Nghiên cứu quá trình chuyển hóa dầu thực vật thải tạo nhiên liệu sinh học gốc bằng phương pháp cracking sử dụng xúc tác axit rắn đa mao quản

B GIO DC O TO TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI LUN VN THC S KHOA HC NGHIÊN CứU QUá TRìNH CHUYểN HOá DầU THựC VậT THảI TạO NHIÊN LIệU SINH HọC GốC BằNG PHƯƠNG PHáP CRACKING Sử DụNG XúC TáC AXIT RắN ĐA MAO QUảN CHUYấN NGNH: CễNG NGH THC PHM M S: TRN QUANG VINH Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS.TS.Lấ TH HOI NAM Lun Thc s Khoa hc LI CM N Bn lun ny c thc hin ti phũng Húa lý - B mt, Vin Húa Hc, Vin Khoa Hc v Cụng Ngh Vit Nam Tụi xin by t lũng kớnh trng v bit n sõu sc ti PGS.TS.Lờ Th Hoi Nam, ngi ó hng dn, giỳp v to iu kin thun li v mi mt giỳp tụi cú th hon thnh c khúa hc cao hc v thc hin tt bn lun Thc s ca mỡnh Tụi xin chõn thnh cỏm n cỏc ng nghip phũng Húa lý B mt, nhng ngi ó giỳp tụi rt nhiu quỏ trỡnh thc hin bn lun Tụi xin by t tỡnh cm v lũng bit n sõu sc ti gia ỡnh tụi, nhng ngi ó bờn cnh tụi, chia s nhng khú khn giỳp tụi vt qua nhng khú khn trc mt cú th ton tõm ton ý thc hin bn lun Cui cựng, tụi xin by t s kớnh trng v bit n n nhng thy cụ giỏo ó giỳp tụi thc hin c mt phn nhng c m v d nh i mỡnh Xin chõn thnh cm n! H Ni, ngy 11 thỏng 10 nm 2010 Hc viờn: Trn Quang Vinh Trn Quang Vinh Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc MC LC LI CM N .1 DANH MC CC Kí HIU VIT TT .5 DANH MC CC HèNH V V TH TRONG LUN VN DANH MC CC BNG BIU TRONG LUN VN M U .10 Chng TNG QUAN 13 1.1 Vt liu zeolit 13 1.1.1 Gii thiu v zeolit .13 1.1.2 Phõn loi zeolit 13 1.1.3 S hỡnh thnh cu trỳc zeolit 15 1.1.4 Mt vi tớnh cht ca zeolit 17 1.1.5 Mt s vt liu zeolit 20 1.2 Vt liu mao qun trung bỡnh 22 1.2.1 Tng quan v vt liu mao qun trung bỡnh .22 1.2.2 c im cu trỳc ca vt liu MQTB .23 1.2.3 Tng hp v c ch hỡnh thnh vt liu mao qun trung bỡnh 24 1.3 Vt liu a mao qun Zeolit/MQTB .25 1.3.1.Tng quan v vt liu Zeolit /MQTB .25 1.3.2 Phng phỏp tng hp vt liu Zeolit/MQTB 27 1.4 Quỏ trỡnh cracking 28 1.4.1 Gii thiu v phn ng cracking .28 1.4.2 Cracking nhit 28 1.4.3 Cracking xỳc tỏc 33 1.5 Gii thiu v tru v du thc vt thi ó qua ch bin thc phm 36 Trn Quang Vinh Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc 1.5.1 Gii thiu v tru 36 1.5.2 Gii thiu v du thc vt thi ó qua ch bin thc phm .38 1.5.3 Tỡnh hỡnh nghiờn cu ch to nhiờn liu sinh hc t du thc vt 39 Chng THC NGHIM 43 2.1 Tỏch silic t v tru 43 2.2 Tng hp vt liu zeolit v zeolit/MQTB 43 2.2.1 Tng hp zeolit HZSM-5 43 2.2.2 Tng hp vt liu NM-ZSM-5 44 2.2.3 Tng hp vt liu zeolit HY .46 2.2.4 Tng hp vt liu NM-Y 48 2.3 Cỏc phng phỏp húa lý nghiờn cu cu trỳc vt liu .50 2.3.1 Phng phỏp ph hp th hng ngoi (IR) 50 2.3.2 Phng phỏp ph nhiu x Rnghen (XRD) .51 2.3.3 Phng phỏp hin vi in t quột (SEM) 52 2.3.4 Phng phỏp hin vi in t truyn qua (TEM) 52 2.3.5 Phng phỏp ng nhit hp ph- kh hp ph Nit (BET) .53 2.3.6 Phng phỏp cng hng t ht nhõn (NMR) 56 2.4 Xỏc nh hot tớnh xỳc tỏc phn ng cracking n-hexan v Triisopropylbenzen (TIPB) trờn h vi dũng (MAT) 57 2.5 Cracking du thc vt thi to nhiờn liu sinh hc 58 2.5.1.X lý nguyờn liu .58 2.5.2 Tin hnh phn ng cracking .59 Chng KT QU V THO LUN 63 3.1 Cỏc kt qu chit silic t tru 63 3.2 Kt qu c trng vt liu .64 Trn Quang Vinh Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc 3.2.1 Kt qu c trng vt liu zeolit HY 64 3.2.2 Kt qu c trng vt liu NM-Y .71 3.2.3 Kt qu tng hp c trng vt liu HZSM-5 76 3.2.4 Kt qu tng hp c trng vt liu NM-ZSM-5 .81 3.3 Hot tớnh xỳc tỏc phn ng cracking n-Hexan v TIPB 85 3.4 iu ch nhiờn liu sinh hc 87 3.4.1 Kt qu x lý du nguyờn liu 87 3.4.2 Kt qu iu ch nhiờn liu sinh hc bng phng phỏp cracking xỳc tỏc c thc hin s dng xỳc tỏc l cỏc loi vt liu ó c nghiờn cu tng hp 89 KT LUN V KIN NGH 101 Kt lun 101 Kin ngh .103 TI LIU THAM KHO 104 Trn Quang Vinh Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc DANH MC CC Kí HIU VIT TT STT Tờn Ký hiu Secondary Building Unit SBU Mao qun trung bỡnh MQTB Mao qun trung bỡnh t tru MQTBTru Cht hot ng b mt HBM Khi lng phõn t KLPT Biodiesel fuel BDF Organic Liquid Product OLP Nano-Meso Y NM-Y Nano-Meso ZSM-5 NM-ZSM-5 10 11 12 13 Phng phỏp ph Hp th hng ngoi Phng phỏp ph nhiu x Rnghen Phng phỏp ng nhit hp phkh hp ph Nit Phng phỏp hin vi in t quột Phng phỏp hin vi in t truyn qua IR XRD BET SEM TEM 14 Cng hng t ht nhõn NMR 15 Microactivity Test MAT 16 Tri isopropylbenzen TIPB 17 Liquified Petroleum Gas LPG 18 Light Cycle Oil LCO 19 Heavy Cycle Oil HCO Trn Quang Vinh Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc DANH MC CC HèNH V V TH TRONG LUN VN STT S HèNH V TấN HèNH V TRANG Hỡnh 1.1 n v cu trỳc c bn ca zeolit 15 Hỡnh 1.2 Cỏc SBU to cu trỳc zeolit 16 Hỡnh 1.3 S minh quỏ trỡnh hỡnh thnh Zeolit 17 Hỡnh 1.4 Hỡnh 1.5 S chn lc hỡnh dng sn phm phn ng 19 Hỡnh 1.6 S chn lc hỡnh dng hp cht trung gian 20 Hỡnh 1.7 H thng mao qun ca ZSM-5 21 Hỡnh 1.8 Cu trỳc zeolit ZSM-5 21 Hỡnh 1.9 Cu trỳc zeolit Y 22 10 Hỡnh 1.10 Cỏc dng cu trỳc ca vt liu MQTB 23 11 Hỡnh 1.11 C ch nh hng theo cu trỳc tinh th lng 24 12 Hỡnh 1.12 Mụ hỡnh ca cht xỳc tỏc a mao qun 27 13 Hỡnh 1.13 14 Hỡnh 1.14 15 Hỡnh 1.15 16 Hỡnh 1.16 17 Hỡnh 2.1 S tng hp vt liu HZSM-5 44 18 Hỡnh 2.2 S tng hp vt liu Nano Meso ZSM5 46 19 Hỡnh 2.3 S tng hp zeolit HY 48 Trn Quang Vinh S chn lc hỡnh dng cht tham gia phn ng C ch phn ng quỏ trỡnh nhit phõn ca triglyceride bóo hũa C ch phn ng quỏ trỡnh nhit phõn ca triglyceride cha bóo hũa C ch phn ng nhit phõn triglyceride bóo hũa v cha bóo hũa C ch xut quỏ trỡnh cracking du c trờn H-ZSM-5 19 30 31 32 36 Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc 20 Hỡnh 2.4 S tng hp vt liu Nano Meso Y 49 21 Hỡnh 2.5 S tia ti v tia phn x trờn tinh th 51 22 Hỡnh 2.6 23 Hỡnh 2.7 24 Hỡnh 2.8 S h phn ng vi dũng 57 25 Hỡnh 2.9 H thng iu khin h MAT 5000 62 26 Hỡnh 3.1 27 Hỡnh 3.2 Ph hng ngoi ca zeolit Y chun 65 28 Hỡnh 3.3 Ph hng ngoi ca zeolit HY 65 29 Hỡnh 3.4 Ph XRD zeolit HY 67 30 Hỡnh 3.5 nh SEM zeolit HY 68 31 Hỡnh 3.6 nh TEM ca zeolit HY 68 32 Hỡnh 3.7 33 Hỡnh 3.8 34 Hỡnh 3.9 Ph 27Al-NMR ca zeolit HY 71 35 Hỡnh 3.10 Ph hng ngoi ca vt liu Nano-Meso Y 72 36 Hỡnh 3.11 Ph XRD ca vt liu Nano-Meso Y 72 37 Hỡnh 3.12 nh SEM ca vt liu Nano-Meso Y 73 38 Hỡnh 3.13 nh TEM ca vt liu Nano Meso Y 73 39 Hỡnh 3.14 40 Hỡnh 3.15 Trn Quang Vinh Cỏc dng ng ng nhit hp ph-kh hp ph theo phõn loi IUPAC th biu din s bin thiờn ca P /V(P0 - P) theo P/P0 Biu quan h gia lng tro thu c vi thi gian tro húa ng ng nhit hp ph-kh hp ph (N2) ca zeolit HY ng phõn b kớch thc mao qun ca zeolit HY ng ng nhit hp ph-kh hp ph (N2) ca vt liu Nano-Meso Y ng phõn b kớch thc mao qun ca vt liu Nano-Meso Y 54 55 63 68 70 74 75 Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc 41 Hỡnh 3.16 Ph 27Al - NMR ca vt liu Nano Meso Y 76 42 Hỡnh 3.17 Ph IR ca cỏc mu 77 43 Hỡnh 3.18 Ph XRD ca cỏc mu 77 44 Hỡnh 3.19 nh SEM vt liu HZSM-5 78 45 Hỡnh 3.20 nh TEM ca vt liu HZSM-5 78 46 Hỡnh 3.21 47 Hỡnh 3.22 48 Hỡnh 3.23 Ph Al NMR ca HZSM-5 80 49 Hỡnh 3.24 Ph hng ngoi ca cỏc mu vt liu 81 50 Hỡnh 3.25 Gin nhiu x Rnghen ca NM-ZSM-5 82 51 Hỡnh 3.26 nh SEM vt liu NM-ZSM-5 82 52 Hỡnh 3.27 nh TEM ca vt liu NM-ZSM-5 83 53 Hỡnh 3.28 54 Hỡnh 3.29 55 Hỡnh 3.30 56 Hỡnh 3.31 57 Hỡnh 3.32 ng cong ng nhit hp ph-kh hp ph i vi N2 ca mu zeolit HZSM-5 ng phõn b kớch thc mao qun ca zeolit HZSM-5 27 ng ng nhit hp ph-kh hp ph N2 ca vt liu NM-ZSM-5 ng phõn b kớch thc mao qun ca vt liu NM-ZSM-5 Ph 27Al NMR ca vt liu NM-ZSM-5 th biu din chuyn hoỏ n-hexan phn ng cracking trờn cỏc xỳc tỏc th biu din chuyn hoỏ TIPB phn ng cracking trờn cỏc xỳc tỏc 79 79 84 84 84 86 86 Cỏc sn phm chớnh ca quỏ trỡnh cracking 57 Hỡnh 3.33 xỳc tỏc thc hin trờn cỏc vt liu xỳc tỏc khỏc 91 Trn Quang Vinh Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc DANH MC CC BNG BIU TRONG LUN VN STT S HIU TấN BNG BNG TRANG Bng 1.1 c trng thnh phn ca nguyờn liu tru 37 Bng 1.2 Thnh phn hoỏ hc ca tro t t tru 38 Bng 3.1 Thnh phn hoỏ hc ca tro t t tru 63 Bng 3.2 Bng 3.3 Bng 3.4 Bng 3.5 Thnh phn dung dich chit silic tro bng dung dch kim Kt qu phõn tớch cỏc ch s c trng ca cỏc mu Kt qu phõn tớch hm lng natri, protein, pht pho, nc Thnh phn sn phm khớ ca quỏ trỡnh cracking xỳc tỏc trờn cỏc xỳc tỏc v quỏ trinh nhit phõn 64 87 87 92 Thnh phn sn phm lng ca phn ng cracking Bng 3.6 thc hin trờn cỏc xỳc tỏc so sỏnh vi quỏ trỡnh 94 nhit phõn Trn Quang Vinh Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc STT Tờn Nhit phõn Cht Cụng thc cu to Hm lng, % 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene (CAS) Cycloheptatriene 2.38 1-Undecyne 1.89 Cyclopentene,3-hexyl3-Hexyl-1-cyclopentene # 2.08 10-Methylnonadecane 2.86 9-Octadecyne 2.24 Hexadecanoic acid (CAS) Palmitic acid O 20.41 OH HO Oleic Acid 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)- 18.51 O O 10 Octadecanoic acid (CAS) Stearic acid Ethanol, 2-(9,12octadecadienyloxy)-, (Z,Z)2-cis,cis-9,12Octadecadienyloxyethanol 17-Pentatriacontene (17E)-17-Pentatriacontene # Trn Quang Vinh OH 2.86 3.74 HO O 3.11 96 Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc STT Tờn Zeolit HY Cht Cụng Thc cu to Hm lng, % Benzene, methyl(CAS) Toluene 21.4 p-Xylene Benzene, 1,4dimethyl- 4.88 Benzene, ethyl(CAS) EB 16.0 Benzene, 1,2dimethyl- (CAS) o-Xylene 5.11 y Benzene, 1-ethyl-2methylToluene, o-ethyl- 6.08 Benzene, 1-ethyl-4methylToluene, p-ethyl- 6.05 y y Benzene, 1-ethenyl2-methylStyrene, o-methyl- 2.56 1,5-Decadiyne 2.23 10 1H-Indene, 1methylene1-Methylene-1Hindene Naphthalene, 2methyl- (CAS) 2Methylnaphthalene Trn Quang Vinh 4.14 3.19 97 Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc STT Tờn Zeolit HZSM-5 Cht Cụng thc húa hc Hm lng, % Benzene, methyl(CAS) Toluene 36.48 Benzene, ethyl(CAS) EB 3.70 p-Xylene Benzene, 1,4dimethyl- 17.41 Benzene, 1,2dimethyl- (CAS) o-Xylene 6.72 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2methyl- (CAS) o-Ethyltoluene 2.63 Naphthalene Albocarbon 10.86 Naphthalene, 1methyl-Methylnaphthalene 7.47 Naphthalene, 1methyl- (CAS) 1-Methylnaphthalene 1.58 Naphthalene, 1,8dimethyl1,8Dimethylnaphthalene 1.56 10 Naphthalene, 1,6dimethyl1,6Dimethylnaphthalene 1.12 Trn Quang Vinh 98 Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc STT Tờn cht 1,3,5Cycloheptatriene (CAS) Nano-Meso Y Cht Cụng Thc cu to Hm lng, % 10.98 o-Xylene 12.50 Benzene, ethyl(CAS) 4.43 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2methyl- (CAS) 6.50 Benzene, 1,2,4trimethyl- (CAS) 7.73 Naphthalene 7.76 Naphthalene, 2methyl- 9.29 Naphthalene, 1methyl- (CAS) 4.48 Naphthalene, 1,4dimethyl- (CAS) 3.78 10 Naphthalene, 1,2dimethyl- (CAS) 5.74 Trn Quang Vinh 99 Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc Nano-Meso ZSM-5 Cht STT Tờn Cụng Thc cu to Hm lng, % 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene (CAS) Cycloheptatriene 32.07 Benzene, ethyl- (CAS) EB 6.59 Benzene, 1,2-dimethyl(CAS) o-Xylene 20.28 Benzene, 1,4-dimethyl(CAS) p-Xylene 5.34 Benzene, 1-ethyl-2methyl- (CAS) o-Ethyltoluene 6.91 Benzene, 1,2,3trimethyl- (CAS) 1,2,3Trimethylbenzene y 2.87 y Benzene, 2-propenylBenzene, allyl- 1.91 y y Benzene, 2-ethenyl1,4-dimethylStyrene, 2,5-dimethyl- 1.40 Naphthalene (CAS) White tar 3.27 10 1H-Indene, 1ethylidene(1E)-1-Ethylidene-1Hindene 3.17 Trn Quang Vinh 100 Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc KT LUN V KIN NGH Kt lun 1- ó nghiờn cu, tng hp thnh cụng cỏc xỳc tỏc zeolit Y, zeolit ZSM-5, Nanomeso Y v Nano-Meso ZSM-5 bng phng phỏp kt tinh thy nhit dựng mm s dng ngun silic c chit tỏch t tru, mt dng ph thi nụng nghip cú tr lng rt di Vit Nam 2- Bng cỏc phng phỏp húa lý nh: phng phỏp ph hng ngoi (IR), nhiu x Rnghen (XRD), o b mt riờng (BET), kớnh hin vi in t quột (SEM), kớnh hin vi in t truyn qua (TEM) v phng phỏp cng hng t ht nhõn 27Al-NMR, ó chng t c cỏc vt liu tng hp c cú tinh th, axit tt v cú cu trỳc a mao qun 3- Hot tớnh xỳc tỏc ca cỏc vt liu tng hp ó c kho sỏt phn ng cracking n-hexan v TriIsoPropylBenzen (TIPB) Cỏc kt qu thu c ó cho thy rừ nhng nh hng v axit v cu trỳc ca vt liu nh hng n chuyn húa ca phn ng cracking Trong phn ng cracking n-hexan, cỏc vt liu HZSM-5 v NM-ZSM-5 chim u th tuyt i so vi vt liu HY v NM-Y Trong phn ng cracking TIPB, cỏc vt liu NM-Y v NM-ZSM-5 li th hin c u th so vi cỏc zeolit HY v zeolit HZSM-5 4- Ngun du thc vt thi trc c dựng lm nguyờn liu cho phn ng cracking ó c x lý loi b cỏc cht nh cn, mui, ng, cỏc cht cha Nit, pht Kt qu phõn tớch cỏc c trng cho thy du thc vt thi sau x lý cú cỏc ch s c trng nh ch s axit, iod, x phũng húa v t trng tng ng nh mu du thc vt cha s dng Ngoi ra, du thc vt sau x lý loi b cỏc cht cú iu kin c s dng lm nguyờn liu cho phn ng cracking TIPB, cỏc vt liu NM-Y v NM-ZSM-5 li chim c u th so vi cỏc vt liu zeolit HY v HZSM-5 5- Nhiờn liu sinh hc ó c iu ch thnh cụng t du n thi bng phng phỏp cracking xỳc tỏc s dng cỏc vt liu xỳc tỏc ó tng hp Cỏc phõn on sn phm ca quỏ trỡnh cracking xỳc tỏc cú nhit sụi tng ng nhit sụi ca Trn Quang Vinh 101 Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc cỏc phõn on sn phm ca quỏ trỡnh cracking du m Sn phm lng ca quỏ trỡnh cracking xỳc tỏc bao gm cỏc hp cht l dn xut ca benzene rt cú giỏ tr vic nõng cao cht lng sn phm nhiờn liu, to ch s octan cao C ch ca phn ng cracking xỳc tỏc l c ch cacbenium vi s xut hin ca cỏc sn phm dng vũng thm sn phm lng v s xut hin ca sn phm i-C4H10 sn phm khớ 6- Vic s dng ngun silic chit tỏch t tru ó gúp thờm mt hng s dng hiu qu ngun tru to cỏc sn phm cú giỏ tr cao, gim bt nh hng gõy ụ nhim mụi trng ngun ph thi ny gõy 7- Vic s dng ngun du thc vt thi lm nguyờn liu cho quỏ trỡnh cracking to nhiờn liu sinh hc gc ó gúp phn gii quyt c ụ nhim mụi trng v nhng tỏc hi rt xu i vi sc khe ca ngi ngun ny gõy v quan trng hn l ó tn dng c ngun ny lm nguyờn liu b sung cho ngun nguyờn liu húa thch ang dn khan him nhu cu s dng ngy cng tng ca ngi Trn Quang Vinh 102 Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc Kin ngh Nhng kt qu thu c bn lun ny l mt bc u tiờn rt quan trng lnh vc nghiờn cu ch to nhiờn liu sinh hc t du thc vt thi bng quỏ trỡnh cracking xỳc tỏc trờn cỏc vt liu mi cho hiu sut thu hi cao Tuy nhiờn, cú th c thc t, cn cú nhiu nghiờn cu hn na vic ti u húa hiu sut thu hi cỏc phõn on cú giỏ tr cng nh th nghim cỏc ch s phự hp cỏc yờu cu i vi nhiờn liu s dng cho ng c v trin khai m rng sn xut nhiờn liu sinh hc t du thc vt thi quy mụ ln iu ny l rt cn thit tỡnh hỡnh nhiờn liu sinh hc Vit Nam hin ti ang ngy cng c quan tõm, tn dng cỏc ngun sinh cú tr lng di nc Trn Quang Vinh 103 Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc TI LIU THAM KHO Theo Vitinfo (2008) Du t k lc mi 147USD/thựng Cp nht lỳc 11h16, ngy 12/07/2008 Ngun trớch t trang web: http://www.ktdt.com.vn/newsdetail.asp?NewsId=75493&CatId=17 Wenlei Xie, Xiaoming Huang, Haitao Li (2007), Soybean oil methyl esters preparation using NaX zeolites loaded with KOH as a heterogeneous catalyst, Bioresource Technology 98 pp 936939 Wikipedia Biodiesel Ngun t trang web: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel Cholada Komintarachat and Sathaporn Chuepeng (2010), Methanol-Based Transesterification Optimization of Waste Used Cooking Oil over Potassium Hydroxide Catalyst, American Journal of Applied Sciences (8), pp 10731078 Xiao, M and Obbard, J P (2010), Whole cell-catalyzed transesterification of waste vegetable oil GCB Bioenergy, no doi: 10.1111/j.1757-1707 201001060.x N Prakash, A Arul Jose, M G Devanesan& T Viruthagiri (2006), Optimazation of karanja oil transesterification Indian journal of Chemical Technology, Vol.13, pp 505-509 Ayhan Demirbas (2008), Comparison of transesterification methods for production of biodiesel from vegetable oils and fats, Energy Conversion and Management 49, pp 125130 T V M Rao, M M Calvero, M Makkee (2010), Effective Gasoline Production Strategies by Catalytic Cracking of Rapeseed Vegetable Oil in Refinery Conditions, ChemSusChem Volume 3, Issue 7, pp 807810 Melero Juan A, Milagrosa Clavero M, Calleja Guillermo, Garcia Alicia, Miravalles Rubộn, Galindo Tamara (2010), Production of Biofuels via the Catalytic Cracking of Mixtures of Crude Vegetable Oils and Nonedible Animal Fats with Vacuum Gas Oil, NoJANFEV Vol 24, pp.707-717 10 Le Thi Hoai Nam, Tran Quang Vinh, Nguyen Thi Thanh Loan, Van Dinh Son Tho, Bao-Lian Su (2010), Preparation of biofuels by catalytic reaction of vegetable oil sludge, Fuel, Accepted Manuscript JFUE-D-10-00111, 15-102010 Trn Quang Vinh 104 Khúa 2008-2010 Lun Thc s Khoa hc 11 Trn Quang Vinh, Mnh Hựng, Nguyn Vn Ho, Dng Tuyt Phng, Lờ Th Hoi nam, Trn Th Kim Hoa, Lờ Kim Lan, V Anh Tun (2007) Nghiờn cu tng hp zeolit dng ht t tro bay v cao lanh ng dng x lớ mụi trng Tp Khoa hc v Cụng ngh., trang 88, Tp 45-S 3A 12 Van Dinh Son Tho, Tran Quang Vinh, Le Hoai Nam (2009), Synthesis of zeolite 3A and its application for ethanol dehydration, International meeting Bio-ethanol: Status and Future, March, page 24 13 Guo-Wen Xing, Xuan-Wen Li, Gui-Ling Tian, Yun-Hua Ye (2000), Enzymatic Peptide 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pp 707717 80 Xander Dupain, Daniel J Costa, Colin J Schaverien, Michiel Makkee, Jacob A Moulijn (2007), Cracking of a rapeseed vegetable oil under realistic FCC conditions, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental V 72, pp 4461 81 A Corma, A.V Orchilles (2000), Current views on the mechanism of catalytic cracking Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 3536, pp 2130 Trn Quang Vinh 110 Khúa 2008-2010 ... tái sử dụng lại nguồn trấu phế thải Chính lý trên, đề tài luận văn Nghiên cứu trình chuyển hoá dầu thực vật thải tạo nhiên liệu sinh học gốc phương pháp cracking sử dụng xúc tác axít rắn đa mao. .. Nhiên liệu sinh học điều chế từ dầu thực vật thải chủ yếu phương pháp este hóa cracking xúc tác Nghiên cứu sản xuất biodiesel phương pháp este hoá dầu thực vật dầu thực vật thải xúc tác axít, bazơ,... 87 3.4.1 Kết xử lý dầu nguyên liệu 87 3.4.2 Kết điều chế nhiên liệu sinh học phương pháp cracking xúc tác thực sử dụng xúc tác loại vật liệu nghiên cứu tổng hợp 89 KẾT