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PUBLIC FINANCE IN US'S EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Group WWW.SITE2MAX.PRO Free PowerPoint & KeyNote Templates I/ Overview 1.1 USA education system 1.2 USA public finance on education overview 1.3 Funding II Policies 2.1 Public Finance Policy 2.2 How Do States Pay for Schools? III The efficacy of Public Education 3.1 The Advantages of Education to a Nation 3.2 Education and Employment 3.3 Education and Health IV Lesson for Viet Nam I/ Overview – Education system The United States is a country with a good university system in the world On the college rankings, US schools continue to dominate, with over 50 of the top 200 universities in the world and are famous for the top best universities – which is known as Ivy League : Harvard, Yale, Princeton US education is primarily a public education run by the federal, state, and local governments in the United States and financed by the state The education of children in kindergarten and kindergarten is compulsory I/ Overview – USA public finance on education America spends over $500 billion a year on public elementary and secondary education in the United States On average, school districts spend $10,314 for each individual student, although per pupil expenditures vary greatly among states, school districts and individual schools The share of education funding that federal, state, and local governments provide has changed significantly over time Historically, elementary and secondary education was funded largely by local governments and states played only a supporting role II US's policies on education Funding Since 2002, federal funding for education has increased by 36 percent, from $50 billion to $68 billion, according to an analysis by the Committee for Education Funding, a District of Columbia-based advocacy organization It peaked in 2009 at $97 million, thanks to an injection of dollars from the economic stimulus, most of which went to staving off teacher layoffs II US's policies on education Funding States rely primarily on income and sales taxes to fund elementary and secondary education State legislatures generally determine the level and distribution of funding, following different rules and procedures depending on the state State funding for elementary and secondary education is generally distributed by formula Many states use funding formulas that provide funding based on the number of pupils in a district II US's policies on education Funding Property taxes support most of the funding that local government provides for education Local governments collect taxes from residential and commercial properties as a direct revenue source for the local school district How Do States Pay for Schools? In the United States, in the Constitution, education is the right for every children and it is also compulsory and free until age 16 or 18 The federal government has a wide range of instruments by which it can influence the nation's higher education system to produce socially desired outcomes - Expenditure programs - Regulatory programs - Tax programs How Do States Pay for Schools? Major State Finance Systems - The Foundation Program - District Power Equalizing Systems - Other Funding Approaches - Financing Individual Student/District Needs and Characteristics - Special Education Funding - Gifted and Talented Funding Policy A key issue related to funding formulae and the amount of funds they provide per pupil is whether the funding plan is equitable with respect to providing equal opportunities for all students, regardless of their circumstances Another issue is whether the amount of funding is adequate - sufficient to teach all children to ambitious standards, laws, and requirements The connection between school funding and achievement Massachusetts in the early 1990s reformed the state role in funding local schools ? Massachusetts schools reached the highest level of performance in the U.S and became increasingly competitive internationally The connection between school funding and achievement The connection between school funding and achievement Economists showed that spending increases of 20 percent over the course of the K-12 education of low-income students increases high school graduation rates by 23 percentage points, increases annual earnings by 25 percent, and similarly reduces poverty by 20 percentage points These results are large enough to close between two-thirds and all of the achievement gap on these measures between low-income kids and those with higher income III The efficacy of Public Education The Advantages of Education to a Nation According to Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016 Report Income: Median household income was $59,039 in 2016, an increase in real terms of 3.2 percent from the 2015 median of $57,230 This is the second consecutive annual increase in median household income   Earnings: The total number of men and women working full-time, year-round with earnings increased by 2.2 million between 2015 and 2016 The 2016 real median earnings of men and women who worked full-time, yearround was $51,640 and $41,554, respectively, not statistically different from their 2015 estimates   III The efficacy of Public Education The Advantages of Education to a Nation Poverty: The official poverty rate in 2016 was 12.7 percent, down 0.8 percentage points from 13.5 percent in 2015.  This is the second consecutive annual decline in poverty Since 2014, the poverty rate has fallen 2.1 percentage points from 14.8 percent to 12.7 percent In 2016 there were 40.6 million people in poverty, 2.5 million fewer than in 2015 and 6.0 million fewer than in 2014 Between 2015 and 2016, the poverty rate for children under age 18 declined from 19.7 to 18.0 percent The poverty rate for adults aged 18-64 declined from 12.4 to 11.6 percent The poverty rate for adults aged 65 and older was 9.3 percent in 2016, not statistically different from the rate in 2015 Education and Employment Education and Employment Education and Health Pennsylvania bears significant costs for public health programs  Over 2.1 million PA residents – 17% of all residents – receive public health insurance (Medicaid)  The state spends over $14 billion on public health insurance each year  In the 10 PA counties with the highest percentage of residents receiving public health insurance, 23% of residents receive these benefits  The public schools in these 10 counties are underfunded each year by an average of nearly $2,700 per child or $67,500 per classroom of 25 children IV Lessons for Viet Nam Achievement vs limit • Basic Achievement: - To complete the universalization of primary education in 2000, to popularize junior secondary education in 2010 - The scale of education and the education network is expanding - The people's access to education is increasing - Budget for education is increasing (215.167 billion VND, 10% than 2016) • Basic limitations: - Heavy in quantity, poor in quality - Imbalanced education (rank, occupation) - Facilities are backward - Access to education is still limited - Education management still has many inadequacies: enrollment, examinations, education testing - The budget for education remains modest and spread (20% of total IV Lessons for Viet Nam Some state subsidized education policies • Exemptions, reduced tuition fees • Scholarships, study supports • support remote areas; boarding and boarding fees • Students credit (800,000VND / student / month) • Policies supporting vocational training, training for poor people, rural workers, etc • Investing and supporting investment in building facilities • Mobilizing private resources: socializing education References http://www.nber.org/digest/mar07/w12352.html https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2017/demo/p60-259.html (http://www.elc-pa.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/BestInvestment_Full_Report_6.27.11.pdf) Book: The Price We Pay: Economic and Social Consequences of Inadequate Education https://schoolfinancesdav.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/aefp-50-stateaidsystems.pdf https://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/articles/2017-06-09/explore-student-loanoptions-for-international-students-in-the-us http://giaoduc.net.vn/Giao-duc-24h/Cuoc-chien-trong-chinh-sach-giao-duc-My-post174932.gd https://www.fsppm.fuv.edu.vn/cache/MPP8-513-L11V-Chinh%20sach%20giao%20duc-Do%20Thien%20Anh%20Tuan-2016-03-17-16481363.pdf NSNN 2017 Bo Tai Chinh