Nghiên cứu quá trình xử lý kết hợp bùn bể tự hoại và rác hữu cơ bằng phương pháp sinh học kỵ khí ở chế độ lên men nóng

B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC XY DNG LUN N NGHIấN CU SINH TI: NGHIấN CU QU TRèNH X Lí KT HP BN B T HOI V RC HU C BNG PHNG PHP SINH HC K KH CH LấN MEN NểNG NGNH: K THUT MễI TRNG M S: 62.52.03.20 NM 2015 M U T VN Hng ngy, lng cht thi phỏt sinh ti cỏc ụ th rt ln Ti khu vc ụ th, hu ht cỏc gia ỡnh s dng b t hoi x lý nc thi ca h gia ỡnh trc vo h thng thoỏt nc chung ca thnh ph Lng bựn c hỳt t b t hoi phỏt sinh hng nm ti cỏc h gia ỡnh rt ln, ti thnh ph H Ni c tớnh khong 517 m3/ngy [2] Mt phn lng bựn b t hoi c cụng ty Urenco thu gom v x lý kt hp vi rỏc hu c x lý phõn vi sinh, phn cũn li c cỏc cụng ty t nhõn thu gom, chuyn Bờn cnh ú, cht thi rn sinh hot phỏt sinh ti cỏc ụ th hng ngy rt ln Tng lng cht thi rn sinh hot cỏc ụ th phỏt sinh trờn ton quc tng trung bỡnh 10-16% mi nm, ú t l rỏc hu c chim > 51% rỏc thi sinh hot [24] Bin phỏp x lý rỏc hu c hin ch yu l chụn lp, gõy ụ nhim mụi trng v quỏ ti bói chụn lp Theo chin lc quc gia quản lý tổng hợp chất thải rắn đến năm 2025, tầm nhìn đến năm 2050 Th tng Chính phủ ban hành ngày 17 tháng 12 năm 2009 s phỏt trin chng trỡnh thỳc đẩy phân loại chất thải rắn nguồn nhằm mục đích tách riêng rác vô hữu cơ, tái chế, tái sử dụng chất thải để giảm thiểu diện tích bãi chôn lấp Theo mục tiêu cụ thể Chin lc quốc gia đến năm 2015: 85% tng lng chất thải rắn sinh hoạt đụ thị phát sinh c thu gom, 60% lng chất thải c tái chế, tái sử dụng, thu hồi nng lng sản xuất phân hữu cơ; 30% bùn bể phốt đô thị từ loại II trở lên 10% đô thị lại c thu gom xử lý đảm bảo mụi trng; 50% rác c phân loại nguồn Các giải pháp c a để thực Chin lc quốc gia bao gồm: phòng ngừa giảm thiểu phát sinh chất thải rắn; thúc đẩy phân loại chất thải rắn nguồn phát triển sở hạ tầng, thu gom xử lý riêng loại chất thải rắn sau phân loại; tăng c-ờng tái sử dụng, tái chế chất thải rắn; xử lý chất thải rắn Ti nhiu nc trờn th gii, cụng ngh x lý k khớ cỏc cht thi giu hu c ch nhit khỏc nhau: lờn men m hoc lờn men núng ó c ỏp dng quy mụ ln, quy mụ cụng nghip gim thiu lng cht thi a n bói chụn lp, gim nguy c gõy ụ nhim mụi trng, ng thi to sn phm biogas phc v cho sn xut in nng hoc nhit nng Cỏc nghiờn cu trc õy ó cho thy x lý k khớ cht thi ch lờn men núng cho u im hn ch lờn men m v lng khớ metan sinh cao hn, thi gian phõn hy ngn hn v bựn sau x lý c tiờu dit hon ton mm bnh, cú th c s dng lm phõn bún cho cõy trng Gii phỏp x lý cht thi bng phng phỏp sinh hc k khớ ch lờn men núng i vi cỏc loi cht thi cú nhiu tim nng, vỡ vy cú th ỏp dng iu kin Vit Nam ti lun ỏn: Nghiờn cu quỏ trỡnh x lý kt hp bựn b t hoi v rỏc hu c bng phng phỏp sinh hc k khớ ch lờn men núng l rt cn thit, ỏp ng yờu cu bo v mụi trng, phự hp vi nh hng chin lc phỏt trin tng lai v vic la chn gii phỏp cụng ngh x lý cho cỏc ụ th ln ti Vit Nam, hng ti phỏt trin bn vng MC TIấU NGHIấN CU CA LUN N Mc tiờu nghiờn cu ca lun ỏn: Nghiờn cu tớnh kh thi v hiu qu v mt k thut ca cụng ngh phõn hy sinh hc k khớ lờn men núng x lý hn hp bựn b t hoi v rỏc hu c (cht thi thc phm) iu kin Vit Nam Nghiờn cu ỏnh giỏ c mt s yu t nh hng ti quỏ trỡnh sinh hc k khớ ch lờn men núng ti hiu qu sinh metan: t l bựn b t hoi: cht thi thc phm, ti lng hu c ca cht thi Xỏc nh thụng s ng hc c trng ca quỏ trỡnh x lý k khớ hai loi cht thi núi trờn ch lờn men núng I TNG V PHM VI NGHIấN CU i tng nghiờn cu i tng nghiờn cu l bựn b t hoi v cht thi thc phm Phm vi nghiờn cu Phm vi nghiờn cu: ti cỏc thnh ph ln, ly H Ni lm vớ d nghiờn cu Cụng ngh x lý kt hp bựn b t hoi v cht thi thc phm bng phng phỏp sinh hc k khớ ch lờn men núng c thc hin phũng thớ nghim (thớ nghim theo m) v ng dng th nghim trờn mụ hỡnh Pilot (thớ nghim liờn tc) NI DUNG NGHIấN CU Ni dung chớnh ca lun ỏn Tng quan v s lng, thnh phn, tớnh cht ca bựn cn b t hoi, rỏc hu c v c s lý thuyt quỏ trỡnh phõn hy k khớ ch lờn men núng Nghiờn cu thc nghim trờn mụ hỡnh phũng thớ nghim: Thớ nghim theo m v thớ nghim liờn tc mụ hỡnh pilot Thớ nghim theo m nghiờn cu x lý k khớ kt hp bựn b t hoi v cht thi thc phm vi cỏc t l phi trn Bựn b t hoi: cht thi thc phm khỏc cỏc ch lờn men m v lờn men núng Thớ nghim theo m cho phộp so sỏnh gia ch lờn men v lng khớ metan sinh ra, hiu sut quỏ trỡnh x lý theo COD v hiu sut sinh khớ metan ng thi xỏc nh c t l phi trn ti u l c s thc hin thớ nghim liờn tc Thớ nghim liờn tc mụ hỡnh Pilot 1000 lớt c thc hin da trờn t l phi trn ca thớ nghim theo m, cho phộp xỏc nh lng khớ biogas v thnh phn khớ biogas, xỏc nh c thụng s hnh ti u - ti lng hu c ti a np vo h v cht lng hn hp bựn b t hoi v cht thi thc phm sau x lý Kt qu thc nghim ca thớ nghim theo m c s dng nghiờn cu mụ phng quỏ trỡnh phõn hy k khớ bựn b t hoi v cht thi thc phm bng bng phn mm GPS-X Kt qu phn mm GPS-X cho phộp xỏc nh c cỏc thụng s c trng h s phõn hy ni sinh kd ca bựn b t hoi v cht thi thc phm bng phng phỏp sinh hc k khớ ch lờn men núng T ú giỳp cho vic tớnh toỏn, thit k c cụng trỡnh nh mỏy x lý cht thi Tho lun, nhn xột kt qu nghiờn cu v kt lun PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU Phng phỏp nghiờn cu tng hp ti liu Thu thp ti liu liờn quan v thnh phn, tớnh cht, cỏc phng phỏp x lý bựn b t hoi, rỏc hu c Phng phỏp nghiờn cu lý thuyt Nghiờn cu c s lý thuyt quỏ trỡnh x lý k khớ cht thi cỏc ch lờn men m v lờn men núng Phng phỏp nghiờn cu thc nghim Kho sỏt, ly mu, o c mt s thụng s ngoi hin trng, phõn tớch tớnh toỏn v tng hp cỏc s liu thu c Tin hnh thớ nghim theo m v thớ nghim liờn tc, x lý kt hp bựn b t hoi v cht thi thc phm Thớ nghim theo m thc hin phũng thớ nghim vi h thớ nghim (mi h thớ nghim gm bỡnh dung tớch 500ml) ch lờn men m (35oC) v lờn men núng (55oC) vi cỏc t l phi trn khỏc gia bựn b t hoi v cht thi thc phm Thớ nghim liờn tc ch lờn men núng (55oC) c thc hin mụ hỡnh Pilot 1000l vi t l phi trn ti u t thớ nghim theo m Phng phỏp s dng mụ hỡnh toỏn hc mụ phng Cỏc kt qu thớ nghim theo m c s dng chy phn mm GPS-X mụ phng quỏ trỡnh x lý k khớ kt hp gia bựn b t hoi v cht thi thc phm ch lờn men núng, xỏc nh thụng s ng hc c bn ca bựn b t hoi v cht thi thc phm Phng phỏp so sỏnh, phõn tớch So sỏnh x lý k khớ kt hp bựn b t hoi v cht thi thc phm hai ch lờn men m v lờn men núng Phõn tớch, nhn xột kt qu thu c So sỏnh vi cỏc nghiờn cu phõn hy k khớ sinh metan ca cỏc nghiờn cu khỏc Phng phỏp thng kờ xỏc sut p dng phng phỏp thng kờ, xỏc sut x lý kt qu thu c Phng phỏp tng hp Tng hp, liờn kt cỏc thụng tin li vi mt cỏch cú h thng Phng phỏp chuyờn gia Tham kho ý kin, kinh nghim ca cỏc chuyờn gia cú chuyờn mụn sõu v lnh vc liờn quan C S KHOA HC, TNH MI V THC TIN CA LUN N C s khoa hc Cht thi thc phm giu cacbon cú tim nng sinh khớ metan cao, cú th x lý bng phng phỏp sinh hc k khớ tn thu nng lng v phõn bún x lý rỏc hu c bng phng phỏp k khớ, cn kim soỏt tt quỏ trỡnh bng cỏch iu chnh ti lng nguyờn liu np phự hp, tin x lý, Bựn b t hoi giu Cacbon nhng ng thi cú hm lng Nit rt cao, nu x lý riờng bit bựn b t hoi bng phng phỏp sinh hc k khớ khú t hiu sut cao Cht thi thc phm v bựn b t hoi u l cỏc dũng cht thi giu hu c, cú tim nng sinh khớ biogas thu hi nng lng ln Cht thi thc phm giu ngun C, bựn b t hoi li giu nguyờn t dinh dng N Vic kt hp hai ngun thi ny x lý bng phng phỏp lờn men k khớ l hp lý ti u húa vic cõn bng cỏc nguyờn t quỏ trỡnh x lý v thu hi khớ biogas Vic b sung cht thi thc phm vo bựn b t hoi vi t l thớch hp cho phộp tng hm lng metan sn phm khớ biogas thu c, h hot ng n nh hn, d sinh khớ mờtan hn v cho phộp quỏ trỡnh ng b k khớ thun li hn Vic x lý kt hp cỏc cht thi khỏc giu hu c, giu vi sinh vt s to iu kin thun li cho quỏ trỡnh phõn hy v t hiu sut x lý cao hn Quỏ trỡnh x lý k khớ ng thi hn hp bựn thụ t lng I v bựn hot tớnh d trm x lý nc thi vi cht thi thc phm ó c nghiờn cu v khng nh ti c, Nht Bn v nhiu nc khỏc trờn th gii Khớ biogas thu gom c t quỏ trỡnh x lý c tn dng vo sn xut nng lng in nng hoc nhit nng cỏc ụ th Vit Nam, bựn b t hoi v rỏc hu c t cỏc ụ th hng ngy thi vi mt lng rt ln Tuy nhiờn cha cú bin phỏp x lý hu hiu m bo an ton v mt v sinh v mụi trng Bin phỏp x lý hin ch yu l chụn lp gõy quỏ ti bói chụn lp, ng thi gõy ụ nhim mụi trng Quỏ trỡnh phõn hy hn hp bựn bng phng phỏp k khớ gp phi nhng v hiu sut v n nh, mt nhng nguyờn nhõn chớnh l bựn b t hoi cú cha hm lng Nit (N) ln Gii phỏp cho k thut ny l trn rỏc hu c giu Cacbon vo bựn to mụi trng thớch hp cho quỏ trỡnh x lý k khớ Cỏc nghiờn cu trc õy ó ch hng i tim nng x lý cht hu c, ú l phng phỏp phõn hy k khớ phõn hy cht hu c v thu hi mờtan X lý kt hp bựn b t hoi v rỏc hu c bng phng phỏp sinh hc k khớ to mụi trng phõn hy, qun th vi sinh vt tt hn bựn b t hoi cú sn h vi sinh vt k khớ, gp nhiu ln rỏc hu c i vi x lý k khớ cht thi cú ch lờn men: lờn men m v lờn men núng Cỏc nghiờn cu trc õy ó ch quỏ trỡnh x lý k khớ cht thi ch lờn men núng cú nhiu u im hn ch lờn men m: s to nhiu khớ biogas, rỳt ngn thi gian phõn hy, ng thi tiờu dit ht cỏc mm bnh Cht thi sau x lý cú th c tn dng lm phõn bún cho cõy trng Vỡ vy, lun ỏn ny tin hnh nghiờn cu x lý kt hp bựn b t hoi v rỏc hu c (ly cht thi thc phm lm i din) bng phng phỏp sinh hc k khớ ch lờn men núng x lý cht thi v thu hi ti nguyờn í ngha khoa hc v thc tin í ngha khoa hc Nghiờn cu cho thy vic x lý kt hp cht thi thc phm v bựn b t hoi m bo quỏ trỡnh sinh khớ biogas din n nh, cho hiu sut x lý theo COD cao hn nhiu so vi ch x lý riờng bựn b t hoi Kt qu nghiờn cu ó cho thy thnh phn, tớnh cht ca bựn b t hoi, ca cht thi thc phm v kh nng sinh khớ biogas ca chỳng x lý k khớ Bựn b t hoi cú giỏ tr COD cao (dao ng 12.600-79.500 mg/l), t l VS/TS 63%-82%; cht thi thc phm cú COD dao ng 118.450-241.000 mg/l, t l VS/TS dao ng 79%-95%, cho thy hai loi cht thi trờn cú kh nng phõn hy bng phng phỏp sinh hc k khớ T l COD/N ca bựn b t hoi dao ng 9-18/1, cht thi thc phm cú t l COD/N cao hn, t 85-179/1 Theo mt s nghiờn cu, b phn ng hot ng n nh, t l COD/N l 70-200/1 [86] Do vy, x lý kt hp hai ngun ny to mụi trng thun li cho quỏ trỡnh x lý k khớ l cỏch tip cn hp lý Trong thớ nghim theo m ch lờn men núng, x lý kt hp hai ngun cht thi núi trờn, hiu sut x lý theo COD vi t l phi trn bựn b t hoi: cht thi thc phm khỏc dao ng 42,7%-86,2% so vi x lý riờng bựn b t hoi ch t 24,9% Trong thớ nghim liờn tc x lý k khớ ch lờn men núng, t l phi trn ti u bựn b t hoi:cht thi thc phm theo th tớch 9:1 (tng ng t l phi trn theo COD 1:1) cho hiu sut x lý theo COD t 58%-75% Kt qu nghiờn cu cng ó khng nh s phự hp ca cỏch tip cn ny, cú th x lý kt hp bựn b t hoi v rỏc hu c, thu hi khớ biogas ch lờn men núng Nghiờn cu ó ch nh hng ca t l phi trn bựn b t hoi: cht thi thc phm ti lng khớ metan sinh ra, hiu sut sinh khớ metan C th nghiờn cu ó xỏc nh c t l phi trn bựn b t hoi: cht thi thc phm ti u tng ng theo COD l 1:1, theo t l th tớch l 9:1 cho hiu sut sinh khớ metan cao nht t 80% Vi t l phi trn ti u theo COD 1:1, theo th tớch 9:1, lng khớ metan sinh ch lờn men núng l 264-278 Nml/gCOD Kt qu nghiờn cu cho thy mi quan h gia lng khớ biogas sinh v ti lng hu c np vo b B phn ng pilot hnh vi ti lng hu c 0,52kg COD/m3.ngy, hot ng n nh vi ti lng hu c ti u 1,5 kg COD/m3.ngy, lu lng np vo 40 l/ngy tng ng ti trng thy lc 57 l/m3/ngy T l sinh khớ metan ti u l 57,8% Kt qu nghiờn cu ny tng ng vi mt s nghiờn cu khỏc trờn Th gii xỏc nh i vi bựn hot tớnh t trm x lý [38] , [61] Ngng COD hũa tan ln nht ca b l kgCOD/m3.ngy, phự hp vi cỏc bỏo cỏo ca Hech v Griehl (2009) thớ nghim trờn cht thi thc phm [76] Mc giỏ tr ny thp hn so vi giỏ tr cỏc ti liu tng quan ca Chernicharo [52] khong 2,5 gCOD/L.ngy h vi sinh b sung vo mụ hỡnh thớ nghim cha tht n nh Xỏc nh thụng s ng hc quỏ trỡnh phõn hy v x lý s liu bng phn mm GPS-X mụ phng quỏ trỡnh phõn hy k khớ, xỏc nh c h s phõn hy ni sinh kd ca bựn b t hoi l 0,4 (1/ngy), v kd ca cht thi thc phm l 1,0 (1/ngy) Kt qu h s phõn hy ni sinh ca cht thi thc phm nm khong giỏ tr ca kt qu nghiờn cu i vi cht thi thc phm kd dao ng 0,110 (1/ngy) vi thớ nghim liờn tc 234 ngy, thc hin trờn 51 mu cht thi thc phm, thi gian lu thy lc 20-25 ngy vi ti lng hu c 2-11g COD/l/ngy [119] í ngha thc tin ca lun ỏn - Kt qu nghiờn cu ó cho thy cỏch tip cn x lý k khớ kt hp bựn b t hoi vi cht thi thc phm ch lờn men núng hon ton kh thi v cú mt s u im sau: X lý c bựn b t hoi, gim nguy c gõy ụ nhim mụi trng X lý c rỏc hu c, mt nhng nguyờn nhõn chớnh gõy ụ nhim mụi trng, gim din tớch bói chụn lp, giỳp bo v mụi trng v sc khe cng ng Thu hi c ti nguyờn Khớ biogas sinh t quỏ trỡnh x lý k khớ c tn thu s dng lm ngun nng lng s dng cho phỏt in hoc nhit nng Bờn cnh ú, tn dng c cỏc cht dinh dng bựn sau x lý lm phõn bún cho cõy trng - Vic x lý kt hp cỏc loi cht thi ụ th, bờn cnh tng hiu sut ca quỏ trỡnh x lý, cũn cho phộp tn dng cỏc cụng trỡnh ca h thng h tng k thut, nõng cao hiu qu khai thỏc cỏc cụng trỡnh ú - Kt qu nghiờn cu cng úng gúp phn quan trng, lm c s tham kho thit k v hnh cỏc h thng x lý cht thi ụ th Cỏc thụng s ng hc xỏc nh c t nghiờn cu cho phộp ỏp dng tớnh toỏn, thit k b phn ng v cỏc cụng trỡnh ca h thng x lý cht thi - Kt qu nghiờn cu cú th c ỏp dng nh hng quy hoch, la chn cụng ngh x lý cht thi rn v bựn cn cho cỏc ụ th Vit Nam Tớnh mi ca lun ỏn - õy l nghiờn cu u tiờn ti Vit Nam xõy dng c s d liu v quỏ trỡnh phõn hy k khớ ch lờn men núng 55oC vi hn hp bựn b t hoi vi cht thi thc phm ụ th thu khớ metan, cht lng sn phm hn hp bựn sau x lý m bo tiờu dit ht mm bnh, phc v cho mc ớch lm phõn bún tỏi s dng nụng nghip 10 - Xỏc nh c t l hn hp bựn b t hoi: cht thi thc phm ti u i vi thnh ph H Ni l 9:1 theo th tớch, (tng ng t l 1:1 theo COD) cho hiu sut sinh khớ metan cao nht, t 80% ch lờn men núng, cho lng khớ metan dao ng 264-278 Nml CH4/gCOD - Xõy dng c mi quan h gia lng khớ metan thu c v ti lng hu c: B phn ng k khớ hot ng n nh vi ti lng hu c l 1,5kg COD/m3.ngy, vi lng khớ metan hn hp khớ biogas t 57,8%, vi hiu sut x lý theo COD t 75% - ó ng dng phn mm GPS-X mụ phng quỏ trỡnh phõn hy k khớ ch lờn men núng xỏc nh h s phõn hy ni bo kd = 0,4 (1/ngy) i vi bựn b t hoi v kd = 1,0 (1/ngy) i vi cht thi thc phm, to iu kin cho ng dng tớnh toỏn thit k cụng ngh phõn hy k khớ hn hp bựn b t hoi v cht thi thc phm B CC CA LUN N Nội dung ca lun ỏn gm cỏc chng sau: M u Chng 1: Tng quan v s lng, thnh phn, tớnh cht ca bựn b t hoi, rỏc hu c Chng 2: C s khoa hc x lý cht thi hu c (bựn b t hoi v rỏc hu c) bng phng phỏp phõn hy k khớ ch lờn men núng Ch-ơng 3: Nghiờn cu thc nghim v kt qu 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septic tank sludge at thermophilic condition In the proceedings of International conference on sustainable concepts for industrial wastewater treatment and industrial zones management, October 10-11th, 2012- Hanoi, Vietnam 164 Nguyn Phng Tho, Nguyn Vit Anh, 2014 Xỏc nh cỏc thụng s ng hc c a quỏ trỡnh phõn h y k khớ kt hp bựn b t hoi v rỏc hu c vi phn mm GPS-X Tp Xõy dng T6/2014 Nguyn Phng Tho, Nguyn Vit Anh, 2014 X lý phõn bựn b t hoi bng phng phỏp phõn h y k khớ, thu hi Biogas Tp Khoa hc cụng ngh Xõy dng S 20, T9/2014 165 PH LC ... tái chế, tái sử dụng, thu hồi nng lng sản xuất phân hữu cơ; 30% bùn bể phốt đô thị từ loại II trở lên 10% đô thị lại c thu gom xử lý đảm bảo mụi trng; 50% rác c phân loại nguồn Các giải pháp. .. phát sinh chất thải rắn; thúc đẩy phân loại chất thải rắn nguồn phát triển sở hạ tầng, thu gom xử lý riêng loại chất thải rắn sau phân loại; tăng c-ờng tái sử dụng, tái chế chất thải rắn; xử lý. .. qun th vi sinh vt tt hn bựn b t hoi cú sn h vi sinh vt k khớ, gp nhiu ln rỏc hu c i vi x lý k khớ cht thi cú ch lờn men: lờn men m v lờn men núng Cỏc nghiờn cu trc õy ó ch quỏ trỡnh x lý k khớ