Sắc ký lớp mỏng trong phân tích hóa thực vật - TLC in Phytochemistry (2008)

Sắc ký lớp mỏng trong phân tích hóa thực vật

Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C000 Final Proof page i 28.1.2008 7:41am Compositor Name: PJayaraj Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C000 Final Proof page ii 28.1.2008 7:41am Compositor Name: PJayaraj CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE SERIES A Series of Textbooks and Reference Books Editor: JACK CAZES 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Dynamics of Chromatography: Principles and Theory, J Calvin Giddings Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Drugs and Pesticides, Benjamin J Gudzinowicz Principles of Adsorption Chromatography: The Separation of Nonionic Organic Compounds, Lloyd R Snyder Multicomponent Chromatography: Theory of Interference, Friedrich Helfferich and Gerhard Klein Quantitative Analysis by Gas Chromatography, Josef Novák High-Speed Liquid Chromatography, Peter M Rajcsanyi and Elisabeth Rajcsanyi Fundamentals of Integrated GC-MS (in three parts), Benjamin J Gudzinowicz, Michael J Gudzinowicz, and Horace F Martin Liquid Chromatography of Polymers and Related Materials, Jack Cazes GLC and HPLC Determination of Therapeutic Agents (in three parts), Part edited by Kiyoshi Tsuji and Walter Morozowich, Parts and edited by Kiyoshi Tsuji Biological/Biomedical Applications of Liquid Chromatography, edited by Gerald L Hawk Chromatography in Petroleum Analysis, edited by Klaus H Altgelt and T H Gouw Biological/Biomedical Applications of Liquid Chromatography II, edited by Gerald L Hawk Liquid Chromatography of Polymers and Related Materials II, edited by Jack Cazes and Xavier Delamare Introduction to Analytical Gas Chromatography: History, Principles, and Practice, John A Perry Applications of Glass Capillary Gas Chromatography, edited by Walter G Jennings Steroid Analysis by HPLC: Recent Applications, edited by Marie P Kautsky Thin-Layer Chromatography: Techniques and Applications, Bernard Fried and Joseph Sherma Biological/Biomedical Applications of Liquid Chromatography III, edited by Gerald L Hawk Liquid Chromatography of Polymers and Related Materials III, edited by Jack Cazes Biological/Biomedical Applications of Liquid Chromatography, edited by Gerald L Hawk Chromatographic Separation and Extraction with Foamed Plastics and Rubbers, G J Moody and J D R Thomas Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C000 Final Proof page iii 28.1.2008 7:41am Compositor Name: PJayaraj 22 Analytical Pyrolysis: A Comprehensive Guide, William J Irwin 23 Liquid Chromatography Detectors, edited by Thomas M Vickrey 24 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in Forensic Chemistry, edited by Ira S Lurie and John D Wittwer, Jr 25 Steric Exclusion Liquid Chromatography of Polymers, edited by Josef Janca 26 HPLC Analysis of Biological Compounds: A Laboratory Guide, William S Hancock and James T Sparrow 27 Affinity Chromatography: Template Chromatography of Nucleic Acids and Proteins, Herbert Schott 28 HPLC in Nucleic Acid Research: Methods and Applications, edited by Phyllis R Brown 29 Pyrolysis and GC in Polymer Analysis, edited by S A Liebman and E J Levy 30 Modern Chromatographic Analysis of the Vitamins, edited by André P De Leenheer, Willy E Lambert, and Marcel G M De Ruyter 31 Ion-Pair Chromatography, edited by Milton T W Hearn 32 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology by Liquid Chromatography, edited by Steven H Y Wong 33 Affinity Chromatography: Practical and Theoretical Aspects, Peter Mohr and Klaus Pommerening 34 Reaction Detection in Liquid Chromatography, edited by Ira S Krull 35 Thin-Layer Chromatography: Techniques and Applications, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Bernard Fried and Joseph Sherma 36 Quantitative Thin-Layer Chromatography and Its Industrial Applications, edited by Laszlo R Treiber 37 Ion Chromatography, edited by James G Tarter 38 Chromatographic Theory and Basic Principles, edited by Jan Åke Jönsson 39 Field-Flow Fractionation: Analysis of Macromolecules and Particles, Josef Janca 40 Chromatographic Chiral Separations, edited by Morris Zief and Laura J Crane 41 Quantitative Analysis by Gas Chromatography, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Josef Novák 42 Flow Perturbation Gas Chromatography, N A Katsanos 43 Ion-Exchange Chromatography of Proteins, Shuichi Yamamoto, Kazuhiro Naka-nishi, and Ryuichi Matsuno 44 Countercurrent Chromatography: Theory and Practice, edited by N Bhushan Man-dava and Yoichiro Ito 45 Microbore Column Chromatography: A Unified Approach to Chromatography, edited by Frank J Yang 46 Preparative-Scale Chromatography, edited by Eli Grushka 47 Packings and Stationary Phases in Chromatographic Techniques, edited by Klaus K Unger 48 Detection-Oriented Derivatization Techniques in Liquid Chromatography, edited by Henk Lingeman and Willy J M Underberg 49 Chromatographic Analysis of Pharmaceuticals, edited by John A Adamovics 50 Multidimensional Chromatography: Techniques and Applications, edited by Hernan Cortes 51 HPLC of Biological Macromolecules: Methods and Applications, edited by Karen M Gooding and Fred E Regnier Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C000 Final Proof page iv 28.1.2008 7:41am Compositor Name: PJayaraj 52 Modern Thin-Layer Chromatography, edited by Nelu Grinberg 53 Chromatographic Analysis of Alkaloids, Milan Popl, Jan Fähnrich, and Vlastimil Tatar 54 HPLC in Clinical Chemistry, I N Papadoyannis 55 Handbook of Thin-Layer Chromatography, edited by Joseph Sherma and Bernard Fried 56 Gas–Liquid–Solid Chromatography, V G Berezkin 57 Complexation Chromatography, edited by D Cagniant 58 Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, W M A Niessen and Jan van der Greef 59 Trace Analysis with Microcolumn Liquid Chromatography, Milos KrejcI 60 Modern Chromatographic Analysis of Vitamins: Second Edition, edited by André P De Leenheer, Willy E Lambert, and Hans J Nelis 61 Preparative and Production Scale Chromatography, edited by G Ganetsos and P E Barker 62 Diode Array Detection in HPLC, edited by Ludwig Huber and Stephan A George 63 Handbook of Affinity Chromatography, edited by Toni Kline 64 Capillary Electrophoresis Technology, edited by Norberto A Guzman 65 Lipid Chromatographic Analysis, edited by Takayuki Shibamoto 66 Thin-Layer Chromatography: Techniques and Applications: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, Bernard Fried and Joseph Sherma 67 Liquid Chromatography for the Analyst, Raymond P W Scott 68 Centrifugal Partition Chromatography, edited by Alain P Foucault 69 Handbook of Size Exclusion Chromatography, edited by Chi-San Wu 70 Techniques and Practice of Chromatography, Raymond P W Scott 71 Handbook of Thin-Layer Chromatography: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Joseph Sherma and Bernard Fried 72 Liquid Chromatography of Oligomers, Constantin V Uglea 73 Chromatographic Detectors: Design, Function, and Operation, Raymond P W Scott 74 Chromatographic Analysis of Pharmaceuticals: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by John A Adamovics 75 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Packed Columns: Techniques and Applications, edited by Klaus Anton and Claire Berger 76 Introduction to Analytical Gas Chromatography: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Raymond P W Scott 77 Chromatographic Analysis of Environmental and Food Toxicants, edited by Takayuki Shibamoto 78 Handbook of HPLC, edited by Elena Katz, Roy Eksteen, Peter Schoenmakers, and Neil Miller 79 Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Wilfried Niessen 80 Capillary Electrophoresis of Proteins, Tim Wehr, Roberto Rodríguez-Díaz, and Mingde Zhu 81 Thin-Layer Chromatography: Fourth Edition, Revised and Expanded, Bernard Fried and Joseph Sherma 82 Countercurrent Chromatography, edited by Jean-Michel Menet and Didier Thiébaut 83 Micellar Liquid Chromatography, Alain Berthod and Celia García-Alvarez-Coque Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C000 Final Proof page v 28.1.2008 7:41am Compositor Name: PJayaraj 84 Modern Chromatographic Analysis of Vitamins: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by André P De Leenheer, Willy E Lambert, and Jan F Van Bocxlaer 85 Quantitative Chromatographic Analysis, Thomas E Beesley, Benjamin Buglio, and Raymond P W Scott 86 Current Practice of Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, edited by W M A Niessen 87 HPLC of Biological Macromolecules: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Karen M Gooding and Fred E Regnier 88 Scale-Up and Optimization in Preparative Chromatography: Principles and Bio-pharmaceutical Applications, edited by Anurag S Rathore and Ajoy Velayudhan 89 Handbook of Thin-Layer Chromatography: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Joseph Sherma and Bernard Fried 90 Chiral Separations by Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies, Hassan Y Aboul-Enein and Imran Ali 91 Handbook of Size Exclusion Chromatography and Related Techniques: Second Edition, edited by Chi-San Wu 92 Handbook of Affinity Chromatography: Second Edition, edited by David S Hage 93 Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment: Third Edition, edited by Leo M L Nollet 94 Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip for Chemical and Biological Analysis and Discovery, Paul C.H Li 95 Preparative Layer Chromatography, edited by Teresa Kowalska and Joseph Sherma 96 Instrumental Methods in Metal Ion Speciation, Imran Ali and Hassan Y Aboul-Enein 97 Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry: Third Edition, Wilfried M A Niessen 98 Thin Layer Chromatography in Chiral Separations and Analysis, edited by Teresa Kowalska and Joseph Sherma 99 Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry, edited by Monika Waksmundzka-Hajnos, Joseph Sherma, and Teresa Kowalska Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C000 Final Proof page vi 28.1.2008 7:41am Compositor Name: PJayaraj Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C000 Final Proof page vii 28.1.2008 7:41am Compositor Name: PJayaraj Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry Monika Waksmundzka-Hajnos Medical University of Lublin Lublin, Poland Joseph Sherma Lafayette College Easton, Pennsylvania, U.S.A Teresa Kowalska University of Silesia Katowice, Poland Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C000 Final Proof page viii 28.1.2008 7:41am Compositor Name: PJayaraj CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-4677-9 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Thin layer chromatography in phytochemistry / editors, Monika Waksmundzka-Hajnos, Joseph Sherma, Teresa Kowalska p cm (Chromatographic science series) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4200-4677-9 (hardback : alk paper) Plants Analysis Thin layer chromatography I Waksmundzka-Hajnos, Monika II Sherma, Joseph III Kowalska, Teresa IV Title V Series QK865.T45 2008 572’.362 dc22 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com 2007040781 Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C000 Final Proof page ix 28.1.2008 7:41am Compositor Name: PJayaraj Contents Preface xiii Editors xv Contributors xix Part I Chapter Overview of the Field of TLC in Phytochemistry and the Structure of the Book Monika Waksmundzka-Hajnos, Joseph Sherma, and Teresa Kowalska Chapter Plant Materials in Modern Pharmacy and Methods of Their Investigations 15 Krystyna Skalicka-Wozniak, Jarosław Widelski, and Kazimierz Głowniak Chapter Medicines and Dietary Supplements Produced from Plants 37 Anita Ankli, Valeria Widmer, and Eike Reich Chapter Primary and Secondary Metabolites and Their Biological Activity 59 Ioanna Chinou Chapter Plant Chemosystematics 77 Christian Zidorn Chapter Sorbents and Precoated Layers for the Analysis and Isolation of Primary and Secondary Metabolites 103 Joseph Sherma Chapter Chambers, Sample Application, and Chromatogram Development 119 Tadeusz H Dzido and Tomasz Tuzimski ix Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C030 Final Proof page 861 5.1.2008 10:08am Compositor Name: VBalamugundan Index Ginkgo biloba, 16, 17, 352, 485, 488 Ginkgo leaves, 51 Ginkgolides pharmacologic role of, 488 structure of, 485 Ginseng root, 44 Ginsenoside-Rg3 and-Rh, 44 Glandular hair feature, of plants, 19–20 g-Glutamylphenylalanine, 317 g-Glutamyltyrosine, 317 Glycoalkaloid analysis, 591 Glycoalkaloids, TLC of, 525 Glycoglycerolipids, 266–267 Glycolipids (GLs), 278 Glycosides and Glycosyl Esters, 568 Glycyrrhiza glabra L (Leguminosae), 396 Gomisin A=N, 432 Good laboratory practice (GLP) standards, 106 Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), 39, 106, 420 Gradient multiple development (GMD), 6, 156 Gram-Schmidt chromatograms, 745 Greek medicinal doctrine, 38 Greek medicine system, 38 Green tea, 48 and tea extract, HPTLC fingerprints of, 743 Group selective detection reagents, 181–182 H Haematococcus pluvialis, 26 Healing power, of plants, 71–72 Heart tonic drugs, 21 Hedyotis nudicaulis, 109 Heliantheae polyacetylenic alkamides isolated from, 770 polyacetylenic dithiacyclohexadienes (thiarubrines) isolated from, 773 Hemolytic activity analysis, by TLC, 532 Hemolytic index, 532 Henbane, 19 Heraclenum spondylium, 224 Heracleum sibiricum, 385 Heracleum sphondylium, 384, 385 Herba Chelidonii, 642, 648 Herba Ephedrae, TLC method for analysis of, 704 Herba Glaucii flavi, 648 Herbal analysis, use of TLC in, 407 Herbal drugs with essential oil content, TLC conditions of officially monographed, 463–471 Herbal extract analysis, use of TLC in chromatographic fingerprint profiling methods for, 411 Herbal medicinal products (HMPs), 16, 39 861 Herbal medicines and dietary supplements analytical aspects of botanical dietary supplements, 47 Indian systems, 46–47 traditional Chinese, 44–46 traditional vs western, 43–44 analytical tasks covered by TLC detection of adulterants and impurities, 50–51 identification of raw material and products, 48–50 monitoring of production process, 51–52 qualitative description, 47–48 quantitative features, 52–54 historical development of herbal medicines, 38–39 regulatory issues and quality control, 39 scientific literature, 41 TLC in the pharmacopoeias, 40–41 Herbal remedies, 16 Herbal teas and tinctures, 43, 65 Herb of St John’s wort, 16 Heteroyohimbine alkaloids, isomeric types of, 635 Hieracium, 85 Hierarchical cluster analyses (HCAs), 90 High-performance column liquid chromatography (HPLC), High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 29–30, 82–83 High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), 39 analytical tasks covered by detection of adulterants and impurities, 50–51 identification of raw material and products, 48–50 monitoring of production process, 51–52 qualitative description, 47–48 quantitative features, 52–54 fingerprint, a plant extract, 48, 51 vs TLC, 105–107 High pressure planar chromatography (HPPLC), 226 High-pressure solvent extraction (HPSE), see Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) High-resolution LC–APCI-Q-TOF-MS–MS, 198 High-resolution LC-tandem mass spectrometry (MS–MS), 198 High-speed thin layer chromatography (HSTLC), 218 Hippocrates, 38 Hopane-derived triterpenes, 520 Hordatine, 428 Horizontal chambers, for linear development, 122–125 Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C030 Final Proof page 862 5.1.2008 10:08am Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 862 Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry Horizontal ES=DS chamber (Chromdes), 123, 130 Hot water extraction (HWE), 608 HPTLC fingerprints, 43–44 HPTLC plates, for lipid analysis, 579 HPTLC plates LiChrospher Si60F254s, 106 H-separating chamber (Desaga), 124 Hydnocarpin, 428 Hydrocarbon carotenoids, 545 Hydrochloric acid–glacial acetic acid reagent (HCl=CH3COOH), 186 Hydrolapachol-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone active against Plasmodium lophurae, 826 Hydrophilic bonded layers amino layers, 111 cyano layers, 110–111 diol bonded layers, 112 Hydrophilic (polar) extracts, 21 Hydroplumbagin 4-O-glucoside, 827 Hydroxyanthraquinones, 833 Hydroxycarotenoids, 566 Hydroxycinnamic acid, 62 8-a-Hydroxysubstituted germacranolides, 87 Hydroxytropane derivatives, 685 Hyoscyamus niger, 19, 350 Hyoscyne, 687 Hypericin (naphthodianthron), 820, 845 Hypericum brasiliense, 109 Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae), 16, 846 and extract profiling, 818 Hyphenated techniques, 32 Hypochooris, 114 I I juruensis, in wound healing, 825 Illicium anisatum, 50, 477 Illicium species, TLC for comparing flavonoid spectra of, 478 Imidazole alkaloids, 745 Immunomodulation effects, of lignans, 429 Imperatorin, 397 Impregnated layers, 114–115 Incremental multiple development (IMD), of chromatograms, 156 Indian systems, of medicine, 46–47 Indigo Carmine, 206 Indole alkaloids, 64 chemical and biological detection methods, 630–632 chemosystematic importance of, 629 chromogenic spray reagents for, 630–631 detection reagents, in TLC, 630 ecological aspects of, 628–629 major types and occurrence, 624–625 pharmacological importance of, 626 quantification of, 632–633 separation details for camptothecin, 640 canthinone, 639 ellipticine, 640 ergot alkaloids, 634 indoloquinolizidine alkaloid cryptolepine, 639 with quaternary nitrogen, 636–637 quinoline alkaloids, 635–636 simple indoles, 633 terpenoidal indole alkaloids, 634–635 TLC procedures for separation and phases used for, 629–630 used as hallucinogens or in religious rites, 626–627 Indole–secologanin conjugation, 630 Indoloquinolizidine alkaloid cryptolepine, 637 Indolylacetic acid (IAA) acts, 819 Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), 789 Instability problems minimization, in carotenoids, 554 exposure to acid and alkali, 555 exposure to heat, 554–555 oxidative breakdown of carotenoids, 555–556 UV light for, 554 Iodine–chloroform reagent, 186 Iodine-hydrochloric acid reagent (IrHCl), 187 Iodine reagent, 186 Iodoplatinate reagent, 182, 187, 630, 634 Ion-pair chromatography (IPC), 137 Ipecacuanhae alkaloids, 642 Iridoid glucoside, densitometric method for identification of, 612 Iridoid glycosides, 607 isolated by step gradient CPC, 609 solid-liquid extraction techniques, for isolation of polar, 607 Iridoids, 10, 86–87, 452 adsorbent and solvent systems used in TLC of, 610 detection methods, for various classes of, 610–615 as chemotaxonomic markers, 605–606 chromatographic (TLC) systems used in analytical separation of, 611–612 classification of, 605–606 isolation from plant material with purification and fractionation of extracts, 607–610 Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C030 Final Proof page 863 5.1.2008 10:08am Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 863 Index efficiency of solvent extraction technique, 609 properties, physical and chemical, 607 on silica gel thin layers, spray reagents used for detection of classes of, 613 Iridomyrmecin, 605 Irisquinone, 819 Iron-III-chloride reagent (FeCl3), 187 Irydodial, 605 Islandoquinone, structure, 830 Isochinoline alkaloids, 606 Isocoumarins, 366 Isocratic linear development, of chromatogram, 147–149 Isocratic TLC, 415–416 Isoflavones, 408 Isomenthone, 29 Isoprene unit structure, 452 Isoquinoline alkaloids, 641 chemistry and classification of, 641–642 densitogram and video scans of, 660 extraction and isolation by TLC, 648 forced flow techniques for separation, 672 multidimensional techniques for separation, 665–671 NP systems for identification of plant extract components, 657 occurrence and medical significance of, 642–648 quantitative determination by TLC and densitometry, 672–674 sample preparation for TLC analysis, 649 separation in RP systems by use of CN-silica plates, 660–664 separation techniques used for, 650–660 structures of, 643–647 TLC in preparative scale development mode used and role of, 678–679 experiments with Fumaria officinalis extract, 674–679 overloading mode in separation of, 674 sampling mode used in, 676 TLC systems used in analytical scale for, 650–657 Isoquinoline group, 64 IUPAC-IUB Nomenclature of Steroids, 578 J Japenese star anise, essential oil of, 477–478 Justicidin B, method for determination of, 442 K Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, 85 Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic parameters, 139 Kampo medicine, 38 Kaurene, structure, 484 Kedde reagent, 187, 528 Kempane compounds, role of, 487 Kieselguhr (diatomaceous earth), 107, 114 Knipholone, 841–842 Komarowsky reagent, 528 König’s reaction, 724 Kowalska model, 146 Kubelka=Munk equation, 178 Kubelka=Munk theory, 177–178 L Labdane, structure, 483 Labdane diterpenes, pharmacologic role of, 487 Lactone sapranthin, 759 Lamiaceae taxa, 357 Lariciresinol, 431 Larix sp., 487 Lauraceae, 87 LC-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR), 198 Leaf material, used in drugs, 17 Leguminosae, 397 Leontodon hispidus, 91–95 Leontodon montanus, 91–95 Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), 548 Liebermann-Burchard reagent, 187, 528 Lignans amount present in plants, food sources, and in tree tissues, 431 analytical TLC used for, 441 autographic methods used for, 444–445 antifungal assay, 444–445 free radical scavenging assay, 444–445 biological activities associated with, 429–431 determination of, 441–443 elution systems composition depends on structure and composition of sample, 440 extraction methods used accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), 437 digestion with hot solvents, 437 extraction in Soxhlet extractor, 436–437 on-line coupling of SFE with supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), 438 percolation, 437 supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), 438 extraction with polar substances, 438 Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C030 Final Proof page 864 5.1.2008 10:08am Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 864 Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry glycosides hydrolysis, 440 physicochemical properties of, 434–436 influence of isomerism and size of molecule, 435–436 influence of skeletal substitution and partition coefficient, 434–435 preparative TLC used for, 443 refers to phenolic compounds, 426 sample preparation for TLC collection and treatment of material, 436 extraction and extracts processing, 436–440 structure and types of, 426–427 substances occurrence, in plants, 428 TLC for separation of, 425–426 TLC techniques involved in analysis adsorbents and elution systems, 440 detection by coloring agents, 440–441 Lignoids, 428; see also Lignans Linalool, 452, 453, 461, 463, 464 Linum usitatissimum, 429 Lipids definition, 277 occurrence, 277–278 role and functions, 278–279 separation by reversed-phase TLC of FA derivatives, 290 of other lipids, 292 quantification, 292–293 triacylglycerols, 290–291 separation by silica gel TLC of groups, 282–283 isolation of groups, 283 of PLs, 283–284 quantification, 284 separation by silver ion TLC of FA derivatives, 285–287 of other lipids, 287–288 quantification, 288–289 of triacyglycerols, 287 Lippia ducis, 109 Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), 409 and removal of chlorophylls, xanthophylls, 409 Liquid-liquid partitioning (LLP), 27, 689 Lobelia alkaloids, 724 TLC systems for fast screening of alkaloids in (Lobeliae herba ), 725 Low pressure column chromatography, of triterpenes, 534–535 Low pressure liquid chromatography (LPLC), 610 Lucidin glucoside, 839–840 Lucidin primeveroside, 839–840 Ludy Tenger’s reagent, 696 Lupane-based lupeol, 520 Lupine alkaloids, 729 hRF values of, 731 TLC systems for analysis of, 732–737 visualized by the use of Dragendorff’s reagent, 730 Lutein, 547–548 Lycopene, 558 Lycopus europaeus L, 349, 350 Lysine, 63 M Macherey-Nagel sells silica gel G plates, 114 Macrocyclical spermine alkaloids, 428 Macrocyclic lathyranetype diterpenes, pharmacologic role of, 487 Macroscopic investigation, of drug, 18 Magnoliaceae, 79, 87, 432 Maha yogaraja guggulu, 46–47 Maltose, 261 Mammalian lignans, 430 Mannich-like condensation, 626 Marine products, in modern pharmacy distribution and concentration of natural compounds with biological activity, 17–18 investigation methods of biological, 21–22 chemical, 20–21 macroscopic, 18 microscopic and microchemical methods, 18–20 role of chromatographic methods, 29–32 modern extraction methods of active compounds extraction in Soxhlet apparatus, 22–23 medium-pressure solid–liquid extraction (MPSLE), 27 pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), 25–26 supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), 23–25 purification of crude extracts and sample preparation gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 29 solid phase extraction (SPE), 27–28 as sources of active secondary metabolites, 16–17 Marquis’ reagent, 187 Martin-Synge model, of partition chromatography, 146 Mass spectroscopy online, 179–180 Materia Medica, 46, 72 Matricaria recutita L (Asteraceae=Compositae), 320, 395 Matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), 346 Mayapple-Podophyllum peltatum, 66 Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C030 Final Proof page 865 5.1.2008 10:08am Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 865 Index Medicago sativa L (Fabaceae=Leguminosae), 394 Medicinal plants, knowledge of, 4; see also plant materials, in modern pharmacy Medicines, of natural origin, Medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC), 27, 610 Medium-pressure solid-liquid extraction (MPSLE), 27, 378 Melilotus alba L., 376 Melissa officinalis, 17, 346 Mentha piperita, 29 Menyanthes trifoliata L (Menyanthaceae), 395 Meroditerpenoids, pharmacologic role of, 487 Merresectine B, see tropane alkaloids Mescaline (hallucinogens), 69, 72, 702 Messenger drugs, 44 Methylated flavones, 408 Methylated xanthine derivatives, 730 Methylene interrupted system, 278 Methyl ethyl ketone–methanol–water–hexane, 223 7-methylhydrojuglone 4-O-glucoside (rossoliside), structure, 827 3-methyl-sargaquinoic acid, structures, 825 Metopium brownei urushioli compounds, 115 Mevalonic acid, 62 MgO-kieselguhr G plates, 562 and mobile phases suitable for TLC of carotenoids on, 563 Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), 31 Michaelis-Menten regression, 53 Microalgae and seaweeds, carotenoids in, 550–552 Microbial toxins, 194 Microchemical investigation, of drug, 18–20 Microfingerprinting analysis and biomarkers used, rutin and quercitin, 412 Microscopic investigation, of drug, 18–20 Microsublimation, 20 Microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MASE), 378 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 195 Mitracarpus scaber, 841 Mitragyna, 633, 636 Mixed-mode or hydrophiliclipophilic balance (HLB), 690 Mixed phase layers, 115 Mobile phase, in planar chromatography, 131–137 Model P rotation planar chromatograph, 219 Modern extraction methods, of active compounds extraction in Soxhlet apparatus, 22–23 medium-pressure solid–liquid extraction (MPSLE), 27 pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), 25–26 supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), 23–25 Modern pharmacognosy, Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), 28, 690 Momordica charantia, 26 Monocyclic monoterpenes, 453 Monocyclic sesquiterpenes, 454 Monodesmosidic saponins, 533 Monosaccharides, 256 and polyols, 260 Monoterpene alcohols, 461 Monoterpene esters, 473 Monoterpenes; see also iridoids definition and chemical classification of, 452–454 TLC analysis of impregnation of TLC layers with AgNO3, 459–461 as pharmacologically active compounds Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.), 472–474 Tanacetum parthenium (L.), 472–474 separation conditions, 456–459 separation problems of, 457 unsaturated or with functional groups, 452 Monothiophenes, 769 Moraceae species, 396 Morinda elliptica,phytochemical studies on roots of, 840 Morphine, 16 Morphine alkaloids, 646 Mueller-Hinton agar, 479 Multiherb preparations, of traditional medicine, 42 Multistage liquid-liquid extraction techniques, 609 N N-acetyl amino acid, 317 Nano-HPTLC plate, 104 Nanomat (Camag), 129 Naphthoquinones group, 10, 820, 826–828 chemical structures of, 826 dinaphthoquinones and naphthoquinones, 828–830 possess antiparasitic biological activity, 826 quinone derivatives, 829 National Cancer Institute (USA), 819 Natural compounds identification, TLC as tool for, 407 Natural terpenoids, with cyclic structures, 452 Naturstoffreagenz A, 20 N-chamber, 121–122; see also Chromatogram development, in TLC Negative densitograms, 204 Neo-clerodane compounds, pharmacologic role of, 487 Neolignans, 427–428, 433 Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C030 Final Proof page 866 5.1.2008 10:08am Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 866 Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry Neoxanthin, 548 Nephro-and hepatotoxic aristolochic acids, 44–45 NEU-reagent, 181, 187–188 Nicotine, with piperidine ring (anabasine), 721, 723 detection methods and reagents used, 724 Nicotine alkaloids, 63 Ninhydrin reagent, 8, 187 Nitrogen-containing compounds, 60, 62 Nondestructive universal detection reagents, 180 Nonsilica sorbents alumina (aluminum oxide), 113 cellulose, 113 kieselguhr, 114 modified celluloses, 114 polyamides, 113 Norlignans, 428 Normal-phase planar chromatography, 136 Normal-phase system (NP), 131 Nornicotine, 66 Nor-pseudotropine-polyhydroxylated alkaloids, 687 N-oxides of alkaloids, 630 Numbering scheme, for carotenoids, 546; see also Carotenoids Nymphaea alba, 356 O Ocimum gratissimum, analysis of essential oil by TLC, 478–479 Olea europaea, 90 Oleane-type saponins, determination by HI method, 533 Olefinic alkamides, 769 Oligolignans, 428 Oligosaccharides, 260–264 Ololiuqui, 627 Ophiopogon root, 44; see also Herbal medicines and dietary supplements Opium, 642 Opium alkaloids, TLC systems for separation, 706 Optimum performance laminar chromatography, 8, 226 Orantine, 428 Orcinol-H2SO4 spray, 259 Origanum, 86 Orixa japonica, 109 Ormosia-type alkaloids, 90 Ornithine, 63, 304, 685 Orophea enneandra, 444 Ouratea nigroviolacea extract purification, 409 Overlapping resolution mapping scheme (ORM), 146 Overpressured layer chromatography (OPLC), 8, 196, 584 applications analytical, 238–242 preparative, 242–243 separation modes and methods connection possibilities of operating steps, 226–228 sample transfer, 228 single-channel and multichannel separation technique, 228–229 transfusion, infusion, and infusion– transfusion, 226 theoretical basis basic elements and instruments of, 237 efficiency characteristics of, 233–237 gas-and water-cushion experimental and commercial instruments, 237–238 instruments with cassette systems, 238 one and multichannel experimental systems with flowing eluent wall configuration, 238 rule of mobile phase movement and factors influencing retention, 229–233 Overpressured thin layer chromatography (OPTLC), 225, 696 Overpressure planar chromatography, 226 P Paliurus spina-christi Mill, 320 Palladium-II-chloride reagent (PdCl2), 188 Papaver bracteatum Lindl, 642 Papaver somniferum, 16, 72 separation of extracts, 659 Paper chromatography (PC), 82, 195, 258 amino acids, 321–324 Paracetamol, UV densitogram obtained by infusion method, 743 Parthenolides, TLC to separate and identify, 473 Passiflora coerulea L flavonoids qualitative and quantitative evaluation of, 416 Passion flower, 17 Pastinaca sativa, 378 Pelletierine alkaloids, 726–728 Peltatines, therapeutic schemes in, 429 Pentacyclic triterpenoid, 115, 519 Pepper alkaloids, 725 thin layer chromatograms, from black pepper extracts, 726 Peppermint, 17, 414, 457 Petasin chemotype, 476 Petasites species, active compounds of, 476 Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman, 396 Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C030 Final Proof page 867 5.1.2008 10:08am Compositor Name: VBalamugundan Index Peucedanum sp P japonicum, 376 P palustrae, 239, 393 P tauricum, 109, 352, 389 P verticillare, 389 Pharmaceutical drugs, TLC for identification of volatile compounds, essential oils according to monographs, 462–472 Pharmacognosy, 4, analytical side of, 18 Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, 715 European Pharmacopoeia (PhEur), 39–40, 43, 49, 462, 477, 532, 635 French Pharmacopoeia, 472 Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (IHP), 39 Pharmacopoeia of the Peoples Republic of China (PhPRCh), 39 United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), 39–40, 715, 846 Phellandral, 452 Phenanthraquinones, 847–848 Phenolic acids, 84 analytical methods of isolation and purification of different extraction methods, 339–341 hydrolysis of the esters and glycosides, 341–342 sample purification and concentration, 342–345 biological meaning and pharmacological activities of, 334–339 carboxylic acids, 344 chromatographic systems applied to analysis of, 348 definition, chemical classification biosynthesis and occurrence of, 332–334 detection methods, 357–359 quantification results in extracts from Leontodon flowering heads, 91–93 quantitative determination of, 354–357 reaction effects with ammonia vapor and limits of detection, 358 TLC analysis isocratic, 347–349 multiple development (MD) technique, 349–351 two-dimensional (2D) paper chromatography, 352–354 treatment with various derivatization agents, 358 Phenolics, 60, 62–63 and nonphenolic alkaloids, TLC systems for separation, 705 867 Phenylethylamine derivatives, 702 detection methods used for, 711 extracts preparation and method for extraction of alkaloids, 703–704 Thin Layer Chromatographic systems used for identification, 704–710 Phenylheptatriyne, 769 Phenylpropane derivatives, 436 Phenylpropanoids, 66, 84–85 Phospholipids (PLs), 278 Phosphomolybdic acid, 180 Phosphomolybdic acid reagent ([H3(P(Mo3O10)4)] and H2SO4), 188 Photodiode-array-(PDA)-densitometry, 614 PHT to membrane-containing viruses, phototoxicity of, 789 Phyllanthus sp P amarus, 356 P maderaspatensis, 356 phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin determination methods, 442–443 TLC densitometric scanning profiles of, 442 Phylloquinone (prenylquinone), 828 Physcion, predominance in vegetables, 834, 841 Physostigma venenosum, 66, 627 Physostigmine, 66, 627 bioautographic method for, 631 Phytane diterpene, structure, 483 Phytochemical investigation methods, Phytochemistry, 3–5, Phyto-ecdysteroids, 576 Phytomedicines, 16 Phytosterols family, 521, 576 separation systems and detection, 578–579 and structural diversity in, 576–577 in various conjugated forms, 578 Phytotherapeutic products, 17 Phytotherapy, 4, 17 pi-complexing metal, 114 Pilocarpine, 745–746 Pilosella, 85 Pimpinella anisum L (Apiaceae=Umbelliferae), 394, 477 Pinene isomers, 458 Pinoresinol, 431 Piper gaudichaudianum, 26 Piperidine alkaloids, 728 Piperidine derivatives, 721 Piperine, 725; see also Pepper alkaloids densitometric determination of, 726 Piper methysticum, 18, 26 Piper nigrum, 725 Piridine, 721 Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C030 Final Proof page 868 5.1.2008 10:08am Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 868 Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry Pittosporaceae and falcarinol=falcarinone occurrence, 759 Planar Chromatography–A Retrospective View for the Third Millennium, 414, 418 Planar dielectrochromatograhy (PDEC), 218 Planar electro chromatography (PEC), 197, 218 Planatginaceae=Veronicaceae family, 87 Plant biochemistry, Plant biotechnology, Plant carbohydrates glycoglycerolipids, 266–267 monosaccharides and polyols, 260 oligosaccharides, 260–264 polysaccharides, 265–266 Plant chemosystematics aims of studies, 79 classes of natural products analyzed in phenylpropanoids, 84–85 polyketides, 83–84 terpenes, 85–90 coding and analysis of data in, 90–95 definition of, 78 interpretation of data, 80 methods commonly used in capillary electrophoresis (CE), 83 gas chromatography, 82 high-performance liquid chromatography, 82–83 thin layer chromatography=paper chromatography, 82 studies employing macromolecules, 80–81 studies employing small molecules primary metabolites, 81 secondary metabolites, 81–82 Plant drugs, determination of alkaloids by TLC, 704 Plant families, polyacetylenes occurring in, 760 Plant materials, in modern pharmacy distribution and concentration of natural compounds with biological activity, 17–18 investigation methods of biological, 21–22 chemical, 20–21 macroscopic, 18 microscopic and microchemical methods, 18–20 role of chromatographic methods, 29–32 modern extraction methods of active compounds extraction in Soxhlet apparatus, 22–23 medium-pressure solid–liquid extraction (MPSLE), 27 pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), 25–26 supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), 23–25 purification of crude extracts and sample preparation gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 29 solid phase extraction (SPE), 27–28 as sources of active secondary metabolites, 16–17 Plant proteins, 63 Plants higher, carotenoids in; see also carotenoids nonphotosynthetic tissues of plants, 549–550 in photosynthetic tissues, 548–549 Plates, for sorbents with channels and preadsorbent zone, 107 pretreatment of, 107 Plumbagin, active against Leishmania subsp infections, 826 Polar adsorbents, 27 Polyacetylenes, 758 biological activities of, 758 biosynthesis of falcarinol, 776 biosynthetic route of various chain lengths from oleic acid, 775 detection, separation, and isolation of analytical and preparative HPLC, 800–801 analytical TLC, 791–792 column chromatography, 798–800 by preparative TLC, 792–793 by using impregnated TLC plates, 794–795 by using visualization reagents, 795–798 distribution in higher plants (families), 759–761 in Apiaceae and Araliaceae, 761–765 in Asteraceae, 765–774 falcarinol-type, 761 introduction, 758 for medicinal=pharmaceutical industries, 758 pharmacological effects of, 780 allergenicity, 781 antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects, 784 anti-inflammatory and antiplateletaggregatory effects, 782 cytotoxicity and anticancer effect, 785 neurotoxic, neuritogenic, and serotonergic effects, 780 phototoxicity, 789 steps involved in, 776 Polyacetylenic compounds color reactions, with spray reagents, 799 diepoxide, 761 dithiacyclohexadienes, 772, 784 sulfur compounds, biosynthesis of, 778 tetrahydropyrans, 772 Polyamides, 113; see also Nonsilica sorbents Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 115 Polyethyleneimine (PEI), 114 Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C030 Final Proof page 869 5.1.2008 10:08am Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 869 Index Polygala paniculata, 393 Polygoni avicularis herba, 350–351, 356 Polygonum sp., 352, 354 POLYGRAM IONEX-25 (Macherey-Nagel), 114 Polyketides, 83–84 Polyphenols analysis, use of SPE in, 409 Polysaccharides, 256, 265–266 Postchromatographic derivatization, reagents used in, 612 Potassium hydroxide, 181 Potassium hydroxide reagent (KOH, Bornträger reaction), 188 Potassium permanganate–sulfuric acid reagent, 188 Prenylsesquiterpenes compound, 482 Preparative layer chromatography, for isolation of isoquinoline alkaloids, 674–678 Preparative layers, 115 Preparative-scale isolation, Preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC), along with forced-flow planar techniques, 615–617 Preparative TLC in diterpenes determination, 504–509 Pressurized fluid extraction (PFE), see Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), 25, 608 Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), 25–26, 378, 608, 688 Pressurized planar electrochromatography (PPEC), 217, 218 Primary metabolites, 9, 60, 81 Primeverose, structure of, 832 Principal component analyses (PCAs), 90 PRISMA model, 147, 414 PRISMA optimization system, 223 Proaporphine, 644 Progesterone detection, 591 Prolycopene, 546 Protoberberine, 644 Protopine alkaloids, 646 densitograms of, 663 Pseudoalkaloids, 10, 606 Pseudoguaianolides, 87 Pseudoindicans, see Iridoids Pseudomonas fluorescens, 510 Pseudomonas savastanoi, 203, 207 Pseudopterosins, pharmacologic role of, 487 Pseudo-RP systems and use of mobile phase additives, 664–665; see also RP systems, for alkaloids separation Psilocybe fungi, 627; see also Indole alkaloids Psoralea plants, 397 Psoralen, 366, 369, 376, 394, 396–397 PTLC, see Preparative TLC in diterpenes determination Pueraria lobata, 45, 46, 411, 413 Pueraria thomsonii, 45, 411 Purine alkaloids, from plant drugs, 737 diode-array scanner for quantification of, 745 and TLC system suitable for analysis of, 737 Pyranocoumarins, 366 Pyrethrum, 66, 473 Pyrrolidine alkaloids, 728 Pyrrolizidine alklaoids, 21 biochemical mechanisms of sequestration of, 728 from Senecio Jacobaea metabolic study by GC–MS and TLC method, 729 RF values obtained on silica gel and detection limits of, 729 Q Quantitative HPTLC assays, of herbal drugs, 54 Quantitative TLC assays, of markers, 47 Quaternary dihydroquinoline alkaloids, 715 Quaternary indole alkaloids, 629 Quillaja saponaria, 109 Quinine, 16, 713, 717; see also Cinchona alkaloids Quinoline alkaloids, 635 Quinoline derivatives, see Cinchona Alkaloids Quinoline group, 64 Quinolizidine alkaloids, properties of, 730 Quinolizidine derivatives, see Lupine alkaloids Quinone derivatives, 817, 829 densitogram of, 844–845 extraction from plant materials, 819 TLC separations of, 817 Quinones, 66 R Radial development, of planar chromatograms, 162–164 Radix Ipecacuanhae, 642 Raffinose family oligosaccharides, 261–262 Raman spectrometry, 106, 198 Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), 81 Rauvolfia indole alkaloid, for treating cardiac arrhythmia, 627, 629 Rauwolfia sp., 63, 70, 72 Reagents, used for compounds identification, 184–189 Remirol, structures, 841–842 Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C030 Final Proof page 870 5.1.2008 10:08am Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 870 Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry Resin ion exchange layers, 114 Restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), 81 Reversal reflectance formula, 176–177 Reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography, 233 Reversed-phase one (RP), 131 Reversed-phase planar chromatography (RP TLC), 136–137 Rhamnus frangula, 17, 242, 833 Rhein, 839 Rhei radix anthranoids in, 836 anthraquinones, 820 Rheum-emodin, 835 Rheum sp., 352, 843 Rheum undulatum, 836 Rhizome and root, used in drugs, 17–18 Rhubarb, 18, 839 Rotation planar chromatography (RPC), 8, 196, 216, 585 adsorbent bed, 222–223 applications, 223–224 classification and separation modes of, 219–221 eluent selection, 223 factors influencing separation speed, 221–222 issues with, 223 RP systems, for alkaloids separation, 660–664 determination of lipophilicity by RP-TLC, 663 mobile phases for, 664 Rubia tinctorum extracts, characterization of, 839 Ruta genus, 396 S Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 203 S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), 200 Salicylic acid, 62, 66, 204–206, 333, 337–338 Sambucus nigra, 26, 340, 353 Saponins, 519, 522 analysis by TLC, 523–524 calculation of Hemolytic indices of, 532–533 determination by TLC-densitometry, 531 in plant species, 522 separation from aerial parts of Medicago truncatula, 535 TLC-colorimetric determination of, 532 Sargaquinoic acid, structure, 825 Sarpagandha, 627 SB=CD-Chamber, 124 Scabaquinone, structures of, 841–842 Schizandra, 44 Schizandrin, 432; see also lignans Scott-Kucera model, of adsorption chromatography, 146 Seco-aglycone analysis, 439 Seco-diglucoside (SDG), 439 Secoiridoid–amarogentin, for TLC-densitometric method, 614 Secoiridoids, 606 Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) determination, 441 HPTLC densitograms of, 439 Secondary metabolites, 9, 81–82 as allelochemicals, 66 in beverages, 65–66 bioactivities classification of detected bioactivities, 72–73 early use of plants as healing agents, 71–72 as new drugs, 73 as novel drug compounds, 73 biological importance for plants, 65 chemical classification, 60–64 in foods, 65 as pesticides, 66 in pharmaceuticals, 66–71 as plant growth regulators, 71 plant materials as source of, 16–17 Seco-pseudopterosins, pharmacologic role of, 487 Sedum alkaloids, 728 Semisynthetic derivatives etoposide, therapeutic schemes in, 429 Senecio alkaloids, 728 Senega roots, 73 Sennosides, 820 structure of, 843 Sequence-TLC Developing Chamber, 124 Sesquilignans (trimers), 428 Sesquiterpenes, 87–88, 462 acyclic=monocyclic= bicyclic, 454 definition and chemical classification of, 452–454 esters, 476 glycosides, isolation and structural determination of, 462 hydrocarbons, 459 lactone anisatin, 478 lactones, 79 TLC analysis of impregnation of TLC layers with AgNO3, 459–461 separation conditions, 456–459 separation problems of, 457 Sesquiterpenoid, 115 Shear-driven (liquid) chromatography (SDC), 218 Shikimi, 50, 477 Shikonin, enantiomer of alkannin, 828 Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C030 Final Proof page 871 5.1.2008 10:08am Compositor Name: VBalamugundan Index Shimanuki, 79 Short bed-continuous development, of chromatogram, 150–152 Siddha system, of medicine, 38 SIL G-25 HR plates, 104 Silica Gel G, TLC of carotenoids on, 557 comparison of Rf Valuesa for, different mobile phase, 559 mobile phases suitable for, 558 Silica gel (silica), 107–108 bonded phases hydrophilic bonded layers, 110–112 impregnated reversed phase bonded layers for enatiomer separations, 110 reversed phase bonded layers, 108–109 Silver-impregnated layers chromatography of unsaturated volatile compounds, 461 Silybum marianum extract, 224 Silymarin, 428 Silymarin complex, 432 Single ion beam (SIMS), 179 Size-exclusion chromatography, 29 Snyder–Rohrschneider solvent selectivity triangle (SST), 138 Snyder’s classification, 414 Snyder’s elution strength parameter, 142 Snyder–Soczewinski model, 145 Snyder’s polarity scale, 138 Solasodine, 591 Solid assisted liquid–liquid partitioning (SELLP), 689–690 Solid–liquid extraction, 22 Solid phase extraction (SPE), 27–28 Solvent properties and classification, using TLC, 137–143 Sophora alopecuroides L separation and identification of alkaloids in, 730 Sorbents, applied in TLC, 6, 10, 28, 30, 689–690 bulk sorbents, 104 non-silica, 113–114 Soxhlet apparatus extraction method, 22–23 Spectrophotometric techniques, 20–21 Spectroscopic evaluation, of chromatographic spots, 197–198 Spiroacetal enol ethers, 767 biosynthesis of, 777 Spray reagents, protocols for preparation of, 527 and reagents containing aromatic aldehydes, 529 Squalene, 519–520 Squirting cucumber, 72 Stachys palustris extracts, densitograms from, 614 Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 47 871 Staphylococcus aureus, 21 and series of C30 carotenoids, 545 Stemona alkaloids, 89 Stems, used in drugs, 17 Stephania tetrandra, 45 Steroidal alkaloids, 10 methods used for separation and detection, 591 structural diversity, 590–591 Steroidal glycoalkaloids, TLC monitoring of, 591 Steroidal saponins, 586 separation and detection methods used for, 589–590 structural variety in, 586–589 Steroids, TLC of, 521, 576–577 ateroidal alkaloids, 590 detection and quantification methods after TLC on basis of physicochemical properties and chemical reagents, 594–597 bioautography, 596–597 charring, 593–594 fluorescence quenching, 593 by using berberine sulfate and iodine vapor, 594 ecdysteroids colors after spraying Vanillin–Spray Reagent, 586 displacement TLC for, 585 overpressured layer chromatography (OPLC), 584 programmed multiple development (AMD and PMD), 583 reversed and normal phase systems for, 581 rotation planar chromatography (RPC), 585 structural diversity and separation techniques for, 580–581 TLC–MS and TLC–MS–MS for, 585 two-dimensional techniques for, 582–583 use of boronic acids for NP-and RP-TLC, 585 use of HPTLC for, 583 UV scanners used for, 585 visualization techniques in, 585 steroidal alkaloids, 590 steroidal saponins, glycosidic derivatives structural diversity in, 586–587 structural diversity and separation techniques for brassinosteroids, 579 bufadienolides, 579–580 cardenolides, 580 vertebrate-type steroids, 591 withanolides, 592 Sterols, 115 TLC of, 576–577 Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C030 Final Proof page 872 5.1.2008 10:08am Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 872 Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry isolation of single sterols or conjugates, 578 Strychnos alkaloids, 636–637 Sucrose, 261 Sugar chemistry bases for sugar detection on TLC, 258–259 mutarotation, 257–258 reducing sugars, 258 TLC of adsorbents and solvents, 267–268 quantitative analysis and sugar composition, 273 sample preparation, 270–273 specific reagents, 268–270 universal reagents staining, 268 Sulfur-containing polyacetylenes red dithiacyclohexadienes (thiarubrines), 772 Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), 23–25, 377, 608, 688–689 Surinamensin, with antileishmanial activity, 433 T Tabernaemontana australis, 632 Tailing, 629 Takao’s reagent, 188 Tanacetum parthenium (L.), 472–474 Tannins, 66 Tanshinones, pharmacologic role of, 487 Taraxacum officinale Weber (Asteraceae=Compositae), 396 TAS=TLC separation method, 456 Taxane, structure, 484 Taxanoids, 26 Taxoids, pharmacologic role of, 487 Taxonomic and cultivation means, application of TLC for, 475–476 TCM literature, 44 Techniques of Flavonoid Identification, 407 Teleforic acid, 825 Teniposide, therapeutic schemes in, 429 Teonanácatl, 627 Tephrosia spp., 66 Terpene-conjugated iridoids, 606 Terpene glycosides, 461–462 Terpenes, 26, 85–90 Terpenoidal indole alkaloids, 634–635 Terpenoids, 60–61 classification-occurrence of, 62 isomerization and structural rearrangement in, 453 Terpenoid–tryptamine alkaloids, 626 Tertiary amines, TLC visualization reagent for, 724 Tertiary furoquinoline alkaloids, 715 Tetrahydrofuran, 136 Tetrahydropyran ichthyothereol, biosynthesis of, 779 Tetrazolium salt, 195 Teucrium fruticans, 486–487, 492 Teucrium yemense, 510 Thamnosma montana, 396 Theoretical plate height (HETP, H) in TLC, 233 Theoretical plate number (N), in OPLC, 235 Therapeutic activity, lignans, 429 Thiarubrines, 772, 789 Thin layer chromatography (TLC), 5–9, 39, 82; see also Application in specific phytochemicals amino acids in combination with other techniques, 318–321 plant extracts, 313–317 soybean and kidney bean, 317 from wine, 321 analytical tasks covered by detection of adulterants and impurities, 50–51 identification of raw material and products, 48–50 monitoring of production process, 51–52 qualitative description, 47–48 quantitative features, 52–54 chromatogram development, 131–137 combinations of different modes, 164–168 linear development of chromatograms, 147–162 optimization of the mobile phase composition, 143–147 radial development of planar chromatograms, 162–164 solvent properties and classification, 137–143 of coumarins, 379–387 for diterpenes isolation, 488 (see also Diterpenes compound) extraction and purification methods, 488–490 preparative TLC of, 504 qualitative analysis, 490–500 quantitative analysis, 500–503 special detection method, 504–510 general principles, 280 mobile phases, 281 modern chambers for automatic, 125–129 conventional (N-Chambers), 121–122 horizontal, 122–125 in the pharmacopoeias, 40–41 Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C030 Final Proof page 873 5.1.2008 10:08am Compositor Name: VBalamugundan Index phenolic acids isocratic, 347–349 multiple development (MD) technique, 349–351 two-dimensional (2D) paper chromatography, 352–354 plates, made from MgO, 561 plates and plate preparation, 280–281 sample application analytical, 129–130 in preparative layer chromatography, 130–131 sample preparation, 282 scientific literature of medicinal plants, 41 on silver impregnated silica, 115 of sugars adsorbents and solvents, 267–268 quantitative analysis and sugar composition, 273 sample preparation, 270–273 specific reagents, 268–270 universal reagents staining, 268 Thermo Box, 126 TLC-ToF-SIMS, in gibberellins analysis, 510 vs HPTLC, 105–107 Thiophene derivatives, biosynthesis of, 777, 789 Thymus vulgaris L., 239 Tigliane, structure, 484 Titrant, 20 TLC bioautography, 534 TLC-colorimetry, 531 TLC-Densitometry, 530 TLC-Extractor, 179–180 Tobacco alkaloids detection methods employed, 724 TLC systems for isolation, from different origin, 721, 723, 727 ToF-SIMS, in diterpenes identification, 504, 510 Tomato carotenes, separation, 570 Trachylobanes, pharmacologic role of, 487 Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM), 44–46, 72 Traditional Western Medicine, 43–44 Trattinnickia, 89 Triacylglycerols (TAG), 278 Trichloroacetic acid–potassium hexacyanoferrateiron-III-chloride reagent, 188 Trichocereus candicans, 702 Trideca-3,5,7,9,11-penayn-1-ene, biosynthesis of, 777 Tridosha theory, of harmony, 46 Trifolium repens saponins, TLC analysis of, 536 Trinervitane compounds, role of, 487 Tripterygium sp., 487, 490 873 Triptolides, pharmacologic role of, 487 Triterpenes, 88–89 biological activities of, 522 chemical structures of, 520 densitometry of, 537 detection with spray reagents, frequently used for, 527–528 without chemical treatment, 526 and role of TLC in isolation, 522 adsorbents and chromatography solvents in, 522–526 applications for biological activities determination, 532 antifungal and antimicrobial activity screening, 534 hemolytic activity of triterpenes, 532 applications for determination of, 529 plant extracts prepration for analysis, 529 TLC-colorimetry, 531 TLC-densitometry, 530 saponins, 522 as supporting technique for low pressure column chromatography of triterpenes, 534 as tool in identification of, 534 Triterpenoids, classes of, 519–520 Tropane alkaloids, 685, 687 chemistry and stereochemistry of, 685–686 extraction from plant materials and methods involved in, 687 ambient pressure modes, 687 pressurized liquid extraction, 688 supercritical fluid extraction, 688 HPTLC-densitometric assay for, 695–696 occurrence of, 687 sample pretreatment of extracts, 689 liquid–liquid partitioning, 689 solid assisted liquid–liquid partitioning, 689 solid-phase extraction, 689 separation systems, TLC, 690–694 optimization of separation, 690 thin layer chromatography of, separation optimization, 690 over-pressure TLC, 696 quantitative analysis and densitometry, 694 TLC as compared to other chromatographic methods, 696 Tropine group, 63 Tryptophan–amino acid alkaloids, 626 Tussilago farfara, 475 Tymoquinone, 825 Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C030 Final Proof page 874 5.1.2008 10:08am Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 874 Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry U U-chambers (Camag), 125 Ultrasonification (USAE), 378 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), 608, 688 Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (USAE), 378 Unani medicinal system, in India, 38 Uncaria heteroyohimbine alkaloids (H & JDP) and correlation between color after spraying with iron(III) chloride=perchloric acid spray, 636 Unidimensional multiple development (UMD), of chromatograms, 155 used in PTLC of iridoids, 615 Unsaturated terpenes detection, by diluted sprays, 457 USA Botanical Dietary Supplements, 38 UV absorption, of mobile phase solvents, UV detection method, 30 UV-254 nm or UV-365 nm exposure, for triterpenes detection, 526 UV spectrophotometer, 31 UV–Vis Spectra, 179 V Vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), 504, 609 Valeriana ester iridoids, diagnostic sprays for detection of, 610 Valeriana iridoids, 606 Vanillin, 181 Vanillin–glacial acetic acid reagent, 189 Vanillin–phosphoric acid reagent, 189, 528 Vanillin-sulfuric acid reagent, 189, 528, 610 Vanillin-sulfuric acid spray, 585 Van’t Hoff plots, of the steroids, 161 Van Urks reagent, 181, 630 Vario-KS-Chamber, 124 Veitchia merrilfii, 319 Veratrum alkaloids, 64, 72 Verbenone, 452, 453 Vertebrate-type steroids, 591–592 Violaxanthin, 548–549, 562 Virolin, with antileishmanial activity, 433 Viullemin, 194 Volatile compounds occurrence and importance of, 455 sampling of, 455 Volatile monoterpenes, 85–86 Volatile oils adulterations, demonstration of application of TLC to, 477 Anise=Fennel Oil, 477 Volatile terpenes, 455 TLC separation of, 457 Volatile terpenoids, 66 W Water-hemlock, 780 WHO guidelines, for herbal drugs, 39 Wikstroemia canescens, 488–489 Withanolides, 592, 597 Wuweizisu C, 432 X Xanthine alkaloids, 730 detection methods and quantitaive determination of, 737 TLC systems for isolation of, 737 derivatives, in food, plants and pharmaceutical preparations and application of TLC systems for determination of, 738–745 method for detection, quenching of UV light, 744 Xanthones, 83 Xanthophyllomyces rhodorhous, 552 Xanthophylls, 545–547 Xanthotoxin (8-MOP), 396 Xantolignans, 428 Y Yohimbine, as male aphrodisiac, 627 Z Zanthoxylum americanum Miller (Rutaceae), 396 Zeaxanthin, 548 Z scale, 139 ... alkaloids, including phenylethylamine derivatives, quinoline derivatives (Cinchona alkaloids), and pyrrolidine, pyrrolizidine, piridine, and piperidine derivatives (Tobacco, Lobelia, Pepper, Pelletierine,... somniferum), used as an analgesic Quinine, from Cinchona bark (Cincoina spp.), used in the treatment of malaria Hajnos/Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry 46772_C002 Final Proof page 17 11.1.2008... (e.g., of alkaloids), ninhydrin for identification of compounds containing an amino group in their structure (e.g., of the amines and amino acids), and 2-(diphenylboryloxy)-ethylamine ỵ polyethylene