Bài viết nghiên cứu phương thức tuyển dụng quan lại cho bộ máy chính quyền nhà nước thời Lý (1010-1225) thông qua phương thức tuyển dụng bằng ba con đường: tuyển cử, nhiệm tử và khoa cử. Để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết.
PHUONG THUrc TUVCN DUNG QURN LRI CHO BO MnV CHINH QUVCN NHJii Ni;6C THdl LV (1010-1225) TRAN THI VINH* au da dinh dd d Thang Long, cung vdi viec kien toan bp may chinh quyen Nha nUdc, cac vua nha Ly da ehu y tdi vipe xay dUng mdt he tho'ng quan chUc theo phUdng thUe rieng cua ddng hp Ly, De xay dUng dUde mpt he tho'ng quan chUc theo phong each rieng ciia ddng hp Ly, cac vua nha Ly mpt mat da tim each day nhanh qua trinh qui tpc hoa tang ldp qui tpc ddng hp Ly; mpt mat da sii dung cat nhac nhUng cdng than khai quo'c va cuo'i cung la xuc tien dan dan vipe dao tao dpi ngu quan lai nho si mdi, bd sung vao bp may ehinh quyen Nha nUdc, S PhUdng thUc tuyen dung quan lai d thdi Ly dUde tien hanh bang ba dUdng chinh la: Tuyin cii, Nhiem tii va Khoa cii NhUng, vao budi ban dau chUa d i t khoa trUdng, dUdng xuat than eua quan lai d thdi ky chii yeu phai dUa vao che dp tuyen cU, rdi den che dp nhiem tU (dung cua cac quan) va them vao la hinh thUc nop tien Sach Lich triiu hien chiicfng logi chi, mue Quan chiic chi cua Phan Huy Chii eiing cho biet ra't rd ve dieu la; "Ddi Ly chUa dat khoa trUdng, dUdng xua't than quan lai la'y tuyen cii lam trpng, rdi den nhiem tii, sau nUa mdi den nop tien" (1) Tuyen cii VUdng trieu Ly mdi lap, ben canh viec sii dung lai tang ldp quan lai eii "PGS.TS Vipn Su hpc ciia trieu Tien Le, nha Ly da ra't coi trpng phUdng thUe tuyen cii de bd' sung them dpi ngu quan lai mdi vao giup vipe trieu dinh PhUdng thUe tuyen c^ cu the nhU the nao khdng tha'y sii sach ndi rd NhUng chac chan nhUng ngUdi dUdc dU vao hang tuyen cii phai thupe tang ldp tren, vi theo ghi chep eua Phan Huy Chii sach Lich trieu hien chiidng logi chi thi "eon chau nhUng ngudi thd thuyen, hat va nd ty deu khdng dUdc ghi ten vao danh sach tuyen cii" (2) Sau lap Van mieu Qudc Tii giam, vao nam Thai Ninh thU (1076), vua Ly Nhan Tdng da eho "la'y nhUng ngUdi hien lUdng ed tai van vd cho giU vipe quan dan, tuyen quan vien van chUc biet ehU bo vao Qud'e TcL giam" (3) NhUng trUdc dd, bat dau kien toan bp may chinh quyen Nha nUde, de cd dii ngudi vao giiip viec trieu dinh, vua Ly Thai To da phai tuyen cii quan lai bang each tuyen chpn rdi bd dung nhUng ngUdi tU hang ngu than tpc va nhUng ngUdi cd cdng cao de dUa vao lam vipe bp may chinh quyen Nha nUdc TUe thdi gian nha Ly da bd' dung quan lai bang hai dUdng chinh la tuyen dung nhflng ngUdi tU hang ngu thdn tgc vk tH hang ngd nhUng ngUdi gpi la thdn hudn Phan Huy Chu viet sach Li^h trieu hien chUcfng logi chi rkng 'Thdi nha Ly ban tUdc, lay tUdc vUdng tudc cdng dUng dSu eae Phucfng thirc hryen dung quan loi than (than tdc eiia vua), huan (ngudi cd cdng ldn)" (4) Dd'i vdi hang ngu than toe, sau len ngdi, vua Ly Thai To' da ban ehUc tudc cho hang loat eon chau va nhUng ngUdi hp hang than thich Cac Hoang tii ciia nha vua deu dUdc phong lam vUdng, nhu Hodng thai tu Phat Ma lam Khai Thien vUdng, Hoang tii Bd lam Khai Quo'c vUdng, Hoang ti( LUe lam Ddng Chinh vUdng, rdi cac Hoang tii khae lam Due Thanh vUdng, VU Uy vUdng Cae vUdng deu c6 phu dp rieng, nhU Khai Thien vUdng Phat Ma dUdc d cung Long DUc, Khai Qud'e vUdng Bd d phii TrUdng Yen Cac gai (13 ngudi) deu dUde phong lam Cdng chua Cac vUdng hau va cdng ehua thi deu dUdc quan cae thue theo thU bac khae (5) Sau dd, vua Ly Thai To' cdn phong cho anh trai lam Vd Uy vUdng, chii lam Vii Dao vUdng, Vii Uy vUdng la Trung Hien thi phong lam Thai uy, Duc Thanh vUdng lam Phd td'ng quan (6) Do coi trpng che dp tuyen eii til hang ngu than tpc nen nhieu ngUdi ddng hp Ly da dUde giQ lau nhflng chUe vu chii ehd't trieu, nhU Ly Dao Thanh giu chUc Te tudng vai chuc nam sud't tiif ddi Ly Thanh Tdng den Ly Nhan Tdng; Ly Cdng Binh gifl ehUc Te tUdng cung hang chuc nam hai ddi vua Ly Anh Tdng va Ly Cao Tdng Nhieu ngUdi khdng phai hp Ly nhUng cd cdng phd vua, trd giup trieu dinh Cling dUdc phdp "qui tpc hoa", nhU dupe ban qud'e tinh mang ho Ly TrUdng hdp Ly ThUdng Kipt, vd'n hp Ngd, ton that la Tua'n nhUng dUdc ddi hp Ly va ban la 'Thien tii nghia dp", rdi Do Anh Vu eiing dUde ban la 'Thien tii tii tinh" Hay nhieu ngUdi khae ciing dUde ddi sang hp Ly, nhu Phi Cdng Tin, Do Ki'nh Tu, Mau Du 31 Dd Bien nien sii ghi ro "Cdng Tin vd'n hp Phi, trUdc kia, chUc Phung ngU thU gia thang len den Ta ty lang trung, rdi cho ddi la hp Ly" va cho phep "dUdc vao thang cung ca'm tau bay mpi viec" (7) Hoac Dd Kinh Tu, ngUdi huypn Van Canh (TU Liem- Ha Ndi nay) dUdc ban qud'e ti'nh mang hp Ly la Ly Kinh Tu, gifl chUc Binh tao, cung vdi Td Hien Thanh lam phu chinh cho vua Ly Anh Tdng, nam 1184 cdn dUdc ban hieu la de sU (8) (thay cua vua) Hay trUdng hdp Mau Du Dd cung la ngUdi cd cdng phd giup vua Ly Than Tdng len ngdi, dupe phong lam Gian nghi dai phu (9) va dupe mang hp Ly Cung vdi viec qui tpc hoa qui tpc ddng hp Ly, cac vua nha Ly cdn de cao vai trd ngoai tdc, dUa nhflng ngUdi than thich cua eae hoang hau vao giU nhflng ehUe vu chu ehdt trieu dinh nha Ly, ddng vai trd nhU la qui tpc eua ddng hp Ly Nam 1028, sau Iftp cac hoang hau, vua Ly Thai Tdng da cat nhac ludn cha cila Mai hoang hau la HUu lam An qud'e ThUdng tUdng, cha cila VUdng hoang hau la Dd lam Phu qudc thUdng tudng, cha ciia Dinh hoang hau la Ngd ThUdng lam Khudng quoc thUdng tudng (10) Day la nhflng tUdc hieu ra't cao phong cho ngUdi ngoai thich ma sau sii than Ngo SI Lien da len tieng phe phan rang " lay thich thupc cung phai lay ngUdi cd tai Bpn HUu qua la ed tai chang? Thi khong eU la cha cua Hoang hau cung dung la phai Qua khdng ed tai chang ? Thi ban cho lpc hau la phai, trao tudc phong la khdng phai" (11) Vi coi trpng ea ben hp ngoai nhu the, nen d thdi Ly, vai trd eua ngoai thich dae biet ldn, nhU trUdng hdp Dd Anh Vu, em Dd Thai hau dUdi trieu vua Ly Anh Tdng da tUng gay the ldn trieu va ddi edn lam nhflng viee khuynh loat ca trieu dinh 22 Ben canh viec bo' dung quan lai dUa vao tieu chuan than tpc nha Ly cdn dung "than huan", tUe dung nhflng ngUdi than thich cd cdng cao vao giup viec trieu dinh Vao thdi Ly, hang loat cdng t h i n dUde ca't nhac nhflng nftm d i u tien xay dUng ehinh quyen NhU Dao Cam Mpc dUde phong lam Tin Nghia hau va dUde lam Pho ma cua nha Ly, ket hdn vdi TrUdng cdng chua Nhflng ngUdi khae nhu Tran Cao dUdc gifl chUc Tudng cdng, Ngd Dinh lam Khu mat sU, Dao Thac Phu lam Thai bao, Dang Van Hieu lam Thai phd Phi Xa Loi lam Ta Kim ngd, Ve Triic lam Hflu Kim ngd Dam Than lam Ta vu ve, Dd Gian lam Hflu vu ve (12), Ve viee Phan Huy Chu cung ghi sach Lich triiu hien chiicfng logi chi rang: "Ly Thai To, nam Thuan Thien thU nha't (1010), phong quan tUdc cho ngUdi than thude va ngUdi cd cdng, cd cac danh hieu; Thai sU, Thai Thai bao, Tong quan, Tudng cdng, Cd mat sU, Ta hUu kim ngd, Ta hUu vu vp, Vien ngoai lang" (13), Sang thdi Ly Thai Tdng, nhflng hi.y tdi than tin cd cdng cung tiep tuc dUdc trpng dung, nhu Le Phung Hieu la ngUdi cd cdng dpp loan ba vUdng bao ve ngdi vua dUpc Ly Thai Tdng cho lam tdi chUc Dd thd'ng thupng tudng quan va dUdc ban tUdc hSu (14); Ly Nhan Nghia ciing Le Phung Hieu tham gia vao vu dpp loan cung dUdc nha vua trpng dung vao gifl nhflng chUe vu chu ehdt trieu ([km Hflu phuc tam) va dupe b lai gifl kinh sU dip nha vua di danh dep phu TrUdng Yen vao thang nam 1028 (15) Cung nam nay, vua Ly Thai Tdng cung ca't nhac va ban chUc tUde cho hang loat bay tdi, nhU; Ludng Van Nham lam Thai sU, Ngd ThUdng Dmh lam Thai phd, Dao Xu Trung lam Thai bao, Ly Dao Ky lam Ta khu mat, Ly Triet lam Thieu su, Xung Tan lam Hflu khu rriat, Ly Mat lam Rghien cuu Lich sir s6 9+10.2008 Ta tham tri ehinh sU, Kieu Bdng lam Hflu tham tri chinh sU, Lieu Gia Trinh lam Trung thu thi lang Ha Vien lam Ta gian nghi dai phu, Nguyen Quang Ldi lam Thai uy Dam Toai Trang lam Dd thdng, Vu Ba Tu lam Uy ve thUdng tudng, Nguj'ln Khanh lam Dinh thang dai vUdng, Dao Van Loi lam Ta phuc tam, Ly Nhan Nghia lam Hflu phuc tam va Phan Dudng Liet lam Npi thi (16) Vipe phong chUc tUdc cho nhflng cdng than phd giup nha vua van cdn phd bien nhflng ddi sau Nam 1128, sau len ngoi, Ly Than Tong da ban chUc tUdc cho hang loat cdng than cd cdng phd ta liic nha vua len ngdi Phong cho Npi vu vp Le Ba Ngpc ldm Thai Uy, tUde h£u; Npi nhan hoa dSu Luu Ba va DUdng Anh Nhi lam Thai phd, tudc Dai lieu ban; Trung thifa Mau Du Dd lam Gian nghi dai phu, thang trat chu ve; Ndi nhan hoa diu Ly Khanh, Nguyen Phuc va Cao Y lam Thai bao, tUdc Ndi thupng che; Npi chi hau quan giap Ly Sdn lam Dien tien chi huy sU, tUde Dai lieu ban; Linh nhan Ngd Toai dUdc phong tUdc Thupng che; NgU khd thU gia TU Dien lam Ngoai lang (17) Vdi che dp tuyen cii rpng rai nhU the, ldp quan lai bd sung cho bo may chinh quyen nha nude thdi Ly cung da dUdc gia tang dang ke NhUng de bd sung them va cung la de tang them dac quyen dac ldi cho dpi ngu qui tpc quan lieu, nha Ly da tri them hinh thUe nhipm tii ma hai trieu Di ih va Tien Le trUdc dd da tifng lam Nhiem tH Nha Ly trpng dung quan chUc khdng chi dUa vao phUdng thde tuyen cii qua cdn dudng than tpc vk huan cdng nhU tren ma vipe nhiem t^ - dung chau cac quan lai dUde tap a'm cung la mpt phUdng thUc lUa chpn de la'y ngudi lam quan Che dp nhipm Phuang fhuc hiyen dung quan Ini tii cd tU thdi Dinh va Tien Le trUdc dd, den nha Ly vSn edn tiep tuc NhUng viec dung cai cac quan vao lam quan nhU the nao ciing khdng tha'y svf eu ghi lai eu the Ve viee nay, Phan Huy Chu cung ndi sach Lich trieu hien chiicfng logi chi rang; 'TU ddi TrSn trd ve trUde, ca'p bac phong ^m khdng the ke cUu viee phong a'm cho cac quan van vd cung khdng the ke cUu dupe" (18) Nhu vay, ta chi eo the biet rang vao thdi Ly each bd dung quan lai vSn cdn cd dUdng nhiem tii- tap a'm cho chau quan lai, nhUng eu the thi chUa rd Song, chac chan den thdi Ly ehe dp nhiem tii cQng khdng cdn coi trpng nhU d hai thdi ky trUde vi che dp khdng the dam bao eha't lUdng ciia dpi ngii quan chUe tinh hinh mdi va dae biet vdi che dp "con quan lai lam quan" vd hinh trung da mang den cho tSng ldp qui tdc quan lieu them nhieu dac quyen dac ldi nhu c£u ve dpi ngu quan chUe cd trinh dp va nang lUc giiip nUdc thi lai bi han che Chinh tU nhflng dieu ba't cap nay, nha L^ da bat diu nghi tdi vipe md mang khoa cii de tuyen chpn quan lai xua't than tU dudng nho hpc Chi cd nhu vlly nidi dam bao sU ben vflng cho mpt the che quan chii Vi vay, khoa eii dUdc coi la phUdng thUc tuyen dung quan lai quan trpng thU hai ciia nha Ly Tuy nhien, chUa md dUdc cac khoa thi de tuyin chpn nhan tai thi nha Ly vSn cdn cd them hinh thUc gpi la nop tien de trao quan tUdc Nop tien PhUdng thUe nop tien de dUde trao quan tudc d thdi Ly chac chua the thinh hanh nhu d nhflng thdi ky sau Vi vay, khdng tha'y bien nien sii ghi ve mUc dp tien nop cy thi vk miic trao quan tUde cy t h i ma chi tha'y each Lich triiu hien chiicfng logi chi ghi rang; "NgUdi quyen nop ticn, bat dSu 23 bd lam Lai, nop l i n thU hai dUde bd lam ThUa tin lang; lam viee xUng chUc thi bd Tri chau" (19) NhU vay, Tri chau la chUe quan dUng d i u ca'p chau d thdi Ly ciing cd the bd dung qua phUdng thUc nop tien NhUng hinh thUe chic chin khdng the dem lai hieu qua mong mudn Hinh thUc dam bao nha't va cung la chinh thd'ng nha't phUdng thUe tuyen dung dpi ngu quan lai cho mdt ehinh the quan ehu phai la hinh thUc tuyen dung qua dudng hpc nghiep Dieu cung dUdc Phan Huy Chu ndi rd phin Khoa mue chi eiia sach Lich triiu hien chiicfng logi chi r i n g "Con dudng tim ngUdi tai gioi, trUdc het la khoa mue Pham muo'n thu hiit ngUdi tai nang, t u i n kiet vao pham vi ciia minh, thi ngUdi lam vua mpt nUdc khdng the nao khong ed khoa cii" (20) VSy, khoa cxi la mdt phUdng thUc tuyen dung quan lai kha quan trpng va dUdc xiic tien bat d i u tU thdi Ly Khoa cvt Hinh thUc khoa cii tuyen chpn nhan tai qua dUdng hpc van bat diu cd tU thdi Ly Lin d i u tien lich sii che dp quan chu Viet Nam khoa cii dupe sii cu nhac den la vao nam At Mao (1075), mua xuan, thang 2, nha vua "xud'ng chieu tuyen Minh kinh bac hpc va thi Nho hpc tam trUdng Le v a n Thinh dUde trung tuyen, eho vao h i u vua hpc" (21) Sach Viet sit thdng gidm ciicfng mue cdn n h i n manh "Khoa cii nUdc ta bat d i u tu day" va "Le Van Thinh la ngUdi khai hoa d i u tien" (22) Nhu vay, Nho hpe bat d i u dUdc coi trpng va dpi ngu Nho si dd dat bat d i u tU day dUdc gia nhap vao td chUe chinh quyen Nha nUde Tuy nhien, vao thdi Ly, khda cii mdi bat d i u ehU chUa trd ehe dp thUdng xuyen, nen da cd khoa cii rdi ma trieu dinh nha Ly vin phai tri 24 hinh thUc tuyen cii Ngay mdt nam sau md khoa thi dau tien (1076), trieu dinh nha Ly van phai ban hanh lenh "cat nhic nhflng ngUdi hien lUdng cd tai van vd cho quan viec quan dan" va cho "chpn quan vien van chUc, ngUdi nao biet chU eho vao Qudc tii giam" (23) Nam sau (1077), vao mUa xuan, thang 2, trieu dinh mdi td chUc khoa thi thU hai gpi la thi Lai vien Thi bing phep viet chfl, phdp tinh va hinh luat Ai triing tuyen thi dUdc bd dung (24) Rdi chin nam nfla (1086), nha Ly mdi td chUc khoa thi tiep theo, chpn so' nhflng ngUdi ed van hpe nUdc sung vao lam quan d Han lam vipn Khoa thi nay, Mae Hien Tich dd d i u dUdc bd vao lam Han lam Hpe si (25) (chUc quan dUng d i u Vien ban lam- mpt cd quan quan trpng giup viec ben canh vua) Mai 66 nam sau (1152), nha Ly mdi lai cho md khoa thi dien (26) va sau 13 nam (1165), trieu dinh mdi lai md khoa thi nfla gpi la thi hpc sinh (27) Rdi phai tdi 20 nam sau (1185), nha Ly mdi lai cho md tiep ky thi si tii nUde, qui dinh tU 15 tudi, ngUdi nao thdng hieu Thi, Thii thi dUdc vao h i u vua hpc d ngU dipn Ky thi Iiy dd 30 ngUdi, dd cd Bui Quo'c Khai (ngUdi c i m Giang-Hai DUdng) va Dang Nghiem (ngUdi Thu Tri-Thai Binh) (28) Tam nam sau'(1193), nha Ly lai md khoa thi, mue dich cung la de ebon ngUdi vao h i u vua hpe (29) Cung nam nay, nha Ly cdn eho tien hanh khao khoa cac quan van vd ngoai de tiep tuc sii dung hay thang giang (30) Ky thi cuo'i cung ma nha Ly td chUe la ky thi tam giao vao nam 1195 (31) Trong ky thi nay, Nho giao, Phat giao va Dao giao dupe dem cho ke si thi va dd thi cho x u i t than, tUc cho lam quan Trong sud't tam trieu vua Ly gdm hdn 200 nam tdn tai, nha Ly mdi md dUde ehUa diy 10 khoa thi va eae khoa thi dupe md dd Rghien cuu Lich sir s6 9-t-lQ.20Q8 cung chUa theo mdt dinh ky nha't dinh nhu d cac thdi ky sau, chi nao t h i y cin nha nUdc mdi cho td chUe thi ma thdi Hien sd ngUdi dd eae khoa thi dUdc md vao thdi Ly chinh xac la bao nhieu cung khdng the ke cUu dUdc Theo bien nien sil {Todn thii vk Ciicfng mue) thi t r ^ hai khoa thi vao nam 1075 va 1086, d i u la Le Van Thinh va Mac Hien Ti'ch (so' ngUdi khae khdng ro) va nhflng khoa thi khae (5 khoa thi) vao cae nam 1077, 1152, 1165, 1193, 1195 khdng thay sii ghi ngUdi dd, rieng chi co khoa thi vao nam 1185 ghi sd ngUdi dd ca thay la 30 ngUdi, dd cd Bui Qudc Khai va Dang Nghiem NhUng sach Lich triiu hien chiicfng logi chi, p h i n Khoa mue chi ciia Phan Huy Chu thi chi ghi ed 20 ngUdi dd khoa thi nam 1185 (32) Vdi sd ngUdi dd ghi chUa that day dii nhU tren (32 ngUdi gdm ca ngUdi dd d i u hoac 22 ngUdi gdm ea ngudi d i u eiia mpt khoa thi so' gin 10 khoa thi cua hdn 200 nam) thi chic chin so' lUdng Nho si dat bd sung vao bd may ehinh quyen nha nUdc thdi Ly cung chUa phai la nhieu neu khdng ndi la so' qua khiem tdn Nhu the rd rang nha Ly da bat d i u md rpng hpe nghipp va md khoa cii de tuyen dung quan lai, nhUng quan lai x u i t than tCf Nho si qua eon dUdng khoa cii vao thdi ky edn qua it, vi sd lUdng khoa thi md chUa nhieu Cho nen, du ndi nha Ly da trpng dung quan lai thdng qua khoa eii nhung t i n g ldp quan lai x u i t than tU Nho si qua eon dudng khoa cii lai chUa ddng vai trd quan trpng bd may ehinh quyen Nha nude vdi ty trpng khdng dang ke cua nd so vdi nhflng hinh thUe trpng dung khae nhu tuyen cii va nhiem tu NhU vay, cd thi ndi ring, khoa cii thdi Ly da b i t d i u dUdc xiic tien va thdng qua hinh thUc khoa eii, nha Ly da tuyen dung ducfc mpt dpi ngu Phuang thuc hryen dung quan lai quan lai xua't than tU Nho si vao giup viec trieu dinh, nhUng khoa cii d thdi ky mdi chi bat ddu chii! chiia chiem vi tri quan trgng phiictng thUc tuyen dung quan lgi cda thdi Ly Khoa eii ehi trd mpt phUdng thUc tuyen dung quan lai quan trpng va chiem vi tri dang ke b nhflng thdi ky sau, nd trd phUdng thUe tuyen dung chu yeu PhUdng thUc tuyen dung quan lai bing khoa cii dUdc coi la phUdng thUc tuyen chpn ehu yeu phai tinh tU thdi T r i n (the ky XHLXIV) ve sau va dac biet la tu thdi L e S d ( t h e k y XV) Tuy khoa eii chUa trd ehe dp qui eu dl tuyin dung dUde that nhieu quan lai cd hoc vao lam viec td chUc chinh quyen Nha nUde nhUng dl nang eao nang lUe va phim c h i t eiia dpi ngu quan lai vao giiip vipe triiu dinh, nha Ly da thUc hipn ehe dp "khao khoa" tU ehUa tien hanh khoa cii B i t d i u tU nam 1051, nha Ly da dinh phdp khao hach cac quan lai, l^nh ban xud'ng r i n g "cac quan van vd, lam viee ma khdng cd tdi ldi dUdc thang ehUe tudc theo thU bac khae nhau" (33) Nam 1097, sau da tien hanh thi cii tuyin chpn quan lai, vua Ly Nhan Tdng v i n ban lenh "cho cac quan kiem diem hieu dinh cac dieu lp ve diln chUdng cu, bien tap va qui dinh lai rdi cho thi hanh" (34) Den thdi Ly Anh Tdng, nam 1162, v i n tiep tuc ban lenh khao khoa eho eae quan van vd, ngUdi nao da dii nien ban khao ma khdng ed ldi thi dupe thang trat Va b i t d i u tU nam nay, khao khoa dUde dinh lam lp thUdng, cU nam lam mdt l i n khao (35) Nam 1179, vua Ly Cao Tdng edn cho xdt cdng trang eae quan lai, chia lam ba loai; NgUdi gifl chUc sieng nang tai can nhUng khdng thdng chfl nghia lam mdt loai; ngUdi ed chfl nghia tai can lam mpt loai; ngUdi tudi eao hanh thuin, biet rd vipe xUa lam mpt loai 25 T i t ca ba loai eU theo thU bac trao eho quan chUe dl tri dan coi quan Vdi vipe khao hach ro rang nhU vay da "khien cho quan chUe khdng lam nhung" (37) Cho den nam 1193, vua Ly Cao Tdng vin tiep tuc cho tien hanh khao khoa cae quan van vd ngoai de rd viec nen thang hay giang (38) Vdi che dp khao khoa quan lai nam mpt l i n cua nha Ly nhU vay da p h i n nao khuyen khich dUdc nhflng quan lai sieng nang va ban ehe bdt dUdc nhflng quan lai lUdi bieng, gdp p h i n nang eao chat lUdng cua dpi ngu quan lai che dp khoa cii tuyin chpn quan lai qua eon dUdng hpc nghiep cdn chUa thinh hanh Tuy nhien, nien ban khao khoa kdo dai nam mpt lin nhU vay cung chUa phai la bipn phap td't nhat dl nang cao chit lUdng dpi ngu quan lai Vi vipe "thang giang quan lai neu dl qua lau thi ngUdi hien tai khdng khdi bi chim lip, ma ke vd tai thUdng dUpe tam nUdng than" (39) Theo nhan xdt eua Phan Huy Chu sach Lich triiu hien chiidng logi chi thi "ph6p khao khoa ddi Ly, ddi Trin, nien ban deu cham lau" (40) NhU vay, day la vipe lam hflu ich nhUng hieu qua cila nd chic chin cdn ban che Thdng qua ba dUdng tuyen dung quan lai va ehe dp khao khoa nam mpt l i n tren day sudt hdn 200 nam tdn tai, nha Ly da ed dUdc mpt dpi ngu quan ehUc kha ddng dao vao giup viec bp may chinh quyen Nha nUde theo mpt hp thd'ng tu tren xudng dUdi tU chinh quyen Trung Udng tdi chinh quyen dia phUdng Dpi ngii quan chUc ddng dao lam vipe bd may ehinh quyen Nha nUde thdi Ly bao gdm ba p h i n chinh la; Qui tgc, Cong thdn va Nho si mdi gia nhap qua dUdng khoa cii Ngoai ba p h i n chinh tren day, vao thdi Ly cdn cd them mpt bp phfin 26 giup viec nfla bd may chinh quyen Nha nUde la dpi ngu cao tdng hay cdn gpi la Tang quan Nha Ly da ke thUa td chUe tang quan cua nha Dinh va Tien Le trUde dd Dudi thdi Dinh-Tien Le mdt so' cao tang cd trinh dp hpc van uyen bac deu dUdc trieu dinh trpng dung va dUdc phong la Qud'e sU, giup vua va trieu dinh quan ly gidi Phat tii, nhu Qud'e Su Van Hanh, Vien Chieu, Thdng Bien, Vien Thdng, Khong Lp Ben canh viec ke thUa dpi ngu cao tang eiia thdi ky trUdc, nha Ly da tri he tho'ng Tang thd'ng Tang luc Tang chinh Day cung la mpt to chUe kha dpc dao cua nha Ly, dung tang quan giiip nha vua vk tneu dinh quan ly ve mat hanh chinh cac tang dd nUdc Dpi ngu quan lai van vo lam \n^c bp may chinh quyen Nha nUdc thdi Ly dupe chia lam p h i m va dUdc gifl nhieu trpng ehUc khae ca va ngoai trieu trieu, dd'i vdi cac bac van vd dai than thi ed cac trpng chUc hang Tam Thai va Tam Thieu nhu Thai sU, Thai phd Thai Bao va Thieu sU, Thieu phd, Thieu bao cung vdi eae trpng chiic khae nhU Thai uy, Thieu uy, Npi ngoai hanh dien dd tri sU va Kiem hieu binh chUdng sU Dudi cae trpng ehflc eua cac bac dai t h i n la cac chUc Bd ThUdng thu, Ta hUu tham tri, Ta hflu gian nghi va Trung thU thi lang (thupe quan ed cac chUc Trung thU thUa, Trung thU xa nhan), Bd Thj lang, Ta hflu ty lang trung, ThUdng thu sanh vien ngoai lang, Dong Tay cap mdn sfl, Ta hflu phuc tam, Npi thudng thi phii si sU, Dien hpe si, Han lam hpc si, Ve dai phu, ThU gia cac hoa, ThUa true lang, ThUa tin lang ben hang van Ben hang vd thi cd Dd thd'ng, Nguyen soai, Td'ng quan, Khu mat sU, Khu mat ta hflu sU, Ta hflu kim ngd, ThUdng tudng, Dai tudng, Dd tudng, Tudng quan cac ve (cd cae Rghien cuu Lich sir s6 9+10.2008 hieu Uy ve, Kieu ve, Dinh thing), Chi huy sU, Vu ve hoa diu, cung la sau binh tao Vii tiep, Vu lam Cac quan lam viec d ngoai trieu cung dUde bd dung nhieu ehUe vu khae theo cdng viec Ben hang van cd cac chUc Tri phu, P h i n phii va Tri chau Ben hang vo thi d cae lp, tran deu cho dat quan va binh de ddng gifl (41) Quan lai lam viee trieu va ngoai cac phu, Id, chau thdi Ly deu khong dUde hudng che dp lUong bdng thUdng xuyen "quan thi bat t h i n vua thUdng cho; quan ngoai thi giao cho dan mpt mien de dat ngUdi thudc vien thu thue rudng dat hd ao danh vao dan eay, dan ca ma Iiy ldi" (42) Sach Dgi viet su: ky todn thii ghi, vao nam 1042, vua Ly Thai Tdng chieu xud'ng chieu ve viec thu thue ciia tram hp, cho phdp quan thu thue, ngoai 10 p h i n phai nop vao cdng qui thi dUde phdp lay them mpt p h i n nfla gpi la hoanh diu Liy qua thi bi xii tdi (43) Mai den nam 1067, vua Ly Thanh Tdng mdi b i t d i u cip bdng lpc cho cae quan Dd hp phu si sU (tUe quan coi ve hinh nguc) "moi ngUdi moi nam 50 quan tien, 100 bd lua va ca mud'i mpi thUc, cho nguc lai mdi ngudi 20 quan tien, 100 bd liia de nudi dUc liem" (44) * Quan lai thdi Ly vUa khdng dUdc hUdng che dp lUdng bdng thudng xuyen eua trieu dinh vUa phai trai qua mpt che' dp tuyin chpn tUdng ddi qui eu va che dp khao khoa kha nghiem ngat nen c h i t lUdng quan lai thdi ky chic chin dUdc dam bao Nhd the, vUdng trieu Ly cung nhu the che chinh quyen Nha nude thdi Ly mdi cd dieu kien dUng vflng hdn hai the ky, gdp p h i n dua qudc gia Dai Viet thdi Ly phat triln len mdt bude mdi vdi mdt nen kinh te phat trien, nen quo'c phdng vflng manh va nen van hoa Thang Long dae sic mang dam da'u i n lich sii Phuang thurc h^yen dung quan lai CHU 27 THICH (1) P h a n Huy Chii Lich triiu hien chUOng logi chi, Quan chUc chi, ban djch, Nxb Sil hpc, Hfi Ndi, 1961, tfip II, tr, 69, (18) P h a n Huy Chii Lich triiu (19) P h a n Huy Chii Lich triiu (2 ), P h a n Huy Chu, Lich trieu hien chuang logi hien chUOng logi chi, Quan chUc chi, tfip II, sdd, tr 65 hien chuang logi chi, Quan chile chi, tfip II, sdd, tr 69 chi, Quan chile chi, tfip II, sdd, tr, 69, (3), Phan Huy Chu Lich trieu hien chuang logi hien chuang logi chi, Khoa mue chi, tap III, ban djch, Nxb Sil chi, Quan chUc chi, tfip II, sdd, tr 87 (4) P h a n Huy Chu Lich trieu hien chUcfng logi hpc, Hfi Ndi, 1961, sdd, tr (21) Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tap I, quyln III, chi, Quan chUc chi, tfip II, sdd, tr 63 (5) Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, ban djch, Nxb Khoa hpc xfi hpi, Hfi Ndi, 1983, tfip I, quyen II, tr 245 sdd, tr 290 (22) Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chfnh bien, tfip I, quyln III, sdd, tr 349 (6) Dai vipt sit ky todn thu, tfip I, quyen 1, sdd, tr 239 (7) Viet sd thdng gidm (20) Phan Huy Chii Lich triiu (23) Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, quyln III, sdd tr 292 Viet sd thdng gidm cuang mue, chinh cUOng mue, ban djch, bien, tfip I, q u y l n III, sdd, tr 353 P h a n Huy Chii chinh bien, tfip I, quyen IV, Nxb Giao due, Hfi Lich triiu hien chUcfng logi chi, Quan chUc chi, tfip Npi, 1998, tr, 390 Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, II, sdd tr 87 quyen III, sdd, tr 325 (24) Dgi viet ii? ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln III, (8) Viet sd thdng gidm cUftng mue, chinh bien, tfip I, quy^n V, sdd, tr 421 Dai viet sd ky todn sdd, tr 293 Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh bien, t^p I, quyen III, sdd, tr, 355 thu, t$p I, quyen IV, sdd, tr 351 (9) Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, quyen III, sdd, tr 315 Viet sd thdng gidm cUang mue, chinh (25) Dgi viit sd ky todn thu, t$p I, quyln III, sdd, tr 295 Viit sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh bien, tfip I, quyln III, sdd, tr 360 Phan Huy Chii bien, tfip I, quyen IV, sdd, tr 381 (10) Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyen II, Lich triiu hien chuang logi chi Khoa mi,ic chi, tfip III, sdd, tr sdd, tr, 256, (26) Dgi viit sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln IV, (11), Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, q u y l n II, sdd, tr, 256, bien, tfip I, quvIn V, sdd, tr 407 P h a n Huy Chii (12), Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, q u y l n I, sdd, tr, 239, (13), P h a n Huy Chii, Lich triiu sdd, tr 341 Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh Lich triiu hien chUcmg logi rhi Khoa mue chi, tfip HI, sdd, tr, 6, hien chuang logi chi, Quan chile chi, tfip II, sdd, tr (14) Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, quyln II, add, tr 253 (15) Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I q u y l n II, add, tr 256 (16) Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tap I, q u y l n II, sdd, tr 256-257 (27), Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln FV, sdd, tr 346 Viel sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh bien, tfip I, q u y l n V, sdd, tr 413 Phan Huy Chii Lich triiu hidn chuang logi chi, Khoa mi,ic chl, tfip III, sdd, tr 6, (28) Dgi vi^t sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln IV, sdd, tr 352 Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh (17) Dgi vi?t sd ky todn thu, tfip 1, q u y l n III, bien, t|lp I, q u y l n V, sdd, tr 422 P h a n Huy Chii sdd, tr 315 Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh Lich triiu hien chuctng logi chi, Khoa mpc chi, tfip bien, tfip I q u y l n IV, sdd, tr 381 HI, sdd, tr Rghign cuu Lich sir s6 9+10.2008 28 (29) Dgt viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyen IV, sdd, tr 354 Phan Huy Chii Lich triiu hie'n chUcfng logi chi, Khoa mue chf, tfip III, sdd, tr (30) Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyen IV, sdd, tr 354 (31) Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, quyen IV, sdd, tr 355 Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chfnh bien, tfip I, quyen V, sdd, tr 425 Phan Huy Chii Lich triiu hie'n chUcfng logi chi, Khoa m\ic chf, tfip III, sdd, tr (32) Phan Huy Chii Lich triiu hien chUOng logi chi, Khoa mue chi, tfip III, sdd, tr 36 (33) Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln II, sdd, tr 273 Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh bien, tfip I, quyln III, sdd, tr 332 (34) Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyen III, sdd, tr 297 Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh bien, tfip I, quyen IV, sdd, tr 364 (35) Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln IV, sdd, tr 345 Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chfnh bien, tfip I, quyen V, sdd, tr 412 Phan Huy Chii Lich triiu hien chUctng logi chi, Quan chile chf, t^p II, sdd, tr 98 (36) Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, t^ip I, quyln IV, sdd, tr 350 Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chfnh bien, tfip I, quyen V, sdd, tr.419 Phan Huy Chii Lich triiu hien chUcfng logi chi, Quan chile chf, tfip II, sdd, tr 98 (37) Dgi viet sd ky toan thU, t^ip I, quyen IV, sdd, tr 354 (38), (39, (40), (41), (42) Phan Huy Chii Lich triiu hie'n chUcfng logi chi, Quan chile chf, t^p II, sdd, tr 98, 98, 7, 71, 71 (42) Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, t^p I, quyen II, add, tr 271 VI TRI CUA VIET NAM TRONG HE THONG • • • (Tiep theo trang 16) int Casteel Batavia vant passerende doer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff and Batavia: Landsdrukkerij, 1887-1931), 1661, pp 49-55 Xem them nhQng nghien ciiu ve vfi'n de nfiy til: Hoang Anh Tuan, 'Tonkin Rear for China Front: The VOC's Ebcploration for the Southern China Trade in the 16608" Paper presented at the international workshop Ports, Pirates and Hinterlands in the East and Southeast Asia: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, Shanghai, China, November 2005; Niu Junkai, "Pirates, Merchants and Mandarins: Chinese and Vietnamese Pirates in Tongking Gulf during 17"" century period" in A Mini Mediterranean Sea: Gulf of Tongking through History, sdd, tr 201-209 (52) Nguyen Long Kerry, "Bat Trang and the Ceramic Trade in Southeast Asian Archipelagos", in Phan Huy Le et aL, Bat Trang Ceramic, 14"^19^ Centuries (Hanoi: The Gioi PubUahers, 1994), pp 84-90; Hofing Anh Tufi'n, "Gom sil Dfing Ngofii xufi't kh^u Ddng Nam A th^ ky XVII: Tu li$u vfi nhfin thilc", sdd, tr 28-39 ... eho quan chUe dl tri dan coi quan Vdi vipe khao hach ro rang nhU vay da "khien cho quan chUe khdng lam nhung" (37) Cho den nam 1193, vua Ly Cao Tdng vin tiep tuc cho tien hanh khao khoa cae quan. .. dpi ngii quan chUe tinh hinh mdi va dae biet vdi che dp "con quan lai lam quan" vd hinh trung da mang den cho tSng ldp qui tdc quan lieu them nhieu dac quyen dac ldi nhu c£u ve dpi ngu quan chUe... t d i u cip bdng lpc cho cae quan Dd hp phu si sU (tUe quan coi ve hinh nguc) "moi ngUdi moi nam 50 quan tien, 100 bd lua va ca mud'i mpi thUc, cho nguc lai mdi ngudi 20 quan tien, 100 bd liia