217 In the SC6 Low Carbon scenario, the total trade balance reaches USD 109,237 6 million, accounting for 25 9% of GDP in 2030, which is an increase of 86% compared with the base year (2014) and, thus[.]
217 In the SC6 Low Carbon scenario, the total trade balance reaches USD 109,237.6 million, accounting for 25.9% of GDP in 2030, which is an increase of 86% compared with the base year (2014) and, thus, the second-best improvement in terms of economic progress and trade surplus for the country during 2014–2030 among the various scenarios This is an increase of 32.7%, 24.7%, 23.5%, 24.7%, and 22.5% over SC1, SC2, SC3, SC4, and SC5, respectively; moreover, it is marginally 3.7% lower than SC5, as shown in Figures 6-30 and Tables 6-5 The cause of such significant effects on total trade in SC6 is the synergies of the positive impacts of the cross-sector linked policies as in SC5 and the low-carbon pathway For example, the major contributors to the significant trade surplus in SC6 are the typical sectors such as energy with USD 70,754.2 million, agriculture with USD 54,837.1 million, and industrial goods with USD 2,096.9 million While ensuring enormous improvement in both the trade surplus and economic progress, (despite marginally lower than growth than SC5), SC6 enhances energy–food–water security and enables a low-carbon development pathway for Vietnam, which is a more reliable and sustainable strategy to pursue in the long run than those in the other scenarios c) Infrastructure Investment Investment in infrastructure in this research and, particularly, in the input–output table for Vietnam, comes solely from public investment Investment is made in three areas: power, water, and transportation systems In Vietnam, government investment in infrastructure is mainly in the power systems accounting for 92% of the total investment, followed by 8.2% in the water systems, and 1.3% in the transport systems Most investment for the transport and water systems in Vietnam is sourced from foreign capital under conventional forms of medium- to long-term loans from the World Bank, the IMF, ODA, and JICA or foreign investment projects, typically, in real estate development and urbanisation and industrialisation Across various scenarios in this research, within the total public investment, the share for the power sector is the largest, with at least 92% to 97%, followed by the share of investment in the water system at approximately 1.9% to 8.2%, and, finally the investment in the transportation system at a minimum of 1.3% to 3.3% Due to budget deficits over the last few decades, the government has started to encourage private participation in infrastructure, in form of public-private partnerships, which are considered solutions that will enable industrialisation and improve efficiency in infrastructure investment in the long run The following summarises how infrastructure