KHOA CỬ VÀ TUYỂN DỤNG QUAN LẠI VÀO LÀM VIỆC TRONG CHÍNH QUYỀN NHÀ NƯỚC THỜI MẠC

KHOA C ^ VA TUYfilV DIING Ql)Al\ LAI VAO LAM VIEC TROIIG CHi]«I Q€YE]>JOTIAIVlJdC l U d l MAC TRAN THI VINH' V tidng trieu Mac tdn tai chinh thtic lich sti Vigt Nam tti n i m 1527 dd'n n i m 1592 Trong thdi gian dong dd d Thing Long, vtidng trilu Mgc da de lai mdt t h i n h tUu ldn nhi't v i co y nghia nha't lich sti d i n tpc l i sti nghidp khoa cti v i tuygn dung quan lai vio l i m vigc chinh quyln n h i nudc Nhd c6 t h i n h e6ng niy m i vtidng trieu Mae d i dting vting dtipc s i u t h i p ky rUdi boi canh chien tranh loan lac d the' ky XVI T r i e u Mac thtic h i e n che k h o a cuf chon n h a n t a i N h i Mac Ign thay n h i Lg hoan canh di't ntidc dang cdn nhieu b i t d'n ve chinh tri, nhiing quin t h i n cu cua n h i Le da p h i n vi "nhd ve vua cu" da stic chohg lai, chi cd mdt bd phan ri't nhd d lai l i m vide cho trilu Mac, mdt bp p h i n khac da di vao d i n , khdng phung sti nha Ld v i eiing khdng hpp t i c vdi n h i Mac Vi the, tti bud'i diu, nha Mgc da phai chu trpng de'n viec kign toin lgi bg may chinh quyen nha ntidc cho phti hdp vdi tinh hinh mdi Cdng viec quan trpng d i u tidn cua trieu Mgc l i l i m thd' nio dg dao tgo v i tuyin dung dtipc mdt ldp SI phu mdi t n m g t h i n h vdi n h i Mgc bo sung vio bd m i y chinh quyen n h i ntidc •PGS.TS Vien Sti hpc De cd dtidc ldp si phu mdi trung thinh vdi vtidng trieu, trilu Mgc da kg' tuc truyln thdng khoa cut cua trilu Lg (1) trtidc dd li to' chtic cie khoa thi Hdi d l chpn li'y nhting tri thtic cd trinh d6 hpc vi'n vao phuc vu vtidng trilu Vtia nam quyen dtipc nim, trieu Mac d i cho to chtic khoa thi Hdi diu tien de chpn hien t i i Do l i khoa thi to chtic vio n i m Ky SL£U, nien hieu Minh Dtic thti (1529) dtidi trieu vua Mgc D i n g Dung Tai khoa thi niy, trilu ^ n h n h i Mgc da li'y d§ dtidc 27 Tig'n si, cd ngUdi dd DS nhi't giap Tig'n si cap de (De nhi't danh, nhi danh, tam danh Trang nguydn, Bang n h i n , Tham hoa), vi dd Dg nhi giip Tiln si xui't than (Hoing giip) va 16 vi dd De tam giap Ddng Tien si x u i t t h i n (2) Ddy Id ldp si phu ddu tien ciia triiu Mgc Xiy dung vtidng trieu hoin canh di't ntidc luon cd chie'n tranh loan Ige vi ludn ed nhilu the' Itic chdng pha nhiing thdi gian ddng d T h i n g Long (1527 - 1592), n h i Mae da td chtic thi cti ri't deu d i n , cti nam mdt l i n , ke ca nhting Itic c6 chig'n sti b i n rdn Trong 65 n i m , trieu Mac da cho td' chtic dtipc ti't ca 22 khoa thi Hdi (vio cac nim 1529, 1532, 1535, 1538, 1541, 1544, 1547, Khoa cit va hiyen dung quan lai 1550, 1553, 1556 1559, 1562, 1565, 1568, 1571, 1574, 1577, 1580, 1583, 1586, 1589 v i 1592) li'y dd dtidc 484 (3) Tien si, cd 11 Trang nguygn (2,3%), 12 Bang nhan (2,5%), 19 Tham hoa (3,9%), 101 Hoing giap (20,9%) v i 341 De tam giip Ddng tie'n si xui't than (70,4%) Tinh trung binh mdi khoa thi trieu Mac li'y dupe 22 Tig'n si, dd co khoa thi d i li'y dupe tdi 36 Tien si, nhti khoa thi vao nam M i u Tui't, nien hieu Dgi Chinh thti (1538) dtidi trilu vua Mac Dang Doanh Dtidi trilu Mgc D i n g Doanh (1530-1540) thdi k^ thinh tri nhi't ciia vUdng trieu Mgc, 10 n i m chi cd ba khoa thi duac to chtic (vao cac n i m 1532, 1535, 1538) m i sd Tig'n si li'y dd da len tdi 95 ngtidi, tinh trung binh mdi khoa thi cua trilu vua n i y cd tdi 31,7 Tie'n si, cdn Trang nguyen thi ca ba khoa deu ed, chie'm tdi 27,3% tong sd' Trgng nguygn (3/11) ciia ca vtidng trilu Mae dupe td' chtic 65 n i m qua 22 ky thi Trong 22 khoa thi dtipc td chtic, thi c6 11 khoa thi (1 khoa dtidi trilu vua Mgc Ding Dung, khoa dtidi trieu Mgc Dang Doanh, khoa thi dtidi trilu Mac Phtic Hai, khoa thi dtidi trieu Mgc Phtic Nguygn va khoa thi dtidi trieu Mae M i u Hpp) l i lay du vi Tam khdi (Trang nguydn Bang nhan va Thim hoa) Rieng khoa thi n i m 1571 (thdi Mac M i u Hdp) khdng lay Trang nguyen chi li'y Bang nhan v i Tham hoa khoa thi khic (1 khoa thdi Mac Phuc Nguyen, khoa thdi Mac Mgu Hpp), ngUdi dd d i u chi li'y Thim hoa, cdn lgi, khoa thi (1 khoa thdi Mac Phuc Hai, khoa thdi Mgc Miu Hdp) chi li'y d i u l i Hoang giap v i lai cd khoa, ngtidi dd d i u chi l i danh hieu De tam giap Ddng tien si xui't than nhti khoa thi nam Ky Siiu, nien hieu Hting Tri (1589) thdi Mgc M i u Hdp li'y Pham Y Tuyen dd d i u Sd Itidng Tie'n si lay dd tai cie khoa thi cua trilu Mac khong nhieu bang trie"u Lg sd trtidc dd, khoa thi li'y nhieu nhi't l i 36 Tig'n si (nam 1538), khoa thi li'y dd it nhi't l i 16 Tig'n si (nim 1565) v i 17 Tieh si (vio cic nam 1544, 1568, 1571, 1574, 1580, 1589, 1592), trung binh mdi khoa thi la 22 ngudi, chi bing tren 2/3 cua trieu Le sd (32,4 Tig'n si/1 khoa thi), nhting so vdi cic trieu dgi khie thi trieu Mac da dOng d vi tri tha hai sau trieu Le sd ve solUdng cdc khoa thi vd ve so lugng Tie'n si dd dgt Die biet nhting si phu dd dgt dtidi trilu Mac hau hg't deu phung sU vtidng trieu v i d i c6 nhilu ddng gdp khong chi cho trilu Mgc m i cdn cho ca x i hpi Viet Nam d the' ky XVI, nhu Nguygn Binh Khigm, Giip Hai, Vu Gidi, Bui Vinh Trong sd 484 Tig'n si eua 22 khoa thi Hpi trilu Mgc to chtic cd 42 vi d i u (Tam khdi), gdm: 11 Trgng nguygn (2,3%), 12 Bang nhan (2,5%) va 19 T h i m hoa (3,9%) Sd Trgng nguygn dd tai cic khoa thi cua thdi Mae da vtidt qua ti't ca cac thdi ky, dd thtic sti la sd* i'n tupng {Xem bdng 1) Ti't ca nhting Tie'n si thi d§ cie khoa thi trieu Mac to chtic h i u M t diu d i dtipc trilu dinh trpng dung vio nhting chtic vu khac bd miy chinh quyen n h i ntidc Dtidi diy la sti nghiep tuyin dung quan lai cua nha Mac sud't thdi gian tdn tai vdi tU eieh l i vtidng trieu T r i e u Mac t u y e n d u n g q u a n lai vao l a m viec t r o n g c h i n h q u y e n n h a ntidc Vio bud'i ban diu, de li'y ldng n h i Minh v i d l tri'n an nhting si phu cu t n l u Le, trieu Mac da dung va t h i m chi cho thi tuyen nhting ngtidi phe canh thudc ddng doi nha Lg de dtia vio l i m viec R g h i e n eiiu Lieh sti s g 1.2Q15 Bang 1: Cac khoa thi v i sd tien sT dd din*i trieu Mac So Tien si va hang d6 TT Khoa thi Bdng nlidn Thdm hoa Dt nhi giap TiifnsTxuai than (Huang gidp) 1 K De nhat giap Tie'n sT cap de (E>e nhSl danh, nhi danh lam danh) Dt lam gidp D6ng Ttdn si xufft ihan Tong 16 n Trilu Mac EMog Dung Nam Ky Sim, nien hieu Minh Diic thii3(1529) Trilu Mac DdDg Doanb Nam Nhflm Thin, mfin hifiu Dai Chinh ihii (1532) 1 lti •>-j Nam ^ Miji men hiSu Dai chinh thii (1535) 1 22 32 Nam Mau Tuit men hifiu Dai Chfnh thii (1538) l 1 K 25 36 • 23 30 14 17 Tri£u Mac Phiic Hai Nam Tan Situ, men hieu Quang Hoa ihii (1541) Nam Giup Thin, men hieu Quang Hoa Ihii4(l544) Trilu Mac Phuc Nguyen N^m Dinh M&i, niSn hiSu Vinh Dinh thii (1547)* 1 19 30 Nam Canh Tufl't, nien hieu Canh Ljch thii3(1550) > 19 26 Nam Quy Sim, nien hieu Canh Lich thii (1553) 1 li 21 10 Nam Bfnh Tliin, men hieu Quang Bao Ihii (1556) 1 17 24 11 Nam Ky Min, nien hieu Quang Bao thii (1559) 15 20 12 Nam Nham TuSi nifin hieu Quang Bdo thii (1562) 10 18 12 16 12 17 12 17 13 17 ' ' Trilu Mac Mdu H ^ 13 Nam At Sim nien hieu ThuSn Phuc Ihii (1565) Nam Mflu Thin, nien hieu ThuSn Phiic lhii4 (1568) 15 Nam Tan Miu, men hieu Siing Khang t h a ( ) 16 Nam Giap TuSl men hiSu Siing Khang thiJ7(1574) 1 Khoa cti va hiyen dung quan lai 17 Nam Dinh Sim, nien hieu Simg Khang thii 10 (1577) 10 18 IS Nam Canh Thin, nien hieu Dien Thknh Ihii (1580) 11 17 12 18 18 22 17 17 19 Nam Qu^ Mili nien hieu DiCn Thanh Ihii (1583) 20 Nam Binh TuSt, nifin hieu Doan Tiiai Ihii (1586) 21 Nam Ky Sim, men hieu Himg Tn thii (1589) 22 Nam Nham Thin, nien hieu Hfing Ninh thiJ2(1592) Cong 1 11 (2.3%) 12 (2.5%) 19 (3 9%) NguSn: Sfi heu Ihfing ke theo sach "Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viel Nam (I075-I9I9), Nguyfin Thiiy Nga, Nguyin Huu Mui Nxb Van hoc Nil Nfti, 2005 chinh quyln mdi NhUng sU trpng dung eua trilu Mac luc cdn de dat, p h i n ldn deu li'y nhting ngtidi b^n htiu, than tinh vdi Mac D i n g Dung v i tting phung sti ton thd Mac D i n g Dung v i o thdi ky dng cdn l i m vide t r i l u dinh n h i Le Dd l i mdt so ttidng linh cu ciia vua Le Chidu Tdng (1516-1526) sau dtidc do'i hp Mac nhti: Mac Ninh Nghe, Mac Nhti Que', Mac Ninh Bang, Vi du: Mac Ninh Bang (hay Nguyin Binh Dtic, co ban chdp l i Nguyen Khang Dtic) xua't than l i mdt Tid'n si, dd tai khoa thi n i m Giap Tua't ddi Hdng T h u i n thti (1514), Itic thieu thdi chdi ri't t h i n vdi Mac Dang Dung, l i m quan trieu dinh n h i Le dng d i giup nhidu mtiu ke' cho Mac D i n g Dung vigc len ngoi, ngn dtidc Mac D i n g Dung ri't tin dung (4) Hoac Lg Ba Ly (5) tting ndi tig'ng l i ngtidi t i i dung, lam quan dtidi thdi vua Lg Chigu Tdng dtidc phong tudc Mai Xuygn b i , vd'n l i ban cu cua Mac Dang Dung, Mac D i n g Dung len n i m quyln, dng da eho Lg Ba Ly giti vd Kim Ngd, tie'n phong ttidc H i u , lai ga em gai l i Ltidng ThUdng cdng chtia cho Ba Ly (6) Khi Mac D i n g Doanh ldn ngdi cdn t h i n g 13 17 101 (20 9%) 341 (70 4%) 484 (100%) NgO Diic Tho (chii bien), cho Lg B i Ly chtic Ddng quan doc va tien phong len ttidc Cong la Khiem q u i n cong (7) Vdi y thtic trpng dung dpi ngu tri thtic eu cua trilu Lg sd - nhting ngtidi tting cd quan hg than thig't vdi Mae Dang Dung nen bud'i d i u thie't lip vtidng trieu (diu n i m M i u Ty - 1528), chtia kip md khoa thi chpn Tig'n si, trieu dinh nha Mac da tig'n h i n h ban ttidc va t h i n g t r i t cho 56 ngUdi cd cdng rdi dung hp vao lam viec tiieu dinh mdi Sich Dgi viet thong sU ghi: "Thing 2, Dang Dung cho b i y toi l i Nguyin Qud'c Hien l i m phd ma dd tiy Thai bao Lam qud'c cdng va cho doi ho Mac; Mae Qud'c Trinh lam T h i i sU L i n quo'c cdng; Mac Dinh Khoa l i m Ta dd'c Kiem qudc cdng; Mae Bang Hd (ttic Vu Hd) l i m Thai bao Tinh qu6c cong; Nguydn Thi Ung l i m Thie'u bao Thdng quoc cdng; cho Khua't Quynh C i u ttidc Thuin Khe h i u ; Nguyin Binh Dtic ttidc Khanh Khe h i u ; Pham Gia Md ttidc Hoing L l h i u ; Phan Dmh Ta ttidc Lan Xuydn ba; Nguydn V i n Thai tudc Dao Xuydn h i u ; Nguyen M i u ttidc V i n Dat ba; H i Canh Dao ttidc Sung L l b i ; Mac Ich Trting ttidc Nghi Xuydn b i ; Rghien etiu XJch sti, sd 1.2015 Nguygn Tug tudc Hung Giao b i ; Nguyin Dich tudc Lpc Hig'n h i u ; Pham Chinh Nghi ttidc ttidc V i n Trtidng ba; Nguyin Chuyen My ttidc Vin Diu h i u ; Nguyin Dd ttidc H i P h i n b i (cd ban chep H i Ngting ba); Ld Quang Bi tudc Td Xuydn h i u ; Nguyin Dien Kinh tudc V i n Ninh h i u ; v i Nguyen H^u Liem chtic Trung quan chtidng giim Ti't ea 56 ngudi diu dtidc t h i n g t r i t phong ttidc theo thti bic khac nhau" (8) Quang Thidu Hoang de', vi bi't dac dl b6n lam biy toi hp Mac" (9) Ngoii sd SI phu cu gdm 56 nhan si vtia dtipc t h i n g t r i t , phong chtic v i ban ttidc vio phuc vu vtidng trieu mdi thi trieu dinh n h i Mac d i chu y tdi vide tuyen dung li'y ldp si phu nho hpe dd dat qua khoa cil d l bd sung vio bp may chinh quyen nha ntidc Trong sd 27 Tig'n si li'y dd vio ddt thi d i u tien cua khoa thi n i m Ky Stiu (1529) dtidi trilu vua Mac D i n g Dung vtia ngu p h i n tren, cd: Trang nguygn, Bang n h i n , T h i m hoa, Hoing giap v i 16 D§ tam giap Ddng Tie'n si xua't t h i n (10) Tit ea nhting vi n i y diu dtidc n h i Mac dung vio nhilu vi tri quan trpng trilu dinh Gdm: chtic Thtidng thti (Tham hoa Nguyin Van Huy, Hoing giip Nguyin Doan Dich, Phi Thac, De tam giap Dong Tuy nhign, d i dn dinh tinh hinh thi Tien si xui't than Nguyin Khic Th^n vi Do trilu Mae lai cd y thtic mud'n dting nhting Ngung), chtic Thi lang (Trang nguygn Do n h i n sy cua dong hp Mac va nhting sy phu To'ng, Bang nhan Nguyin Hing, Hoing ehinh trieu Mac td chtic thi cti tuyin giip Nguyin Hoang, Dg tam giap D6ng chpn, edn nhting n h i n sy cu cua trilu Le Tig'n si xui't than Le Trtic, Lg Tao v i An cing ve sau n h i Mae cing co y thtic loai Khi Sti), chtic Dd ci'p sti trung (Hoing din Hon nfla, tinh hinh chinh sti, sau giap Nguyin V i n Quang), chtic H i n lam mdt thdi gian xiy dUng vtidng trieu d i g'n vien (Hoang giip T r i n Thuy, Nguyin dinh, dg'n trilu Mac b i t d i u cd bieu Chidu Khinh, De tam giap Ddng Tie'n si hidn suy yg'u thi nhting nhan sy cu eua xui't t h i n Chu Tam Di v i Dinh Thuy), trieu Lg dang phuc vu cho trilu Mac vdn chtic Giim sat ngti sti (Hoang giap Ding ldng vin nhd v l vua cu, gap Itic trilu Ltidng Ta, Dg tam giap Ddng Tig'n si xui't Le hting khdi (tti sau n i m 1533), hp d i cd t h i n Nguyin Htiu Hoin, Nguyen Dich CO hdi dupe trd v l vdi chu cu Nen nhflng si Giao, Pham Kinh Bang va Nguyin Quang phu dupe tuyin dung thdng qua dtidng Tan), chtic Tham chinh (Hoing giap khoa cv( chi'nh trilu Mac td chtic mdi Pham Huy, Dg tam giap Ddng Tig'n si xui't thtic sti l i nhting rtidng cdt quan trpng t h i n Nguygn Quy Ltidng v i Ltidng trieu dinh n h i Mac Cdn mdt sd s! Nhtidng), chtic Thtia chinh (De tam giap phu cuu trieu timg theo nha Mac, lam viec Ddng Tig'n si xui't t h i n Phan Tl), chtic Td cho trieu Mae Itic d i u ddi vdi hp chi nhti la khanh (Dd tam giap Ddng Tien si xua't thSn mdt sti bi't die di, nhti ldi cua Lg Ba Ly sau Nguyin Dtidng) va chtic vo quan Td'ng khdng dtidc Mac Phuc Nguyen chip binh phu Cao Bang (De tam giap Dong thuan: "Ta cd chut tai mpn, nguygn thd Tie'n si xui't than Nguyen Dtic Ky) Ngtidi Ti't ca 56 ngtidi trgn diy khdng chi dupe tiilu dinh nha Mac t h i n g t r i t va phong tudc theo thti bac khac ma sdhp ed nhting ngtidi cdn dtipc t h i n g phim t r i t thupc hang bac cao nhu eac chtic; Thdi sU, Thdi bdo, Thie'u bdo v i cac ttidc bic: tti Cdng, Hdu cho dd'n Bd Dilu t h i hign sti coi trpng cac si phu cUu trieu cung nhti sti dii ngg cua trieu dinh n h i Mac dd'i vdi nhflng n h i n si cu eua trilu Ld Khoa eti va hiy^n dimg quan lai dd d i u khoa thi n i y la D6 Tdng (11), dg Dd nhi't giip Tie'n si cap de Dd nhi't danh (Trang nguygn), dtidc bo dung vio lam quan trieu dinh nha Mac tdi chtic Ta Thi lang bp Hinh (12) Hai vi cdn lai h i n g Tam khoi l i Bang nhan Nguyen Hang cung dUdc giti chtic Thi lang v i Thim hoa Nguyin Van Huy cdn dtidc giti chtic Thtidng thti bp Ll Nhti vay, sd' 5/27 vi Tig'n si dd tai khoa thi d i u tign dtidc gifl cic chtic vu dting d i u cac Bp la Thtidng thU, Ta thi lang va Thi lang thi ca vi dd h i n g Tam khoi deu dtidc giti trpng trich niy Trong so 27 quan chtic mdi vtia dtipc bo nhiem neu trgn, trilu dinh n h i Mac cdn ban cic ttidc: Cdng, H i u , B i eho vi, gdm: ngtidi vtia ttidc Cong vtia ttidc H i u (De tam giap Ddng Tie'n si xui't t h i n Vu Ngung), ngtidi ttidc H i u (Hoing giip Phi Thac, De tam giap Ddng Tie'n si xui't than Nguyin Khic Thin) v i ngtidi ttidc B i (Hoing giap Nguyin Hoing, Nguyen Doan Dich v i De tam giap Ddng Tig'n si xui't than Le Trtic (13) Nhti viy, chi tinh rieng khoa thi Hdi d i u tien, trieu dinh n h i Mac da tuyin dung dtidc mdt dpi ngu tri thtic mdi, vtia cd trinh dp hpc vi'n lai vtia l i nhting ngtidi tin cin ciia trieu dinh D i y la ldp si phu ddu tien duac tuyen chgn qua dudng khoa ci cua triiu dinh nhd, Mgc, bd' sung vao bd may quan chtic trilu dinh mdi gdm cd: vi tri Thupng thti v i 11 vi tri Thi lang So' cdn lai cd: vi dupe bd nhidm chtic Hig'n s i t sti, vi dUdc bo nhiem chtic D l hinh giam sat ngti sti, vi Giim s i t ngti sii, vi Dd ci'p sU trung va vi Tham chinh Rieng vi Trang nguyen nhi't cua khoa thi l i Nguyen Thien da dupe bo nhidm nhieu trpng trich quan trpng nhti: TkUdng thu bg Lgi, NgU sii ddi ngii si, Ddng cdc dgi hoc si, Nhgp thi kinh dien, tUdc ThU qugn cdng Trong so' 27 Tig'n si dtidc bd nhiem tai khoa thi thti hai da cd tdi 10 vi dupe trieu dinh ban tudc, gdm: ngUdi ttidc Cdng, ngtidi tudc H i u (trong ngudi ngudi vtia tudc Cong vtia tudc Hiu, tdng cpng ttidc Cong, tudc Hiu) v i ngtidi ttidc Ba (14) Sau do, n h i Mae lidn tuc to chtic cac khoa thi tuygn chpn quan lai Vdi sd Itidng 484 Tieh si thi dd tai 22 khoa thi dtidc trieu dinh n h i Mac trpng dung chung ta khong the ke hg't cdng trang cung nhti viee bo' dung cua trieu dinh doi vdi tting ngtidi O diy, chi cd thd tam chia lam hai loai: Tig'n si hang Tam khdi (Trang nguydn, Bang nhan, Tham hoa) v i Tie'n si thtidng (Hoang giip v i De tam giip Ddng Tie'n si xui't thin) - Dot vdi Tiin si hdng Tam khdi Ve Trang nguyen thi ti't ca 11 vi li'y tai 22 khoa thi, deu d i dtidc trilu dinh n h i Mac trpng dung vao nhting vi tri cao Tigp de'n khoa thi thti hai to chtic vio trilu, gdm cic chtic: Luc bg ThUdng thU, n i m Nham Thin, Dai Chinh thti (1532) ThUdng thu, Thi lang d cic Bd, Dong cdc dtidi trilu vua Mac Dang Doanh, trilu Mac dgi hgc si, Hdn ldm vien, Thita chinh, ciing li'y dd dtipc 27 Tie'n si, dd co: Tham chinh Cd vi vtia giti chtic Thtidng Trang nguygn, Bang n h i n , Tham hoa, thti vtia kiem Ddng cac dai hpc si, Nhip thi Hoang giap v i 18 De tam giap Ddng Tien sT kinh didn nhti Nguyin Thig'n d6 khoa thi xui't than Nhting so' Tig'n si dtidc bd' diing nam N h i m Thin, nign higu Dai Chinh thti vio nhting chtic vu quan trpng trieu (1532), Giip Hai d6 khoa thi n i m M i u dinh nhti ThUdng thii, Thi lang Iai ldn hdn Tui't, nien hieu Dai Chinh thti (1538); cd sd' Tie'n si d}Xdc bo dung tai khoa thi diu, vi vtia giti chtic Thtidng thti lai vtia giti chtic Rghien ciJru Lieh sti sd 1.2015 Thi lang nhti Trang Nguyen Vu Gidi dS khoa thi n i m Dinh Stiu nign higu Sung Khang thti 10 (1577) Sd Trang nguygn dtidc giti chtic vu Thtidng thti l i v i Thi lang la 3, tong cdng vi, chid'm 72,7% tdng sd Trang nguygn (8/11 Trang nguyen), 19% s d T a m khdi (8/42 Tam khdi) v i 1,66% td'ng sd Tid'n si (8/484 Tiln si) Trong sd 11 vi Trang Nguygn cung cd tdi vi dtidc trieu (finh ban ttidc Cong, Hau, chie'm 14,3% so" Tam khoi (6/42 Tam khoi), 1,24% tong sd Tig'n si (6/484 Tien si) v i vi dtipc trilu dinh cii di sti sang n h i Minh, chie'm 4,8% sd Tam khoi (2/42), 0,41% tdng sd Tig'n si (484) Khdng chi 11 vi Trang nguygn m i 31 vi Bang nhan v i Tham hoa cdn lai so' eic vi diu, p h i n ldn cung diu dtidc ci't nhic vio cac chtic vu quan trpng trieu nhti: Luc bo ThUdng thU, ThUOng thU, Thi Lang, Dong cdc dgi hoc si Sd Bang n h i n dupe bo dung vao gifl chtic vu Thtipng thti, Thi lang d cac bp l i vi, chie'm 58,3% sd' Bang nhan (7/12 Bang nhan), 16,7% sdTam khdi (7/42 Tam khdi) v i 1,45% tong sd' Tien si (7/484) So Thim hoa dupe bo' dung vao giti chtic vu Thtidng thti, Thi lang d cac bp l i vi, chie'm 36,8% so' Thim hoa (7/19 Tham hoa), 16,7% so'Tam khoi (7/42 Tam khdi) v i 1,45% tdng sd'Tid'n si (7/484) Nhti viy, sd 42 vi Tam khdi cua trieu Mac, d i cd tdi 22 vi, dtipc tuyin dung vio giti chtic Thtidng thti va Thi lang, chie'm 52,4% sd Tam khoi (22/42) (Thtidng thti: 19,0%, Bang nhan: 16,7%, Tham hoa: 16,7%) Trong 42 vi Tam khoi cdn cd vi (2 Trang nguyen, Bang nhan va Tham hoa) dtidc trilu dinh n h i Mac cti di sti sang ntidc Minh, chie'm 28,6% so Tam khoi (4/42) (Trang nguygn 14,3%, Bang nhan 7,1%, Tham hoa 7.1%) (Xem bdng 2) Ngoii chtic vu d cac bd, thi nhting vi dh hang Tam khdi cdn dtidc ci't nhac vio lim quan trilu, n i m gifl nhting chtic vu quan trpng khic, cac Vign, Dai kl cin n h i vua nhti: Tham hoa Nguyen Te, khoa thi nam 1547, Tham hoa Pham Quang Tig'n, dd khoa thi n i m 1565 dtipc gifl chtic Ddng cic Dai hoc si dting diu Han lam vien Thd'ng ke eo ti't ca 17 vi dtipc giti nhflng chtic vu k h i e nhti: H i n lam vien, Ddng cic Dai hpc si, Hig'n s i t sti, Tham chinh , chig'm 40,5% sd' Tam khdi (17/42), thi Trang nguygn l i (7,1%), Bang nhan l i (11,9%) va T h i m hoa l i (21,4%) Tuy nhign, cung cd vi Tham hoa thupc h i n g Tam khdi, chtia ro trilu dinh bd dung vio gifl chtic vu ^ , vi hign chtia ro thdng tin, chig'm 7,1% (3/42 Tam khdi) Dd li Thim Hoa Dgng Thi Thd' khdng cd thong tin cu the ve viec bd' nhidm gifl chtic quan n i o sau thi d5, Tham hoa Nguyin Tudn Nggn chi cd thdng tin ve viec quy thuin n h i Lg v i lam quan dudi trilu Lg din chtic Tham chinh v i Tham hoa Nguyin Gido PhUdng Itic d i u quy t h u i n nha Lg, sau lai v l n h i Mae nhting cflng khdng ro thdng tin l i dng da giti chtic quan nao trieu dinh n h i Mac - Dd'i vdi Tie'n si Hodng gidp vd Di tam gidp Ddng Tie'n si xuat thdn Trti 42 vi dd hang Tam khdi, cdn lai 442/484 vi Tid'n si dd De nhi giap Tid'n s! (Hoing giip) v i Dd tam giap Ddng Tid'n si xui't t h i n cflng cd tdi 116 vi da tting dtidc giti chtic Thtidng thu v i Thi lang, dd cd 25 vi (5,7%) la Hoing giip va 91 vi (20,6%) la De tam giap Ddng Tid'n si xuit Khoa ci^ va hiyen dung quan lai Bang 2: Bd dung quan churc doi vdi ti^'n si dd hang tam khoi G i a chu'c vu d c a c Bo (hoSc gitt chiirc So Hang d6 lugrng vu d Bd va kiem n h i i m ) (Thmmg thir.TTij lang.,) Trang Giii chiic vu khac (Han lam vifn, Chuaro Duoc phong tv6c Di Dftng cac Kie'n sal thong tin (Cftng, HSu, Ba) sir sii, TTiam chi'nh ) Stf lunng Tyle Sfi luong Tyle Sft' lmmg Tyle Solirong Tyle 11 19.0% 1% 14.3% Bang nhan 12 16 7% 11.9% 7.1% Thfim hoa 19 16.7% 21.4% 7.1% 71% Tong 42 22 52.4% 17 40.5% 7.1% 12 28.6% Nguyen NguSn: Sd lifiu Ihft'ng ke theo sach "Cdc nhd khoa bang Viel Nam (1075-1919)" NgO Disc Tho (chil bifin), NguySn Hftu Miii Nguyin Thuy Nga, Sdd t h i n , tdng cdng chie'm 26,3% sd' 442 Tie'n si (116/442) v i 23,97% td'ng sd Tig'n si (116/484) Do l i chtia ke 17 vi kiem nhigm, vtia giti chtic Thtipng thu, Thi lang d cac Bd, vtia giti mdt sd' chtic vu khac nhti: Han l i m vidn, Te' ttiu, Thtia chinh, Dd ngti sut Do ci'p sti trung, cd Hoing giap (1,8%), Dg tam giap Ddng Tie'n si xui't than (2%), tong cdng 3.8% so 442 Tie'n si (17/442) v i 3,5% td'ng sd Tig'n si (17/484) Cdc chiic vu lgi, dUdc trieu dinh bd dung nhu sau • Giti chtic vu tai H i n lam vign: 17 vi, dd Hoang giap vi (1,4%), De Tam giip Ddng Tie'n si xui't than 11 vi (2,5%), to'ng cdng 3,9% sd 442 Tid'n si (17/442) va 3,5% to'ng sd'Tid'n si (17/484) - Giti chtic Ddng cac Dai hpc si: vi, dd Hoing giap vi (0,9%), De tam giip Ddng Tieh si xui't than vi (1,1%), td'ng cdng 2% so' 442 Tie'n si (9/442) va 1,86% td'ng sd'Tid'n si (9/484) Gifl chtic Dd ngti sti; vi, Hoang giap vi (0,2%), Dg tam giip Ddng Tig'n si xui't than vi (0,7%), tg'ng cpng 0,9% 50* 442 Tig'n si (4/442) va 0,8% tdng so Tie'n si (4/484) - Giti chtic Do ci'p sU trung: 20 vi, dd Hoang giip vi (1,6%), De Tam giip Ddng Tig'n si xui't t h i n 13 vi (2,9%), to'ng cdng 4,5% sd 442 Tig'n si (20/442) va 4,1% tdng sd'Tig'n si (4/484) • Gifl chtic Giim sat ngti sti: 45 vi, Hoing giip 10 vi (2,3%), De Tam giip Ddng Tig'n si xui't than 35 vi (7,9%), to'ng cpng 10,2% sd 442 Tidn si (45/442) v i 9,3% tdng sd'Tid'n si (45/484) - Gifl chtic Hien s i t sti: 42 vi, dd Hoang giap vi (2%), De Tam giip Ddng Tig'n si xui't t h i n 33 vi (7,5%), tdng cpng 9,5% sd' 442 Tien si (42/442) va 8,7% td'ng sd'Tid'n si (42/484) - Giti chtic Phii doan phii Phung Thidn: vi, dd Hoing giap vi (0%), Dd Tam giap Ddng Tid'n si xui't than vi (0,5%), td'ng cdng 0,5% sd442 Tien si (2/442) Rghien cuu Jjch sti sd 1.2015 v i 0,4% to'ng so'Tie'n si (2/484) • Giti chtic Tham chinh: 39 vi, Hoing giap vi (1,6%), Dg Tam giip Ddng Tig'n si xua't than 32 vi (7,2%), tdng cpng 8,8% so" 442 Tien si (39/442) v i 8,0% tong sd Tie'n si (39/484) • Gifl chtic Thtia chinh: 44 vi, Hoing giip vi (1,4%), Dg Tam giap Ddng Tien si xui't t h i n 38 vi (8,6%), to'ng cdng 10% sd 442 Tie'n si (44/442) v i 9,0% tong so'Tien si (44/484) - Giti chtic Tong binh: vi, Hoing giap vi (0,2%), Dd Tam giip Ddng Tig'n si xui't t h i n vi (0,9%), tong cpng 1,1% so" 442 Tie'n si (5/442) v i 1,0% tg'ng so"Tieh si (5/484) • Gifl chtic Tti khanh: 10 vi, dd Hoing giap vi (,1%), De Tam giip Ddng Tig'n si xui't t h i n vi (1,1%), td'ng cpng 2,2% sd 442 Tig'n si (10/442) v i 2,0% tdng so Tig'n si (10/484) - Gifl chtic Tti nghigp: vi, Hoing giap vi (0,2%), De Tam giip Ddng Tig'n si xui't t h i n vi (0%), tdng cdng 0,2% sd' 442 Tig'n si (1/442) v i 2,0% to'ng sd Tie'n si (1/484) - Gifl chtic vu khic (Dai ly tti khanh, Doan sti, Huy Van Vien thiem sti, Lue sti ): vi, dd Hoing giap vi (0,2%), De Tam giap Ddng Tig'n si xui't than (1,8%), tdng cpng 2,0% sd 442 Tie'n si (9/442) v i 1,86% tdng sd'Tid'n si (9/484) Chtia ro thdng tin: 62 vi, Hoing giap 10 vi (2,3%), De Tam giap Ddng Tig'n si xua't t h i n 52 vi (11,8%), to'ng cpng 14,1% so" 442 Tien si (62/442) v i 12,8% tdng so'Tig'n si (62/484) Trong sd 442 vi Tien si cflng cd 115 vi dtipc trieu dinh ban cae ttidc: Cdng, H i u , Bi, Tti, Nam, chig'm 26% (6,6% la Hoang giap, 19,5% l i De tam giip Ddng Tie'n si xui't thin) va 23,8% to'ng so' Tien si (115/484) Trong sd 442 vi Tig'n si cdn c6 37 vi tijfng dupe trieu dinh cut di sti sang ntidc Minh, chig'm 8,4% (2,3% la Hoang giip, 6,1% l i De tam giap Ddng Tie'n si xua't than) vi 7,6% td'ng sd*Tig'n si (37/484) Nhu viy, ti't ca 442 Tid'n si d6 hang Hoing giip v i Dg tam giap Ding Tie'n si xui't t h i n chi ngoii 62 vi (14,1%), gdm 10 Hoang giap v i 52 De tam giip Ddng Tig'n si xui't than la chtia ro thdng tin, cdn nhflng 380 vi (85,9%) da dupe trilu dinh n h i Mae bo' dung vao l i m vigc bp may chinh quyln n h i ntidc vdi nhilu chtic vu cao thi'p khac {Xem bdng 3) Trong sd^ 62 Tig'n si chtia ro thdng tin noi tren, thi cung chi cd vi l i khdng ro lim quan d chtic nao dtidi thdi Mac, 56 vi lai khdng ghi ro lam quan chtic nio dudi thdi Mac, nhting lai thi'y ghi chtic vu l i m quan dtidi thdi Lg Tdm lai, sd 442 Tid'n si thudng m i nha M^c da dio tao dtidc qua 22 khoa thi, h i u h i t da dtipc t r i l u dinh dung, trti vi (1,3%) ehUa ro thong tin v i 56 vi (12,7%) l i m quan cho n h i Lg Dtidi day l i bang thd'ng kd v l vide bd' dung quan chtic, ban tudc v i c i di sti nha Minh ddi vdi Tie'n si hang Hoang giip va De tam giip Ddng Tig'n si xui't t h i n (Xem bdng 3) Tuy da t u y i n dung dtidc mpt ddi ngu si phu ddng dao bd sung v i o bp m i y lanh dao nha ntidc, nhting tti budi d i u thinh lip, vtidng trieu Mac da gap phai sti khang cti manh me cua nhflng the luc ung hd nhk Lg nen boi canh chig'n tranh loan lac triln midn gifla cac t i p doin phong kiln vio d i u the' ky XVI, tha t i n g quy tpc nhi Mac cung cac vo quan l i dd'i ttidng dtidc coi trpng hdn Mdt sd Tie'n si vdn xui't than v i n hpc luc da phai chuyen sang ngach q u a n vo h o i c dtidc giao quan ly Khoa cti va hiy^n dung quan lai Bang 3: Bd dung quan churc doi vdi Hoing giap v i De tam giap E>dng Tien sT x u i t than Du TiensT;(uSl than (Hoang Phung TTiiSn Di a6 nhd Minh 62 442 (14%) (0.2%) (0.9%) 5 (1.1%) Cl 1^) (0 2%) (2.3%) 52 (11.8%) 101 341 115 (22,9%) (77.1%) (26%) 10 0 (1 B%) (0.2%) I Detam giip Ddng Tifihsy 29 86 37 10 (6.6%) (19.4%) (8.4%) (2.3%) 27 (6.1%) NguSn: Srf heu thdng ke theo sich -'Cdc nhd khoa bang Vif I Nam (1075-1919)", Ngfl Diic TTio (chu bien), NguySn HHu Mill, NguySn Thuy Nga, SiH Chii thich cua bang 3: (1) Cfic chiic kiSm nhiem: H i n lam vien, Tfnhi.ThCra chinh, Dfl ngu sir Do c i p su trung, (2) Gittchiic vu khac lihir: Dai IJ tu khanh, Doin su, Huy Van Vien thiem su, Luc su (3) Trong 62 vj dA Tifin s j , cis v| khflng r5 Mm quan chfc n i o dudi th6i Mac 56 vi c6n lai khflng ro lim quan d chiic n t o dudi thin Mac, nhtmg lai ghi chiic vu ^ quan dirdi Ihdi Lfi Rghign eun Lich sti 56' 1.2015 34 nhflng viec lidn quan den q u i n sti Neu khSng tinh vi Thtidng thti va Thi lang bp Binh, vi Binh khoa Dd ci'p sti trung vd'n thudc ngach quan van phai quan ly nhting vi'n de lidn quan dd'n quan sti thi trieu Mac da cd vi Tie'n si (1.1%) chuyen sang nghach vo quan v i lam quan de'n chtic Tong binh thiem sti nhti: Nguyen Duy Hoa d5 khoa thi nam At Mtii nien hidu Dai Chinh thti (1535), Doan Van Hieu khoa thi nam Tan Stiu nien hieu Quang Hda thti (1541), Ngo Khic Khoan dd khoa thi n i m Dinh Mui nien hidu Vinh Dinh thti (1547), T r i n Vi Nhan dd khoa thi n i m Canh Tui't nien hieu Canh Lich thti (1550) v i Tdng binh phu Cao Bing Nguyen Dtic Ky dd khoa thi nam Ky Siiu nien hi^u Minh Dtic thti (1529) Dti cd dtipc trieu dinh trpng dung thi cac vo quan xui't t h i n tti vin khoa cd lap dupe nhieu cdng trang nhting vi thd' cua hp v i n khong the' cao bang cac vi ttidng quan xui't t h i n tti dudng vd hoac thudc hoing tpc Chtic vu cao nhi't cua cic vo quan xua't t h i n tti Tidn SI v i n khoa dtidc biet cho de'n la chtic Tong binh thidm sti thudc h i n g Chinh tti phim N h a n xet Nhti viy, ti't ca cac Tid'n si dd tai cac khoa thi tridu Mac td' chtic dti theo dtidng van hay vo h i u he't deu dtipc n h i M^c trpng dung vio nhting vi tri cao thi'p khac trie'u Nhieu Tien si dd cac khoa thi tuyen chpn n h i n tai trig'u Mac td chtic vd sau da trd t h i n h rudng cot cho trieu dinh n h i Mac v i sd nhting ngtidi dd dat eo nhieu ngtidi cdn trd nhting n h i n si ndi tieng khdng chi rieng ddi vdi vtidng trieu Mac m i cdn la nhting n h i n si nd'i tidng dd lai nhieu anh htidng quan trpng sti nghidp phat trien v i n hoa cua dan tdc Viet Nam d thd' ky XVI day, chi li'y vi du vd mdt vai trtidng hpp nho si thi dd d d i u tridu Mac, sau d i trd thinh nhflng nhan si ndi tie'ng, chting td d6i ngu tri thtic thdi Mac da trtidng t h i n h vtidt bic va ho da ddng gdp mdt p h i n ri't quan trpng bd may lanh dao nha nudc quin chu trieu Mae giai doan dong dd Thing Long (1527-1592) Do l i : Nguyin Thien d6 Dfi nhi't giip Tieh si cap dd De nha't danh (Trang nguyen), khoa thi n i m Nham Thin nidn hidu Dai Chinh thti (1532), lim quan dd'n chtic Thupng thti Bp Lai, Ngti sti dai, Do ngti sii, Ddng cac dai hpc si, Nhip thi Kinh dien, ttidc Thu q u i n cdng; Bui Vinh dd De nhi't giip Tid'n si cip de D^ nhi danh (Bang nhin), khoa thi nam Nham Thin nidn hieu Dai Chinh thti (1532), l i m quan dd'n chtic Ta thi lang Bp Lai, ttidc Mai Linh h i u ; Nguyin Binh Khiim dd De nha't giap Tie'n si cip de Dd nhi't danh (Trang nguy§n), khoa thi n i m At Mtii nien hidu Dai Chinh thti (1535), lam quan de'n chdc ThUdng thu, Thai pho, ttidc Trinh quo'c eong; Gidp Hdi dd Dg nhi't giap Tie'n si c4p de De nhi't danh (Trang nguyen), khoa thi nam M i u T u i t nien hi$u Dai Chinh thd (1638), lam quan tdi chtic Luc bp Thtipng thti kiem Dong cie, N h i p thi kinh didn, Thai bao, ttidc Sich qud'c cdng, Nhin lai toan bp sti nghidp cua vtidng tridu Mac ddng gop cho lich sk dan tpc thi sti nghidp ldn nhi't va cung la t h i n h cdng ldn nhi't ma nha Mac de lai cho h i u thd li sti nghidp giao due khoa cti v i tuy^n dung quan lai vao l i m viee chinh quy^n n h i ntidc Chinh t h i n h cdng n i y da giup vtidng trieu Mac dting vflng dtidc sau thip ky rudi boi canh chien tranh loan lac d thd' ky XVI Day cung l i ddng gdp ldn nhat m i vtidng tridu Mac da de lai kho tang lich SL( van hda cua dan tdc Vidt Nam ma h i u the khdng cd the phu nhin dtidc ke ca nhting stt gia thdi phong kien doi l i p vdi nha Mac Khoa ciSr va tuy^n dung quan lai 35 CHU THICH **• B i i viet d u ^ tki trd b3i Quy Nafosted cho de t i l ma s i : rV.1.1-2012.08 (5) Le B i Ly, nguy§n q u i n tgi xa C6 Pham, hat D5ng Sdn (Thanh Hoa), sau den tai lang (1) Khoa thi H6i cuoi cung ciia t r i i u Le ad t i Thinh Li^t, huyen Thanh Tri, Ha N6i chiic v i o nam 1426 Theo 1$ thi cti n i m m3 mot khoa thi T r i i u M^c len dUi?c nSm va vtia du (6) Xem: IA Quy DSn, Dai Viet thdng su", sdd, tr 279 nfim, da tfi' chflc khoa thi d i u tign, ke tuc sii nghigp khoa c^ cua trieu L§ (7) Xem: Le Quy Don, Dai Viit thong su", sdd, tr 279 (2) Xem: Dgi viit sii! ky todn thii, t^p IV, ban dich Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Yik Noi, 1973, (8) Xem: Le Quy D6n, Dgi Viet thdng sr?, sdd, tr 267 tr.l23 (9) Xem: Le Quy Don, Dai Viet thong su* sdd, (3) Thong k& sach "Dai Viet su" ky todn tr 291 thii' thi t i n g so Tiin dUdi thcii Mac Ik 485 Theo m6t so b&i viit cua cac n h i nghien ciiu thi tdng s i Tien si ch^nh lech n h a u giQa: 485, 484, 477, 460 v i s i d S Tr^ng nguySn ehenh lech gifla: 9, 10, 11, 12 va 13 Theo "Liidc khdo khoa cit Viit Nam" cua (10) Thong ke sach "Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam (1075-1919/', 1) Xem them: Dai viit s& ky todn thti, t i p IV, sdd, P h a n Huy Chii tW n h i M^c to chiic ca thay 21 khoa thi t i n g s6 Tiin si l i 484 vk s6' Trgng nguyen tr 123 (11) D i Tong: NgUdi xa Lai 6c, huyen Te l i 11 ng\lcii day chiing t6i diing so lipu tti sach "Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viit Nam (1075-1919)", Ngo Dfle Thp (chu bien), Nguyin Thuy Nga, Nguyin Hflu Mui, sdd (bang Ngo Diic Giang (nay l i thon Lgi Uc, xa Long Hflng, huy^n v a n Giang, tinh Hflng Y§n) Tho (chii bi§n), Nguyin Thiiy Nga, Nguyin Hflu (12) Xem: Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam (1075- Mui, Nxb v a n hoc, H i N6i, 2005 Vi s i c h da 1919), Ng6 Dfle Thg (chii bien), Nguyin Thuy Nga, dUdc khao ciiu di^a v^o cac n g u i n sii l i | u goc nhU: Nguyin Hflu Mui, sdd, tr 319 Dgi Viet lich dai dang khoa, Ddng khoa luc hdp (13) Con s i tr§n thong kS sach: Cdc nhd biin Dang khoa luc sUu gidng, Binh khii't Bgi Viet khoa bdng Viet Nam lich triiu ddng khoa luc, Quoc triiu khoa hang luc (chu bien), Nguyin Thuy Nga, Nguyin Hflu Mui, v i nhieu sach viit ve khoa bang cac dia phUdng sdd nhU: Liit huyen ddng khoa bi khdo, O chdu can luc, Hdi Duong phong vdt chi (4) Xem: IA Quy Don, Bgi Viet thdng sit, ban dich, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, H i Noi, 1978, tr 273 (1075-1919), Ngo Dfle Tho (14) Con so tren thong ke sach: Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam (1075-1919), Ng6 Dfle Tho (chu bi6n), Nguyen Thuy Nga, Nguyin Hflu Mui, sdd