Statistics salkind 4e test bank ch07

Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE What does your research question help to guide? a Hypothesis b Correlation c Sampling error d Average score ANS: A PTS: DIF: Easy REF: So You Want To Be a Scientist OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge What does a hypothesis help you determine? a Techniques to be used b Variability c Average score d Sampling plan ANS: A PTS: DIF: Easy REF: So You Want To Be a Scientist OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge The _ is defined as an “educated guess” that describes the relationship between variables a Research question b Hypothesis c Theorem d Postulate ANS: B PTS: DIF: Easy REF: So You Want To Be a Scientist OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge The _ is a more testable version of a research question a Hypothesis b Theorem c Postulate d Theory ANS: A PTS: DIF: Easy REF: So You Want To Be a Scientist OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses In a study, a _ is drawn from a _ a Sample; larger population b Sample; smaller population c Population; smaller sample d Population; larger sample COG: Knowledge ANS: A PTS: DIF: Easy REF: Samples and Populations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Knowledge Optimally, it is possible to generalize your results from _ to _ a Your population; a smaller sample b Your sample; a smaller population c Your population; a larger sample d Your sample; a larger population ANS: D PTS: DIF: Easy REF: Samples and Populations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Knowledge Which of the following refers to the group you wish to generalize your results to? a Population b Sample c Sampling error d General group ANS: A PTS: DIF: Easy REF: Samples and Populations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Knowledge Hypothesis testing relates to _ a The sample b The population c Multiple populations d Samples and populations ANS: A PTS: DIF: Easy REF: So You Want To Be a Scientist OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge Which is formulated first? a A theorem b The research hypothesis c The null hypothesis d Research postulates ANS: C PTS: DIF: Easy OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses REF: The Null Hypothesis COG: Knowledge 10 Which is formulated second? a The research hypothesis b Research theories c Alternative postulates d The null hypothesis ANS: A PTS: DIF: Easy OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses REF: The Research Hypothesis COG: Knowledge 11 Unless you have sufficient evidence otherwise, you must assume that a b c d Both the null and alternative hypotheses are true The alternative hypothesis is true Neither the null nor alternative hypotheses are true The null hypothesis is true ANS: D PTS: DIF: Easy REF: The Purposes of the Null Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 12 Which of the following types of hypotheses is considered an implied hypothesis? a The null hypothesis b The alternative hypothesis c The research hypothesis d None of the above ANS: A PTS: DIF: Easy REF: The Purposes of the Null Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 13 Which of the following can be tested directly? a The null hypothesis b The research hypothesis c Both the null and research hypotheses d All hypotheses ANS: B PTS: DIF: Easy OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses REF: The Research Hypothesis COG: Knowledge 14 Which of the following can only be tested indirectly? a The null hypothesis b The research hypothesis c The alternative hypothesis d All hypotheses ANS: A PTS: DIF: Easy REF: The Purposes of the Null Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 15 If there is no difference between sample and population values, you will have a High sampling error b Low but positive sampling error c No sampling error d It cannot be determined ANS: C PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Samples and Populations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Comprehension 16 A _ is a statement of equality between sets of variables a Null hypothesis b Research hypothesis c Nondirectional research hypothesis d Directional research hypothesis ANS: A PTS: DIF: Easy OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses REF: The Null Hypothesis COG: Comprehension 17 A _ is a hypothesis that reflects the difference between groups but does not specify the direction of the difference a Null hypothesis b Directional research hypothesis c Nondirectional research hypothesis d None of the above ANS: C PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Nondirectional Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 18 A _ is a hypothesis that reflects the difference between groups and also specifies the direction of the difference a Null hypothesis b Nondirectional research hypothesis c Directional research hypothesis d None of the above ANS: C PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Directional Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 19 Which of the following is a directional test? a A one-tailed test b A two-tailed test c The research hypothesis d The null hypothesis ANS: A PTS: DIF: Easy REF: The Directional Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 20 Which of the following is a nondirectional test? a A one-tailed test b A two-tailed test c A research hypothesis d All hypotheses ANS: B PTS: DIF: Easy REF: The Directional Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 21 What does generalizability mean? a Results may be applied to the population studied b Results apply only to the sample studied c Sampling error is high d The sample does not represent the population ANS: A PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Samples and Sopulations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Knowledge 22 A representative sample allows you to generalize your results to a _ a Smaller sample b Smaller population c Larger population d Larger sample ANS: C PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Samples and Populations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Comprehension 23 The group you actually collect data from for your study is known as the _ a Population b Sample c Sampling error d General group ANS: B PTS: DIF: Easy REF: Samples and Populations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Knowledge 24 Which of the following provides you with a measure of how well your sample approximates the population? a Generalizability b Population c Sampling error d Hypothesis ANS: C PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Samples and Populations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Knowledge 25 In order to help ensure generalizability, which of the following should be true about your sample? a It is small b It is large c It is representative d It is nonrepresentative ANS: C PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Samples and Populations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Knowledge 26 Which of the following represents a research hypothesis? a H1: X1 < X2 b H0:  =  c H1:    d H1: X1 = X2 ANS: A PTS: DIF: Medium OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses REF: The Research Hypothesis COG: Comprehension 27 Which of the following represents a null hypothesis? a H1: X1 < X2 b H0:  =  c H1:    d H1: X1 = X2 ANS: B PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Comprehension 28 A greater difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter means that you will have _ sampling error a Lower b Higher c No d Infinite ANS: B PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Samples and Populations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Comprehension 29 A smaller difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter means that you will have _ sampling error a Higher b Lower c No d Infinite ANS: B PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Samples and Populations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Comprehension 30 What test would you want to use to test a nondirectional research hypothesis? a One-tailed test b Two-tailed test c Nonparametric test d Frequency test ANS: B PTS: DIF: Easy REF: The Directional Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 31 What test would you want to use to test a directional research hypothesis? a One-tailed test b Two-tailed test c Nonparametric test d Frequency test ANS: A PTS: DIF: Easy REF: The Directional Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 32 Null hypotheses refer to _ a The sample b Both samples and populations c Multiple samples d The population ANS: D PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 33 Research hypotheses refer to _ a The population b Multiple samples c Multiple populations d The sample ANS: D PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 34 What type of hypothesis posits no relationship between the variables in your study? a Directional hypothesis b Nondirectional hypothesis c Research hypothesis d Null hypothesis ANS: D PTS: DIF: Easy OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses REF: The Null Hypothesis COG: Knowledge 35 What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups where the difference is specified? a Directional hypothesis b Nondirectional hypothesis c Research hypothesis d Null hypothesis ANS: A PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Directional Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 36 What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups where the difference is not specified? a Directional hypothesis b Nondirectional hypothesis c Research hypothesis d Null hypothesis ANS: B PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Nondirectional Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 37 Which of the following symbols represents the null hypothesis? a H1 b  c X1 d H0 ANS: D PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 38 Which of the following symbols represents the first research hypothesis? a H1 b  c X1 d H0 ANS: A PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 39 Which of the following symbols represents the theoretical average of the population for one group? a H1 b  c X1 d H0 ANS: B PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 40 A hypothesis is best defined as a A difficult-to-define question b An educated guess c Cause-and-effect analysis d A scientific inquiry ANS: B PTS: DIF: Easy REF: So You Want To Be a Scientist OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 41 What are the two main categories of hypotheses? a Null and research b Null and sample c Research and population d Research and sample ANS: A PTS: DIF: Easy REF: So You Want To Be a Scientist OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses 42 A sample is best defined as a The first 20% of the population b The last 20% of the population c A smaller group selected from a given population d A smaller group selected from the general populace COG: Knowledge ANS: C PTS: DIF: Easy REF: Samples and Populations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Knowledge 43 When the sample accurately represents the population, the results of the study are said to have a high degree of _ a Quality b Validity c Error d Generalizability ANS: D PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Samples and Populations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Knowledge 44 Which of the following is a measure of how well a sample approximates the characteristics of a population? a Sampling accuracy b Sampling error c Sampling generalizability d Sampling consistency ANS: B PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Samples and Populations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Knowledge 45 Wolf cubs born in northern woods will grow thicker fur than wolf cubs born in southern woods This research hypothesis is an example of a _ a Directional hypothesis b Nondirectional hypothesis c Null hypothesis d Mutual hypothesis ANS: A PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Directional Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Application 46 A statement that postulates a relationship between variables is referred to as a _ a Research hypothesis b Null hypothesis c Definitive hypothesis d Postulative hypothesis ANS: A PTS: DIF: Medium REF: So You Want To Be a Scientist OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 47 “There is no difference in the weight between rats fed low-fiber diets and rats fed high-fiber diets.” This is an example of a(n) _ a Null hypothesis b Alternative hypothesis c Directional hypothesis d Nondirectional hypothesis ANS: A PTS: DIF: Medium OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses REF: The Null Hypothesis COG: Application 48 If you hypothesize that there will be a difference between test scores from Classroom A and Classroom B, but you not hypothesize the direction, you have _ a A directional research hypothesis b A nondirectional research hypothesis c A null hypothesis d Either a null or research hypothesis ANS: B PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Nondirectional Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Application 49 If you were to hypothesize that test scores from Classroom A will be higher than test scores from Classroom B, you would have a _ a Directional research hypothesis b Nondirectional research hypothesis c Null hypothesis d Hypothesis type that cannot be determined ANS: A PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Directional Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Application 50 Which of the following is an example of a nondirectional hypothesis? a There is a positive relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain b There is a negative relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain c There is a relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain d There is no relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain ANS: C PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Nondirectional Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Application 51 Which of the following is an example of a directional hypothesis? a There is a positive relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain b There is a large relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain c There is a relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain d There is no relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain ANS: A PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Directional Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Application 52 When writing a null hypothesis, what type of letters are used? a Arabic b Greek c Roman d Latin (English) ANS: B PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 53 When writing a research hypothesis, what type of letters are used? a Arabic b Greek c Roman d Latin (English) ANS: C PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 54 The null hypothesis refers to the _, whereas the research hypothesis refers to the _ a Sample; population b Direction; sample c Population; direction d Population; sample ANS: D PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 55 Which of the following represents a nondirectional research hypothesis? a H1: X1 < X2 b H0:  =  c H1:    d H1: X1 X2 ANS: D PTS: DIF: Medium OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses REF: The Research Hypothesis COG: Comprehension TRUE/FALSE Individuals in a representative sample should match as closely as possible to the characteristics of the population ANS: T PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Samples and Populations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Knowledge Sampling error relates to how well a population approximates the characteristics of a sample ANS: F PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Samples and Populations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Comprehension The null hypothesis can only be tested indirectly ANS: T PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Purposes of the Null Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Comprehension Having a large degree of sampling error does not affect generalizability ANS: F PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Samples and Populations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Comprehension A one-tailed test would be used with a directional research hypothesis ANS: T PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Directional Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge If you are unsure whether the null or research hypothesis is true, you can assume that the research hypothesis is true ANS: F PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Purposes of the Null Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Comprehension SHORT ANSWER What is the most important role of a hypothesis? ANS: The most important role of the hypothesis is to reflect the general problem statement or question that was the motivation for asking the research question in the first place PTS: DIF: Medium REF: So You Want To Be a Scientist OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Comprehension Why is it important to have a precise and clear research question? ANS: It is important to have a clear research question because it is your guide in the creation of your hypothesis, which is the foundation of your research PTS: DIF: Medium REF: So You Want To Be a Scientist OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Knowledge What purposes does the null hypothesis serve? ANS: First, the null hypothesis acts as a starting point, since it is the state of affairs that is accepted as true in the absence of any other information The second purpose of the null hypothesis is to provide a benchmark against which observed outcomes can be compared to see how likely it is that these outcomes are due to some other factor The null hypothesis helps to define a range within which any observed differences between groups can be attributed to chance or due to something other than chance PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Purposes of the Null Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Comprehension What is the difference between the nondirectional research hypothesis and the directional research hypothesis? ANS: A nondirectional research hypothesis reflects a difference between groups, but the direction of the difference is not specified For example, the test scores of individuals receiving practice are different from the test scores of individuals who did not receive practice A directional hypothesis reflects a difference between groups, and the direction of the difference is specified For example, the test scores of individuals receiving practice are greater than the test scores of individuals who did not receive practice PTS: DIF: Hard REF: The Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Analysis What is the purpose of the research hypothesis? ANS: The research hypothesis is the hypothesis that is tested directly during the research process PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Comprehension Why is a representative sample important? ANS: A representative sample matches, as closely as possible, the characteristics of the population It is important to have a representative sample so that the research results based on the sample can be generalized to the population PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Samples and Populations OBJ: The difference between a sample and a population (again) COG: Comprehension What are four differences between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis? ANS: The null hypothesis and the research hypothesis differ in four ways (1) The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between variables while the research hypothesis states that there is a relationship between two variables (2) The null hypothesis always refers to the population while the research hypothesis always refers to the sample (3) The null hypothesis must be indirectly tested (since it is impossible to test an entire population), whereas the research hypothesis can be directly tested (4) The null hypothesis is always written using Greek letters while the research hypothesis is always written in Roman letters PTS: DIF: Hard REF: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Comprehension Write the following statement in the form of an equation: There is no difference between IQ scores of freshmen at State University and freshmen at University State ANS: H0: su = us PTS: DIF: Medium REF: Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Application According to the book, what are five characteristics of a well-written hypothesis? ANS: A good hypothesis (1) is stated in a declarative form, (2) posits a relationship between variables, (3) reflects a theory or a body of literature that it is based on, (4) is brief and to the point, and (5) is testable PTS: DIF: Hard REF: What Makes a Good Hypothesis? OBJ: The criteria for judging a good hypothesis COG: Knowledge 10 Define null hypothesis and research hypothesis ANS: The null hypothesis is a statement of equality between a pair of variables The research hypothesis is a statement of inequality between two variables PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Comprehension 11 Make the following directional research hypothesis into a null hypothesis: There are more males than females with a college education ANS: There is no difference between the number of males and females with a college education PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Application 12 Make the following nondirectional research hypothesis into a null hypothesis: There is a difference between the number of males and females that have a college education ANS: There is no difference between the number of males and females with a college education PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Application 13 Write the following statement into an equation: There is a difference between IQ scores of freshmen at State University and freshmen at University State ANS: H1: XSU XUS PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Application 14 Write the following statement into an equation: The IQ scores of freshmen at State University are higher than the IQ scores of freshmen at University State ANS: H1: XSU > XUS PTS: DIF: Medium REF: The Research Hypothesis OBJ: The importance of the null and research hypotheses COG: Application ... COG: Comprehension 30 What test would you want to use to test a nondirectional research hypothesis? a One-tailed test b Two-tailed test c Nonparametric test d Frequency test ANS: B PTS: DIF: Easy... hypotheses COG: Knowledge 31 What test would you want to use to test a directional research hypothesis? a One-tailed test b Two-tailed test c Nonparametric test d Frequency test ANS: A PTS: DIF: Easy... research hypotheses COG: Knowledge 19 Which of the following is a directional test? a A one-tailed test b A two-tailed test c The research hypothesis d The null hypothesis ANS: A PTS: DIF: Easy