Finite, Subject) preselect : mental Senser: conscious indicative + Finite INDEX phoricity [cohesion] 116 see also anaphoric; cataphoric; homophoric phrasal verb 104, 411–419 phrase as Adjunct 98–100, 108, 155, 158 as circumstance 222–223 functions of 363 versus group 9, 363–364, 437 hypotaxis 564–565 parataxis 560–564 as Qualifier 197, 382–383, 424–425 as Theme 92–96 see also prepositional phrase phrase complex hypotactic/paratactic nexus 558–560 phrase and group complex 560–564 single element within clause 557–558 phylogenetic time 68 Place [circumstance] 482 plurality 63 polarity Adjunct of 175, 176, 637 in adverbial group, pre-modification 420–421 and ellipsis 193–194, 635–638 and Finite 145 in interrogatives 174 and modality 689, 691 reversal (in mood tag) 137–176 as Theme 101 transferred negative 22–23, 693–694 and value (modality) 180–182 in verbal group 400, 412 see also negative; not possessive determiner 365 nominal group 295–296 personal reference 626–628 reference 623, 626 possessive clause 264 attributive 289, 295 embedded clause 497 identifying 295–297 possession as participant/process 289–290 post-Deictic [nominal group function] adjective as 60 versus Epithet 725–726 Postmodifier in adverbial group 422–423, 424 embedded expansion 490–493 in nominal group 197–198, 390–392 in prepositional phrase 197–198, 424–425 relative clause as 199 see also modification; Qualifier post-posed Subject 124–125, 544 potentiality 582, 696 Prague School 89 Premodifier in adverbial group 420–421 in conjunction group 423 embedded on 496 in preposition group 423 Predicate (as term in traditional or formal grammar) 149–150, 151 Predicator minor (in prepositional phrase) 424–425 in non-finite clause 151 as part of Residue 151–153 in relational clause, absence of 277 as unmarked Theme 103–104 in verbal group 397–398 and WH-interrogative 160, 163 preposition in circumstance 326–327, 330 complex 321–323, 326, 328, 423 as minor Process (in prepositional phrase) 425 as part of phrasal verb 413–415 versus verb 413–414, 415 preposition group 76, 388, 423 versus nominal group 395 prepositional phrasal verb 413–419 prepositional phrase 76 as Adjunct 155–156, 331–332, 363–364, 424 and adverbial group 363–364 as Attribute 291 as Beneficiary 345 as circumstance 222–223, 291, 311–312, 330–332 and clause function 362, 363 (minor) Complement in 155–156, 163–164, 424 775 INDEX as Degree 320 elaborating 564–565 enhancing 563–564, 566–567 expansion 565–567 extending 562–563, 565 as Location 316–317 minor Process in 329–330 modification 197–198, 424–425 and nominal group 364 versus non-finite clause 424 as participant 330–331 as Postmodifier 197–198, 424 as Qualifier 197–198, 331, 424, 382–383, 723 as Reason 321 as Theme 92, 98–99 see also exocentric; phrase present (simple) behavioural clause 301 circumstantial relational clause 292 finite element in 140 material clause 224–225 mental clause 254–255 versus present-in-present 254–255 relational clause 260 verbal clause 305–306 present-in-present [tense] behavioural clause 301 continuous, use of term 407 material clause 224–225, 232 mental clause 254–255 progressive, use of term 225, 254 relational clause 260 versus simple present 254–255 verbal clause 305–306 see also secondary tense present tense see present (simple); present-inpresent primary/secondary clause 441–442 primary/secondary group 568–569 primary/secondary tense 144, 151, 398–399, 405, 407, 410–411, 412 probability (of instantiation) 687–689 probability [modality] 177, 179–180, 693, 697 Process [clause function] 74–75 776 absence of ~ in relational clause 262, 490 versus Event (in verbal group) 586, 641 and Finite, Predicator 143 nuclearity of 222 realization by verbal group 222–224, 362, 396–397 realization by verbal group complex 571, 573, 574, 576–578, 583, 586, 724 realization by verbal group with phrasal verb 411, 413–419 process type [clause system] and agency 355 criteria for distinguishing 354 figure 212 frequency in text 215 projection and expansion 432–433 register, variation according to 219–220 summary of 311 system network 218–219 systemic indeterminacy 216–218 textual illustration 356–358 in transitivity network 355 and visual metaphor of 216–220 see also behavioural clause; existential clause; material clause; mental clause; relational clause; verbal clause Product [circumstance] 326–327 see also Role projection 547–549 versus act clause 505–507 discourse uses of 508–509 hypotactic/paratactic 517–519 idea/locution 509, 510, 511 ideational metaphor 719–723 interpersonal metaphor 698–701 level of 509 mode of 509 of offers/commands 514, 523, 523–526 of proposition/proposal 510–511, 514, 517 semantic domain 676–679, 686 speech function of 510–511, 514, 516–519 system network 511 see also direct speech; embedding; fact clause; free indirect speech; idea; indirect speech; locution; quoting; reporting INDEX prominence textual 348–349, 652–655 tonic 116–117, 124, 158, 167, 175, 278–279, 282 pronominalization 627 pronoun demonstrative 91, 100, 626–632 personal 384, 626–632 with phrasal verb 417 proof [noun of indication] 537 proper name 223, 384 proportionality 280–281 proposal 136 clause as 139 fact clause 546–549 free indirect speech 531–533 goods-&-services 135–139, 146, 178 idea/locution 587–588 interpersonal exchange 663 interpersonal metaphor 701–707 modality in 177–178 projection of 510–511, 548–549 versus proposition 177–178, 511, 514, 517, 523, 533, 536, 541, 548, 587 in verbal clause 304 see also speech function proposition 136 clause as 138–139, 212 comment Adjunct 190–193 fact clause 546–549 free indirect speech 531–533 idea/locution 587–588 in ideational metaphor 718 indicative realization of 143, 691–692 information 135–139, 143, 178 interpersonal exchange 663 interpersonal metaphor 701–707 modal assessment 678–679, 686 modality 177 projection of 510–511, 548–549 see also speech function prosodic system clause as exchange 84 direct speech 513–514 system network 18 proximity 365, 367, 629–630 pseudo-cleft sentence (use of term in formal grammar) 95 see also thematic equative psychological Subject 79–80 see also Theme punctuation direct speech 512–513 graphological constituency meaning/wording 518, 547 phonological purpose [logico-semantic relation] 614, 619 clause 483, 485 Purpose [circumstance] 321–322 Qualifier [nominal group function] 60 defining relative clause as 382–383 embedded locution/idea as 534–535 finite clause as 382 nominal group post-Head 392 non-finite clause as 382 prepositional phrase as 197, 331, 382, 424 rank-shifted 381–382 see also modification; Postmodifier qualitative Attribute 270 Quality [circumstance] 319, 482 see also Manner quality group [in Cardiff grammar] 391 Quantitative [nominal group function] 376 question indirect 517–518 interrogative clause as realization of 192 speech function 136–139 see also interrogative; WH-interrogative; yes/ no interrogative quoting 509–510 idea/locution 509 mood type 521 projection 505 reference and substitution 529–530 sequent/non-sequent system 528–529 see also direct speech; indirect speech; projection; reporting Range [participant] 240 777 INDEX as Attribute 242 and Beneficiary 345–346 in behavioural clause 346 versus circumstance 347–349 in material clause 346–347 in mental clause 346 middle [agency] 349–350 as Phenomenon 346–347 and Process 724 in receptive clause 342 as Subject 350 in verbal clause 346 as Value 347 as Verbiage 346, 347 rank scale 48, 661 compositional hierarchy 20–22 graphological 6–7 lexicogrammatical 34–38 lexicogrammatical versus semantic 661, 665 metafunctional organization of 7–10 phonological 5–6 rank-shift 304 adverbial group, as Postmodifier in 421–422 in constituency 9–10 downgrading, in ideational metaphor 719–726 of unit as Qualifier 381–382 upgrading, in interpersonal metaphor 699– 670 see also embedding; rank scale readiness [modality] 372, 374, 573, 692, 696, 706 see also inclination, potentiality reality-phase 569–570, 571, 580 realization 24, 33, 263 reason [logico-semantic relation] 483, 485, 616, 620 Reason [circumstance] 320–321 Receiver [participant] 306, 345 as Beneficiary 345 receptive clause 293, 341, 342 see also passive; voice Recipient [participant] 236–237, 238–239 as Beneficiary 236 versus Client 237 recommending [field of activity] 36, 37, 40 778 recreating [field of activity] 36, 37, 40, 41 reference [cohesion] anaphoric 605–606, 625, 626, 627 cataphoric 605–606, 625–626, 631 chains 606, 627–628, 652–655 co-reference 626–627 comparative 626, 632–633 demonstrative 629–630 endophoric 590–591 exophoric 605–606, 625, 626 extended text reference 648 homophoric 631 in ideational metaphor 674 identifiability 623–624 person, as Deictic 624 personal 627–629 referential chain 654–655 textual analysis 635 textual statuses 623–624 use of term 624 register [functional variety] xv, 4, 28, 29, 48, 71–73, 661, 664 cline of instantiation 27–28 collocation 649–650 ergative model 337 expansion types 666–667 and institution/subcultural domain 33 logogenetic patterns 594 process types 218–219 and text type 54–55 relational clause 65, 98, 126, 193, 214–215, 217, 219, 259–300, 305, 312, 334, 344, 345, 354, 355, 432, 433, 470, 504, 506, 540, 602, 670–672, 680–685, 693 attributive 262, 470, 484, 490 characterization 259 class-membership 262–263 circumstantial 154, 263–264 configuration, nature of 260–262 elaboration 462 and ergative model 345, 347, 353 hypotactic enhancement 484 identification 259 identifying 262 intensive 263–265 INDEX and material clause 238, 243, 260 and mental clause 260–261 metaphorical 715–716, 720–721 participants 259, 261–262 possessive 215, 233, 238, 263–265 process types 213–214, 215, 217, 218 projection 545, 678 relation, types of 263–266 summary of 298–299, 299–300 system network 260 and unfolding 260 see also attributive clause; circumstantial relational clause; identifying clause; possessive clause; Process: absence of relative clause defining 113, 128, 197, 382–383, 493–496 and hypotactic elaboration 461 non-defining 462, 464, 465–468, 494–495 as Postmodifier 199 as Qualifier 272 as Theme 199 WH-item in 112, 113 repetition [cohesion] 642–647 see also lexical cohesion repetition (direct speech) 513 replacement [logico-semantic relation] 473, 480, 617 reporting 617–618, 619 of locutions and ideas 526 of offers and commands 524 projection 253 see also indirect speech; quoting reporting [field of activity] 35, 36, 37, 39 Residue 98, 142, 143, 151–156 Adjunct in 154–156 as clause function in modal structure 143–145 Complement in 153–154 discontinuous 156 ellipsis 194, 637–640 in minor clause 195–196 and Mood 195 Predicator in 151–152 structure of 151–155 response 137–140 ellipsis 635–639 see also speech function restrictive relative clause see defining relative clause result 479, 482, 616, 620 reversibility 263–264, 268, 276, 293 in relational clause 293 Rheme 88–91, 110, 114, 623–624, 674–675 and New 120–122 rhetorical-relational structure 459, 657 rhetorical-relational complexes and clause complexes 549, 609 rhythm foot (rhythm group) 5, 6, 11 information structure 117–118 speech 5, 11–14, 15 Role [circumstance] 242, 243 versus Attribute 327–328 Guise (type of) 326–327 Product (type of) 327–328 root [modality] 692 see also modulation RST 44, 609, 612 see also rhetorical-relational structure salience 11–14 Sayer [participant] 65, 219, 311, 334 versus Angle 327–328 as Medium 343, 344, 352, 355 nominal group as 304–305 in projection 518–519, 529, 678–679, 699 in verbal clause 302–307 Scope 213, 496, 682 versus Extent 316 versus Goal 239–242 in material clause 229, 236–243, 249, 311, 330 as Range 344, 346–347 secondary tense 82, 187, 570, 573 Predicator 151, 152 serial time 407 verbal group organization 399, 400, 405, 410–411 segmental organization 55, 102, 583 semantic domain 43, 44 compact/dispersed realization 666–667 779 INDEX expansion 666–676 elaboration 666–670 enhancement 666–673 extension 666–670 figuration 666–667 manifestations of 666–673 metafunctional organization of 673–676 register 659, 661, 663, 664, 667 summary of 669–672 modality 686–698 projection 676–686 circumstance of Angle 676–677 and expansion, at clause rank 676 ideational manifestation 676, 677, 679 interpersonal manifestation 676–677 modal assessment 677–686, 698–701 textual manifestation 676 transgrammatical 665 semantics 602, 603 clause, as unit of wording 660, 661 cohesion, marking of 659–660 as content plane stratum 20, 21, 24–27, 42–46, 50, 55 episodic pattern 663, 664 exchange pattern 661–663, 664 ideational 663–664 information flow pattern 661, 664 interpersonal 661–663 and lexicogrammar, stratal relationship between 660–662 logogenetic pattern 659, 660 metaphorical realization 665 semantic units, and metafunction 661–664 speech function 135–136 text, as unit of meaning 659–661 textual 661 transgrammatical semantic domains 665 semiotic address, of systems 86–87 semiotic distance 704–705 semogenesis 15, 17, 24–27, 531, 532 see also logogenesis Senser [participant] 219, 248 agnate in attributive clause 273–276 case of 249 with fact clause as Phenomenon 543–544 780 as in in in Medium 334, 343, 344, 353, 355 mental clause 249–250 metaphorical mental clause 716, 717, 726 relation to projection as fractal motif 677–679 Time as 250 sensing 216, 245, 256, 257, 258 sentence [graphological unit] and clause complex 435–437 as graphological/orthographic unit 6–8, 69–70, 428, 656 sequent/non-sequent systems 404, 528–529 sharing [field of activity] 36–39, 41, 42 Sharing texts as example texts 4, 98, 119, 120, 123, 134, 211, 245, 303, 431, 594–595, 596–598, 601, 604, 605, 610, 424 silent beat 14, 115, 467 see also foot; Ictus; rhythm so as clause substitute 530–531, 636–637 as linker 477, 478–479, 612, 614 social distance 705 sound system 6–7, 24 see also phonology space-time processes 315, 316–317, 374 spatio-temporal enhancement 613–614, 617– 618 speech act theory 707 speech function 662 and comment Adjunct 190, 192–193 commodity: goods-&-services/information 136–139 expansion of 703–704 four primary, and responses 137–139 minor speech function 167, 195 and modal assessment 185, 678–679, 686 orientation: giving/demanding 136–137, 194 projection of 510–511, 514, 516–519, 523, 548 realization in grammar 137 semantic system of 135–136 speech functional subcategory of embedded clauses 535 turn: initiating/responding 136–137, 170 spelling INDEX see also graphology, punctuation spoken language 301, 416 study of 52–53 versus written language 7, 16, 726–729 stanza 16–17, 21 statement [speech function] 135–139 stratification 48, 453 content plane 24–27, 50 expression plane 26 metaphor 712–715, 719 realization 26 see also graphology; lexicogrammar; phonetics; phonology; semantics stretched verb construction 418 structural cataphora 625 structural Theme 107, 112, 125, 126, 127 structuralism 11, 148, 406 structure 21–22 axis 71 configurational view of 21–22 metafunctional modes of 388, 390, 437 constituency 84–85, 222, 363–364, 451– 452 culminative 84–85, 451–452 iterative 84–85, 451–452 prosodic 84–85, 170, 363–364, 387, 451–452 multivariate/univariate 388, 390, 435, 437, 451–453, 609, 655 and systemic choice 22–24 sub-modification 375, 388–390 subsentence 6, 7, 8, 16, 21, 22, 435–436 Subject [modal function] 160 and Actor 80–83, 224–225, 228 Agent as 349–351 Behaver as 301–302 Beneficiary as 342, 345–346 classical definition of 141, 147–150 clause as 197–200 in command 194–195 distinct identity of 148–150 ellipsis of 193–195 embedded clause as 125 and Finite 140–150, 205–206 functions of 76, 78–90 grammatical 79–80 Identified/Identifier as 279–284, 294 identifying 141–142 interactant [subject person] 162, 702 it as placeholder for 198, 539 kinds of 79 logical 79–80 Medium as 342, 349–351 modal responsibility of 146, 148, 153, 154– 155 in Mood (element) 139–144, 145–150 in Mood tag 137, 140–142, 146–147, 148, 167, 203, 212, 291 nominal group as 197–200, 245–246 in non-finite clause 486 non-interactant [subject person] 162, 702, 706 in offers 194–195 Phenomenon as 252 post-posed 124–125, 199 psychological 79–80 Range as 342 and Theme 80–83, 96, 97–101, 104, 147 Token as 212, 213, 280–282 unmarked 82, 194–195 variation of 139, 146–147 as WH-element 163 substitution [cohesion] 606, 608, 635–642, 643 639–640, 641 one 391, 640–641 projection 530 versus reference 641–642 so 530, 606, 636–638 see also ellipsis subtraction [logico-semantic relation] 471, 473, 474, 475, 565, 612, 613, 617 suggestion 166, 178, 523, 536 see also speech function superlative as Epithet 377 as Numerative 391 subordinate 440 embedding versus hypotaxis 491–493 subordinator (subordinating conjunction) 481, 482 781 INDEX see also binder swear word 160 syllable [phonological rank] and accent 11 function in foot 5–6, 11–14 Onset and Rhyme 5, 11, 14, 19 and phoneme 19 salience of 11–14 see also Ictus symbolic process 304 symbolization 285 see also identifying clause synonymy 61, 645–646 see also lexical cohesion syntax, and morphology 24 system (paradigmatic order) 22–24 systemic history (in text) 601 systemic probability 29 text score 600 system network 17–18, 22–24 lexico-grammar cline 64–67 of clause complexing 438, 511 of CONJUNCTION 612, 615 of DETERMINATION 366 of MODAL ASSESSMENT 185, 189, 190 of MODALITY 182, 691, 692 of MOOD 24, 162 of NUMBER 62, 63 of person 62 of POLARITY 22, 23, 180 of SPEECH FUNCTION 136 of TRANSITIVITY 355 of agency 350 of PROCESS TYPE 173 of PROCESS TYPE: material 229 of PROCESS TYPE: mental 258 of PROCESS TYPE: relational 264 of PROCESS TYPE: verbal 65 of prosodic systems 17–18 of THEME 106 of verbal group 410, 412–413 (realizations of items) of verbal group complexing 589 systemic perspective 20, 48–49 systems, semiotic address of 86 782 tags (Mood tags) in modality 686–687 and polarity reversal 172–173 and Subject 137, 140–142, 146–148, 291 Target [participant] 307 see also verbal clause taxis 65, 87, 112, 252, 382, 438, 440–441, 444–448, 451 see also hypotaxis; parataxis temporal demonstrative 632 temporal sequencing 36, 428–432, 451, 476, 480, 557, 618, 664, 667 temporal-spatial parallelism 316–318 tenor [contextual parameter] 33–35, 37, 41–42, 72, 242, 599–600, 612, 705, 709 tense finite and non-finite/modalized tense systems 401–403 finite system 404 in material clause 254–255 in mental clause 254–255 non-finite modalized system (System III) 405, 406 notational conventions 399, 406 passive tenses 400–401 primary/secondary tense 68, 108, 144, 151, 152, 158, 162, 187, 397, 398–400, 404– 405, 407, 410–412, 464, 490, 529, 570, 573, 584, 592, 741, 746 recursiveness 398 sequent system (System II) 404–405, 529 serial tense xviii, 401, 406–410 systems of 398–409 tense names 399–400 terminant 440 see also hypotaxis text 3–4 archive 70–71 as artefact/specimen 3–4 cline of instantiation 28–29, 54, 593, 601 and the corpus 51–53 and grammar 3–10 instantiation 27–30, 49–51, 54, 593–594, 601, 659–660 logogenetic patterns 593–608, 659–660 INDEX as semantic unit 44, 114, 456, 657, 660–661, 664 see also discourse text score 600 textual metafunction 15, 20 and clause status 549 cohesion 599, 603 information 31, 660, 716, 731, 746 Theme selection 104, 106, 599 voice 229 textual prominence 349 textual statuses attributive relational clause, information flow in 653–654 ellipsis 652 information 45, 387, 608, 650, 652, 715 lexical chain 654–655 lexical cohesion 654, 659 reference 623, 652 referential chain 652 theme 270, 652 textual Theme 105, 107–110 textual transition conjunction and clause complexing 655–658 text, rhetorical analysis of 658 texture (cohesion) 652–658 that as binder versus relative 494 as reference item 530 the 367, 383 thematic categories 365, 383 thematic dependent clause 552 thematic equative 92–97, 262, 285, 496, 503 thematic interpretation, of text 128–133 thematic organization 126, 132 thematic reference 627 Theme [textual clause function] as Adjunct 98, 99, 104, 108, 109, 110, 111, 424, 611 adverbial group as 92, 99 cause as 674–675 in clause nexus 550–553 as Complement 99–100 in declarative clause 99–100, 104, 105 definition of 91–92 demonstrative pronouns as 92, 100 in elliptical clause 128, 129 in embedded clause 128 Finite (verbal operator) as 101, 107, 110 in finite bound clause 127 and Given + New 119–124, 652–653 group/phrase complex as 92–95 identification of 93–95, 122 in imperative clause 102–105 and information focus 119–124 interpersonal 105, 108–109, 110–112 in interrogative clause 101–102, 104, 105 marked 99–100, 102–105, 110, 111–112 in minor clause 128 and mood 97–105 multiple 93, 105, 107 nominal group as 91–92, 103 in non-finite bound clause 126–127 predication of 121–124, 198–199, 553–554 prepositional phrase as 92, 98 + Rheme 88–92, 110, 114, 623–624, 674– 675 simple versus multiple 92–93 and Subject 81–84, 147 structural 112, 125 system network 106 textual 105, 107–110 topical 105 unmarked 99–100, 102–104, 111 theme predication 122–124, 199–200, 270, 550, 553 there 148 as Adjunct versus Subject in existential clause 310 in demonstrative adverbial group 629 in existential clause 307–310 as non-personal pronoun 368 as Subject 219, 308 Thing animacy 385–386 and Classifier 379–380 common noun as 384–385 countability 385 generality 386 as Head 268 783 INDEX in nominal group 384–386, 390–396, 723 process as 218, 712 proper name as 384 time 482, 485 experiential/interpersonal/textual 332 ontogenetic/phylogenetic 68 phase 271–272, 570–571, 580–581 space-time processes 309, 315–318, 374, 381 Time [circumstance] 250, 315 Token [participant] ambiguity 282–283, 298–300 assignment 286–287, 288 coding: encoding/decoding clause 279, 286– 287, 343 fact clause 541 in ideational metaphor 719–721 as Identified, Identifier 280 identifying clause 279–289 markedness 282–283 as Medium 347 in naming and defining clause 288 operative/receptive [voice] 279–284 in projection nexus 711 and Value 279–284 tone concord 462, 467, 468, 553–554 contour 14 and key, mood 15, 166–170 sequence 553–554 tone group 14–18, 435–437 and clause 16 complex 16 and information unit 115 melodic line tonic foot 15, 116, 167 tonic prominence 116–117, 124, 158, 167, 175, 278, 282, 386, 561 Topic-Comment (use or terms) 89 topical Theme 105–112 transience/permanence 222–223, 380 transitivity [clause system] 65, 66 Actor and Goal 230–232, 334–336 agency 355 circumstantial 432–434 intransitive/transitive pairs 339–340 784 logogenetic patterns 602 Medium 336–345 nuclear 348, 675 phrasal verb as Process 411–419 Process 213–219 Process + Medium nucleus 347–349 process type 213–219 ranked constituency model 227 voice 332–337 see also behavioural clause; ergative model; existential clause; material clause; mental clause; relational clause; verbal clause trinocular perspective 35, 48, 148, 591 trochaic foot 14 undergoer [as term for participant] 225 unit versus complex (of units) 362 enclosure of 10 graphical 6–7 group versus word complex 362, 381 hierarchy of 5, lexicogrammatical 7–10 phonological 5–6 semantic 42 sentence versus clause complex 436 see also clause; group; information unit; phrase; text; tone group univariate structure versus multivariate structure 391, 437, 452–453 see also taxis unmarked information focus 116 present tense 255 Subject 195–196 thematic equative 94 Theme 99–100, 102–104, 111 see also neutral unpacking (metaphor) 729–730 usuality [modality] 177, 179, 315, 692–693, 694 validity principle 146 Value INDEX versus Attribute 154 identifying clause 93, 219 in naming clause 268, 284 nominal group as 291–293 as Range 301 value [modality] 180 variation [logico-semantic relation] 613 alternative 617 replacive 473, 475, 615 subtractive 473, 475, 615 verb [word class] and attachment of preposition in circumstantial elements 330–331 auxiliary (type of) 396–398 as Auxiliary 396–398 as Classifier 380 common 223 copular 262 as Epithet 379 as Event 641 finite (type of) 396–398 as Finite 396–398 function of 427 lexical (type of) 267, 278, 411–412, 515 nominalization of 239 phrasal (type of) 104, 411–414 reduction of 368 salience of 11, 117, 165, 478 verbal clause Beneficiary in 346 discourse uses 302–303 impersonal 539 in indirect speech 531 process types 214, 217, 218 in projection nexus 304–305, 511–514, 519– 522, 523–527, 533, 545, 548 Range in 346 Receiver in 305 Sayer in 304–305 Target in 306–307 Verbiage in 305–306 verbal group active voice 398–400 aspect system 412 Auxiliary in 396–398 contrast 413 deictic 412 ellipsis 413, 639–640 expansion in 567–689 experiential structure of 396–398 Finite in 397, 404–405, 407–409 as Finite (in clause) 396 future tense 406 Head in 398 imperfective aspect 401–403 logical structure of 398 and mood 411 neutral aspect 405–406 nominal group, parallelism with 397 ordering of elements in 396–397 outer value 412 passive voice 412 perfective aspect 401–403, 405 polarity system 399, 412 as Predicator (in clause) 396–397 primary tense 397, 398, 404, 405, 490 as Process 222, 223, 363, 396 projection in 584–588 secondary tense 399–400, 407, 410, 411, 570, 573 system network of 410–413 tense system 223, 398–403 voice system 349 word classes, verbal 75 verbal group complex 231, 252, 585–587, 589 verbal group nexus 590–591 hypotactic 590–591 paratactic 590–591 Verbiage [participant] 346–347 as Range 346 verse forms 11–13, 15–16, 17, 19 viewpoint (type of Angle) 318–319 Vocative [interpersonal clause function] 159 vocative [minor clause] 107, 109, 110, 159– 160, 195–196, 510 voice and agency 350–351 ergative/transitive models 350–351 in identifying clause 280–284 785 INDEX middle 350 and Predicator 153 and transitivity 332–336 in verbal group 412 see also active [voice]; operative/receptive [voice]; passive [voice] WH-element as Deictic 112–113 ellipsis 638–639 as Theme 100, 101–102, 115–117, 125 WH-interrogative and Adjunct 163 and Complement 163–164 and element “outside” clause 163 and minor Complement 164 and Predicator 163 structure of 142–143 and Subject 132–163 tone/key in 168–169 word [rank] and accent 12, 124 class 59, 74–76, 426–427 786 complex 558, 564 grammatical graphological, orthographic word group 8–9, 696 wording and meaning 517–518, 528 see also lexicogrammar; semantics written language sentence in 6, 7, 436–437 and spoken language 7, 726–727 yes and no as continuative 175, 176 as mood Adjunct 174–175 yes as response to call 175 yes/no interrogative ellipsis 181 Finite ^ Subject ordering 380 polarity 174 question 510, 514 structure of 142–143 Theme in 101–102 tone/key in 168–169 www.routledge.com/linguistics Also available … 3rd Edition Introducing Functional Grammar Geoff Thompson Introducing Functional Grammar, Third Edition, provides a user-friendly overview of the theoretical and practical aspects of the systemic functional grammar (SFG) model No prior knowledge of formal linguistics is required as the book provides:




an opening chapter on the purpose of linguistic analysis, which outlines the differences between the two major approaches to grammar – functional and formal an overview of the SFG model – what it is and how it works advice and practice on identifying elements of language structure such as clauses and clause constituents numerous examples of text analysis using the categories introduced, and discussion about what the analysis shows exercises to test comprehension, along with answers for guidance The third edition is updated throughout, and is based closely on the fourth edition of Halliday and Matthiessen's Introduction to Functional Grammar A glossary of terms, more exercises and an additional chapter are available on the companion website Introducing Functional Grammar remains the essential entry guide to Hallidayan functional grammar, for undergraduate and postgraduate students of language and linguistics        ... PRIMARY ↘ + TTonic 2; TONE TTonic 2: foot 1–n TTonic ^ Tonic simple with pretonic ↘ + Pretonic; Pretonic: foot 1–n Pretonic ^ Tonic without pretonic tone 13 fall plus low rise tone 53 (fall-) risefall... [Introduction to functional grammar] Halliday’s introduction to functional grammar / M.A.K Halliday and Christian Matthiessen – Fourth Edition pages cm Previous ed published as: Introduction to. ..Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar Fully updated and revised, this fourth edition of Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammarr explains the principles of systemic functional grammar,