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REVIEW 01 TIẾT • Đại từ nhân xưng (Personal Pronoun) • Đại từ tân ngữ • Đại từ sở hữu • Đại từ phản thân Dưới đây là bảng tổng quan về 4 loại đại từ trong tiếng Anh: Đại từ nhân xưng Đại từ tân ngữ Đại từ sở hữu Đại từ phản thân I ME MINE MYSELF WE US OUR OURSELVES YOU YOU YOUR YOURSELF YOU YOU YOUR YOURSELVES THEY THEM THEIR THEMSELVES HE HIM HIS HIMSELF SHE HER HER HERSELF IT IT ITS ITSELF NỘI DUNG PHỤ ĐẠO ANH VĂN9 VERB TENSES I. Simple Present Tense Simple Present Tense is used: S+Voses + O + Key words:Always, often, usually, frequently, sometimes, ocassionally, seldom, rarely; every day, every week, every month,…; once a day, once week, twice a week,… II. The Present Continuous Tense S + amisare + Ving+O The Present Continuous Tense is used to indicate an action that are in actual progress at the moment of speaking. Ex: She is doing yoga at the moment. They are climbing the mountain now It is also used to indicate future. Ex: She is coming here soon.
REVIEW 01 TIẾT • Đại từ nhân xưng (Personal Pronoun) • Đại từ tân ngữ • Đại từ sở hữu • Đại từ phản thân Dưới bảng tổng quan loại đại từ tiếng Anh: Đại từ nhân Đại từ tân ngữ Đại từ sở hữu Đại từ phản thân xưng I ME MINE MYSELF WE US OUR OURSELVES YOU YOU YOUR YOURSELF YOU YOU YOUR YOURSELVES THEY THEM THEIR THEMSELVES HE HIM HIS HIMSELF SHE HER HER HERSELF IT IT ITS ITSELF NỘI DUNG PHỤ ĐẠO ANH VĂN9 VERB TENSES I Simple Present Tense Simple Present Tense is used: S+Vos/es + O + Key words:Always, often, usually, frequently, sometimes, ocassionally, seldom, rarely; every day, every week, every month,…; once a day, once week, twice a week,… II The Present Continuous Tense S + am/is/are + V-ing+O - The Present Continuous Tense is used to indicate an action that are in actual progress at the moment of speaking Ex: She is doing yoga at the moment They are climbing the mountain now - It is also used to indicate future Ex: She is coming here soon *Notice: Key words: now, just now, right now, at the moment, at present, at this time Week: Period: Date A.Choose either the simple present or present continuous in the following sentenses 1) You can’t see Tom now He ……………….(have) a bath in the bathroom 2) He ……………… (watch) TV every day 3) They …………… (give) a party tomorrow night 4) I ………………….(not believe) you 5) The children …………….(have) a cold 6) Bill…………… (read) right now 7) Susan …………… (love) shopping 8) Jill always ……… (wake) up at 4:00A.M 9) Jerry …………….(mow)the lawn now 10) Something ……………… (smell) very good 11) The last train ……………(leave) the station at p.m 12) I ……………(wear) sunglasses today because the sun is very strong III The Simple Past Tense S + V2/ed+ O The Simple Past Tense is used: - For a complete action that happened at one specific time in the past Ex: I went to the concert last night He lived here last year - For a habitual action in the past Ex: We played games at the weekends *Notice: Key words: yesterday; last night, last week,… , two days ago, three weeks ago,… ; in 1985, in 2009,… IV The Past Continuous Tense S + was/were + V-ing+O - The Past Continuous Tense is used to indicate an action which was occurring at some specific time in the past Ex: She was cooking food at yesterday - The Past Continuous Tense is used to indicate an action which was occurring in the past and was interrupted by another action Ex: Bill was playing the guitar when his mother came home - The Past Continuous Tense is used to indicate two actions occurring at the same time in the past Ex: While she was jogging, her friends were doing morning exercises B.Use either the simple past or past continuous in the following sentenses as appropriate 1) Gene ………… (cook ) dinner when his friend called 2) While Maria ………… (clean) the apartment, her husband was sleeping 3) At o’clock this morning, my friends ………… (play) football 4) When Mark arrived, the Browns………… (do) the gardening, but they stopped in order to talk to him 5) John ………….(live) in France last year 6) When the teacher ………… (leave) the room The students were writing their lession 7) While Joan was writing the report, Henry ……………(look) for more information 8) We …………….(give) a party last night 9) At one time, Mr Roberts …………….(own) this building 10) Jose …………(write) a letter to his family when the pencil ……… (break) V The Present Perfect Tense S + have/has + V3/ed+O Ex: I studied at Can Tho University from 1990 to 1994 Already, just, recently, ever, never, yet, this time, these days, so far, up to now and phrases with since, for are used with this tense VI The Present Perfect Continuous Tense S + Have/Has + Been + V-ing - For catogory (2) of the present perfect rules only, it is possiple to use the present perfect continuous Ex:She has been working for that company for 10 years (= She has worked for that company for 10 years.) Week: Period: Date C.Use either the present perfect or the simple past in the following sentenses as appropriate 1) J ………….(send) his report to the teacher testerday 2) Bob ………… (not be) to Paris before 3) Jorge …………(repair) the bicycle already 4) Mr Johnson …………(work) in the same place for 35 years and he is not planning to retire yet 5) We ………… (not finish) the work yet 6) George……….(be) to the store at 10 o’clock this morning 7) Joan …………(travel) around the world 8) Betty ……… (phone) her boyfriend last night 9) Guillermo ………….(ride) to the beach yesterday 10) We ………… (not eat) lunch yet VII The Past Perfect Tense S + had + V3/ed+O - The Past Perfect Tense is used to indicate an action that happened and completed before a point of time in the past Ex: She had finished university before 1992 - The Past Perfect Tense is used to indicate an action that happened and completed before another action in the past Ex: We had gone to the concert before he arrived home VIII The Past Perfect Continuous Tense S + Had + Been + V-ing+O - The Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to indicate an action which happened, continued for a time and completed before another action in the past Ex: Bill had lived with his grandfather in New York for years before he moved to London D Supply the past perfect or the simple past in the following sentenses 1) The man cooked his meal after he ………… (prepare) everything 2) After John ……… (clean) the room, he began to study 3) George had waited for one hour before the bus ………… (come) 4) Maria …………….(enter) the university after he had graduated from the community college 5) Jane ………… (send) a letter to her university before she left the city 6) Jeanette………… (wash) the pipettes after he had completed the experiment 7) After the workers had had breakfast, they ……… (begin) to work 8) The car …………(flip) 10 times before it landed on its roof 9) They had lelf the house before the fire ………….(happen) 10) John …………(live) in Miami for one year when his parents came to visit IX The Future Tense S + will/shall + V0+O (I/We + Shall) + Key words: Tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, in 2114, in 2120, …… X The Future Continuous Tense S + will/shall+be + v-ing+O The Future Continuous Tense is used: - For an action that will be going on up to or at a certain time in the future Time expressions are usually given Ex: They will be watching football matches on TV all night Will he be working in the garden by the time I get back? - For an unplanned action that will happened in the normal course of events Time expressions may or may not be given here Ex: We shall be passing by your hometown on our way to Da Lat ExerciseSupply the simple future, the future continuous or “to be going to + V” in the following sentenses I am sure that I ………… (recognize) him She wants to be come a lawyer She …………(study) law This time tomorrow I …………(sit) on the beach When you arrive, I probably …………….(pick) fruit I have bought a computer I ………… (learn) to type You …………(be) in Rome next week There are too many black clouds in the sky Perhaps it ………… (rain) soon You ………… (know) the result next month In a few days time we …………(fly) over the Pyrenees 10 I ………… (wait) for you when you come out 11 He …………(believe) whatever you tell him 12 I feel hot I ………… (take) a bath Week: Period: Date: Exercise Use the verbs in parentheses in the correct tense He (practice) the piano every day George (swim) right now How many films you (see) this month? He said he (do) his homework since o’clock I (wait) for you at the hotel at midday tomorrow He (write) a novel for the last two years but he has not finished it yet That man (catch) any fish yet? I (listen) to the radio when you rang the bell Hurry up! The train (come) in 10 I (know) her for several years III PASSIVE VOICEA sentence can be either in active or passive voice In active voice, the subject performs the action; in passive voice, the subject receives the action.To change a sentence from active into passive we use the following chart: Ex: - Active: S + V + - Passive: O S + be+ V3/ed O + -She takes a white coffee every morning => A white coffee is taken by her every morning - They planted some trees yesterday He practices windsurfing every day They built a resort on the beach last year A sea creature has just attacked those men This Australian taipan bit the girl last night She will phone her boyfriend tomorrow night He could Karate 10 years ago Mary used to wear designer clothes He should follow the doctor’s advice They are taking a yoga class now 10 My friends have to clean the gym every week III RELATIVE CLAUSES Relative clauses qualify or give us more about the nouns they refer to There are two kinds of relative clauses: defining clauses and non-defining clauses A non-defining clause is always used with commas and can be left out without damaging the meaning of the sentence *Defining clauses: Ex: The boy who is singing a song is my pupil *Non-defining clauses: Ex: That boy, who is singing a song, is my pupil *NoticeWhen the noun is a proper name or is modified by this, that, these, those or a possessive adjctive, the relative clause is a non-defining one Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns or relative adverbs: *Relative pronouns: - which => things (subject + object) - who => people (subject) - whom => people (object) - whose => people, things (possession) - that => people, things *Relative adverbs: - when => time - where => place - why => reason Which Ex: The book which she bought yesterday is interesting That is the bridge which was built by Mr Brown years ago Who D.you can communicate in the target language Some useful ways to practise your target language are _ A listening to the radio and watching TV in the language B reading books in the language C seeing films in the language D all are correct According to the writer, what should be mastered first? A Vocabulary B Vocabulary and grammar C Writing skill D Reading skill VI Give the right tense or form of these following verbs Would your children mind (keep) quiet for a moment I’m trying (fill) in a form Many people still refuse to believe that smoking is (harm) _ I don’t like that film It is very (bore) _ Picture books are very (help) in developing children’s habit of reading His (behave) has not improved much The (pure) _ of water will be tested Sleeping all, eating too much and never going out is (health) _ To drive fast at an intersection is (danger) _ Magnets will (attractive) _ most metals 10 She is a (collect) of theater programmers VII Rewrite these following sentences keep meaning as the root ones He spends two hours a week sorting out stamps - Sorting out stamps _ The garage is servicing my car on Sunday - My car She continued to ask me about you - She kept _ The detective saw the woman putting jewellery in her bag - The woman It is difficult to get taxis during rush – hours - Taxis Theater prorammes usually have lots of information - There _ He has been collecting stamps for five years - He started Many newspapers are being sold in the city - People _ Week Period Date UNIT 10 : EXTRA EXERCISE I Circle the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others in each line A missed B pleased C stopped D washed A adventure B mature C nature D pleasure A great B meat C seat D repeat A club B habit C plumber D pub A control B respond C novel D deposit II Choose the word whose syllable is stressed differently from the rest in each group A freedom B humor C solar D suggest A cover B account C install D Prevent A predict B receive C label D behave A document B celebrate C energy D Pedestrian A earthquake B energy C although D forward III Choose the best option to complete each of the following sentences(15 points) They are playing _ Liverpool players A against B versus C to D of All competitors take _ in the Olympic Games in the spirit of sportsmanship A role B play C turn D part Traffic rules _ by all people A must be obeyed B must obey C must obeyed D must have obeyed The scientists are doing their research work in the _ A museum B theater C laboratory D market There is now much _ water in the lake than there was last year A lesser B less C fewer D few There you are! I _ for two hours Where have you been? A am waiting B wait C waited D have been waiting He is _ to see that film A not enough old B old not enough C not enough D not old enough The weather was _ bad _ we couldn’t go out A such/that B too/that C such a/that D so/that When the teacher _ the classroom, all the students stood up A came B arrived C went D entered 10 I wish I _ more attention to English lessons at school A had paid B paid C have paid D pay 11 She _ go fishing with her father when she was young A used to B is used to C was used to D used to going 12 It took him three weeks _ how to swim A learn B learning C to learn D to learning 13 The more a car costs, _ it goes A faster B the faster C the more fast D the more faster 14 I couldn’t go to the party _ of a sudden cold A as B because C in spite D that 15 After a lot of difficulties, he _ to open the door A succeeded B could C tried D managed Week: Period: Date: IV Read the text carefully and then choose the best answer among A/B/C or D FOOTPRINTS ON THE MOON Long ago a lot of people thought the moon was a god Other people thought it was just a light in the sky And others thought it was a big ball of cheese! The telescopes were made And men saw that the moon was really another world They wondered what it was like They dreamed of going there On July 20,1969, that dream came true Two American men landed on the moon Their names were Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin The first thing the men found was that the moon is covered with dust The dust is so thick that the men left footprints where they walked Those were the first marks a living thing had ever made on the moon And they could stay there for years and years There is no wind or rain to wipe them off The two men walked on the moon for hours They picked up rocks to bring back to earth for study They drug up dirt to bring back They set up machines to find out things people wanted to know Then they climbed back into their moon landing craft Next day the landing craft roared as the two men took off from the moon They joined Michael Collins in the spaceship that waited for them above the moon Then they were off on their long trip back to earth Behind them they left the plains and tall mountains of the moon They left the machines they had set up And they left footprints that may last forever This story tells _ A about the first men to walk on the moon B how men found footprints on the moon C what the men brought back from their trip to the moon D who had left footprints on the moon before the two men landed there A telescope _ A makes balls of light seem brighter B turns the moon into another world C makes many of men’s dreams come true D makes faraway things seem closer The men brought rocks and dirt from the moon because _ A they wanted something to show they were there B people wanted to use them to learn about the moon C they wanted to keep them as souvenirs D they might sell them to scientists The Americans’ machines will most likely stay on the moon until _ A someone takes them away B a storm covers them with dust C rain and wind destroy them D they become rusty and break to pieces The next people who go to the moon most likely could _ A find that the machines have disappeared B leave the first set of footprints on the moon C find the places where Armstrong and Aldrin walked D find that dust had wiped off the two men’s footprints V, Read the passage and choose a,b,c,d for each of the following gaps Drought is a condition that (1) _ when the average rainfall for a fertile area drops far below the normal (2) for a long period of time In areas (3) _ are not irritated, the lack of rain causesfarm crops to wither and (4) _ Higher than normal temperatures ussually accompany (5) of drought They add (6) the crop damage Forest fires start easily during (7) The soil of a drought area becomes (8) and crumbles Often the rich topsoil is (9) away by the hot,dry winds Streams,ponds,and wells often dry up during a drought, and animals suffer and may even die (10) the lack of water A becomes B results C comes D grows A average B number C amount D rainfall A who B what C which D whose A die B dead C faint D pale A duration B duritions C period D periods A for B at C on D to A rainfall B storm C drought D tornado A light B heavy C dry D wet A to blow B blew C blowing D blown 10 A because B because of C for D as VI Rewrite these following sentences keep meaning as the root one I asked my mother to wake me up at o’clock the following morning ◊ Please …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Because she behaves well, everyone loves her ◊ Because of ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… My sister is not very intelligent I’m not very intelligent ◊ Neither …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… We have made great progress in our economy in the last few years ◊ Great progress ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… I want to see the manager, not his assistant ◊ It is ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… I have studied English for three years ◊ I began……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… He not only spent all his money, he even borrowed some from me ◊ Not only …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… They are building a new school in that village ◊ A new school ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… I’m sorry that I didn’t go to the party last Sunday ◊ I wish that ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 We spent our childhood in that beautiful mountain resort, and we always remember it ◊ We always remember ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11 The fire has destroyed almost all the houses in the neighborhood ◊ Almost all houses …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12 The cake was so hard that I couldn’t eat it ◊ It was such ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13 The driver said, “ Don’t get off the bus while it’s moving!” ◊ The driver asked all the passengers ……………………………………………………………………………… 14 Robert opened the drawer and took out a knife ◊ Opening………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15 Mr Brown is going to retire at the end of this year It was decided ◊ The fact that …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16 I’d rather drink coffee than tea ◊ I prefer…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17 The explanation was so complicated that I couldn’t understand it ◊ The explanation was too………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18 Although he was tired, he was determined to finish his work ◊ In spite…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19 “Where is the post office?”, he asked ◊ He wanted to know………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20 They produced the first TV picture in 1962 ◊ The first TV picture……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ĐỀ KIỂM TRA HKI- LỚP NĂM HỌC:2014-2015 MÔN: Tiếng Anh I.Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others (1ms) II 1/ A boxes B washes C watches D goes 2/ A chair B match C machine D watch 3/ A shops B notes C calls 4/ A received B washed C asked D books D laughed Circle the best answer A, B, C or D (3ms) He is an ………… student in the USA, he will study in the USA in two years A change B exchange C learning D changing My brother was born …… December 29th, 1985 A.on B at C in D to I wish I ……… speak English fluently A.will B could C.can D may Nga loves ……… television in her free time A watch B to watch C watching D watches It was raining ……… they cancelled the trip to the mountain A.so B when C because D.though I ……… stamp for many years Now I have ten beautiful collections A.collect B collected C have collected D had collected They will come back to the village next year, ………… they? A will B won’t C D don’t She asked me “ What time you go to school?” A She asked me what time I go to school B She asked me what time I went go to school C She asked me what time did I go to school D She asked me what time I go to school Besides in- class assignments, our teacher often gives some ………… for us to at home A housework D teamwork B class work C homework 10 Jack has a good memory He can learn these vocabulary items ………… easily A by heart B in mind C with heart D of mind 11 I haven’t seen her ………… last summer A for B in C from D since 12 Of course as a student I want to ………… all the exams A pass B fail C get D III Rewrite these sentences using the given words (2ms) 1/ She doesn’t have a computer She wishes ………………………………………………………………… 2/ I can’t play the guitar I wish ……………………………………………………… 3/Lan said “ I will be very busy tommorrow.” Lan said …………………………………………………… 4/ She asked me “ Where are you going?” She asked ………………………………………………………… IV Put in the correct verb forms (1ms) 1/ If Ba ( have) …………………… enough time, he may pass his examination 2/My mother (go) ………………… shopping last Sunday 3/We (be) ……………………… here for a long time 4/ They(visit)…………………… Ho Chi Minh city next month V Complete the passage with suitable given words (2ms) Two Americans, Jacob Davis and Levi Strauss made the first jeans in 1873 Davis bought cloth (1) ………… Levi’s shop He (2)………… Levi that he had a (3) ………… way to make strong trousers for workmen The first jeans (4) …………… Blue In 1935 jeans became (5) ………… for women after they (6) …………… them in Vogue magazine In the 1970s, Cavin Klein earned $12.5 million (7)…………… week from jeans Jeans have never been (8) ………… fashion, because a lot of people are still fond od wearing them A in B from C by A said B asked C spoke A special B specially A be B are A fashion B fashionable C speciality C was C.fashionably D.of D told D specialty D were D fashioners A see B saw C seen D seeing A of B.to C.an D.a A out B of C out of D from VI Read the passage and then write True (T) or False (F) after these statements: (1m) Learning a foreign language is, in some ways, like learning how to fly There are some differences, but there is a very important similarity It is this learning how to these things need a lot of practice It is never enough to read a book on how to fly plane A book can give you a lot of information about how to fly , but if you only read that book, then try to fly without any practice, you will kill yourself The same is true of learning a foreign language For example, can you speak English well without having lots of practice? “Practice makes perfect” is what every learner of a foreign language should know 1/ Learning a foreign language and learning to fly are the same ina an important way 2/ Information about flying from books is enough for someone to fly 3/ It is dangerous to try to fly without any real practice 4/ We can speak English well without having lots of practice ĐỀ KIỂM TRA HK II NĂM HỌC 2014-2015 I Choose the word in each group that has the underlined part pronounced differently from the rest (0,5ms) 1/ A.how B.hot C honor D hello 2/ A performed B played C called D convinced II Choose the word which has diffenrent primary stress from that of the others in each group (0,5m) 1/ A parade B occur C predict D access 2/ A energy B possible C expensive D confident III Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) to complete each sentence (3ms) Nam is very good at speaking English He speaks English quite…………… A good B well C had D badly After coming home, she cleaned the floor …………… Cooked dinner A and B so C to D as well We are going to …………… our 20th wedding Please stay and come A occur B parade C D Celebrate The woman talked to you yesterday is my aunt A which B who C whose D whom The car ……………… he has just bought is very expensive A who B whom C which D whose Hoa will look ……………… her younger brother when her parents are away from home A after B at C up D forward to It rained hard ……………………, my father went to work A Therefore B However C Because D So We will start up trip ……………… o’clock …………… the morning A in/in B at/in C in/at D at/at ……………… his broken leg, he managed to walk home A Although B Because C In spite of D Despite of 10 I wear a hat ……………………… I not want to be sick A but B and C so D because 11 My father is a …………… man who is loved by all his friends A ungenerous B generosity C generous D generously 12 If I won a lottery, I ……………… a new motorbike A would buy B buy C will buy D bought IV Supply the correct tense or form of the word in brackets (1m) She (go) …………… to England with her parents in 2003 I suggest (collect) ……………… old books for poor children if Harry ( invite) …………… me, I will go to his party tomorrow They (live) ……………… in this house for six years V Rewrite the second sentence so that it has the similar meaning as the first one (2ms) Cars cause pollution However, people still want them (although) ……………………………………………………………………………………… Nam got wet He forgot his raincoat (because) ……………………………………………………………………………………… I like reading books They tell about different peoples and cultures (Which) ……………………………………………………………………………………… 4.The man is friendly He lives near my house (who) ……………………………………………………………………………………… VI Choose the best answer ( A, B, C or D) to complete the passage (2ms) Where, when and how languages began is still (1) ……………… mystery Many people think (2) ……………… Language grew from human beings communicate with (4) …………………… Probably the language of (5) …………………people consisted (6) ………………….a complicated system of sounds However, we can only trace the history of languages to the time (7) …………… They were first written and by then they (8) …………… Well developed - imitate: bắt chước - primitive: nguyên thủy - trace : tìm 1/ A a B.an C.one D the 2/ A if C that D whether B so 3/ A trying B imitating C speaking D listening 4/ A each other B themselves 5/ A ancient B primary C primitive D old 6/ A for B of C on D to 7/ A which B when C that 8/ A had B have C are C together VI Read the text and choose the correct answers (1m) D them D where D were We are all destroying the earth The seas and the rivers are too dirty to swim in.There is so much smoke in the air that it is unhealthy to live inmany of the world’s cities In one well- known city, for example, poisonous gases from cars pollute the air so much that traffic policemen have to wear oxygen marks We have cut down so many trees that there are now vast areas of waste land all over the world Farmer in parts of Africa cannot grow enough food to eat In certain countries in Asia there is too little rice Moreover, we not take enough care of the countryside Wild animals are quickly disappearing For instance, tigers are rare in India now because a lot of them have been killed Therefore, we must act now before it is too late to anything about it Join us now Save the earth Why can’t we swim in the seas and the rivers? A because they are too dirty B because they are too healthy C because they are too harmful D because there is too much smoke How is the air in many of the world’s cities? A It is very pure B There is so much smoke in it C It is healthy for people to breathe D All of them are incorrect The result of cutting down trees in Asia and Africa is ………………… A farmers in parts of Africe cannot grow enough food to eat B there is too little rice in Asia C wild aniamals are not diapperearing D A and B are correct What kinds of aniamls are rare in India now? A lions B tigers C elephants The End D bears ... The Present Perfect Tense S + have/has + V3/ed+O Ex: I studied at Can Tho University from 199 0 to 199 4 Already, just, recently, ever, never, yet, this time, these days, so far, up to now and... *Notice: Key words: yesterday; last night, last week,… , two days ago, three weeks ago,… ; in 198 5, in 20 09, … IV The Past Continuous Tense S + was/were + V-ing+O - The Past Continuous Tense is used... happened and completed before a point of time in the past Ex: She had finished university before 199 2 - The Past Perfect Tense is used to indicate an action that happened and completed before another