Báo cáo khoa học: Về quan điểm sáng tác văn học của chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh pdf

• THONG TIN - TL/ LIEU — THONG TIN - TL/ LIEU Ve quan diem sang tac van hoc cua Chu tich Ho Chi Minh • • NGUT. DANG HIEN C hu tich Hd CM Minh khong nhuhg la nha each mang vi dai, ma cdn la mot nha van ldh. Nguoi khdng cd y dinh trd thanh mot nha van, van tho Ngudi viet chu yeu phuc vu cho each mang nhung nd vin chiia dung nhuhg gia tri van hoc to ldh. Bdi le, dd la anh sing tda tit cudc doi vi dai, tam hon thanh cao, dao due sang ngdi va tu tudng nhan van cao quy cua Hd CM Minh. Tho van cua Ngudi con la nhuhg bai hoc quy ve sang tic van hoc gin lien vdi quan dilm sing tic nghe thuat diing dan mi Nguoi da quin triet trong tat ca cac tie phim cua minh. Hd Chii tich da sit dung ngdi biit nhu mot vu khi chien diu. Ngudi bao gid cung tu dat cho minh nhuhg nguyen tic khi cam ML Trudc het, Hd CM Minh dat van de: viet de lam gi, viet cho ai, viet cai gi vi viet nhu the nao? Ngudi ndi: "Ve ndi dung vid't ma cac cd cac chu goi li di tai tM tit ca cac bai Bac vie't cM cd mdt di tai: "Chdng thuc dan de qud'c, chdng phong kien dia chu, tuyen truyln doc lap dan toe va chu ngMa xa hdi"" (1) . Trong bai Cam tudng doc thien gia thi (Nhat ky trong th), Hd CM Minh viit: "Nay 6 trong tho nen cd thep Nha tho cung phai biet xung phong". Trong Thugtii cdc hoa sinhdn dip trien lam hoi hoa 1951, Ngudi chi rd: "Van hoi, van nghe cung la mot mat tran. Anh chi em cung li cMeh si tren mat tran ay" (2> ; ddng thdi, giai tMch nhiem vu cua van nghe si li "Cung nhu cac chie'n si khac, chie'n si nghe thuat cd nMem vu nhit dinh the li phung su khang chien, phung su To qudc, phung su nhan dan, trudc het la cdng, nong, binh. De lam tron nMem vu ay, chien si nghe thuat cin cd lap truong vung, tu tudng diing. Ndi torn tit la phai dat loi ich cua khang chien, cua Td qud'c, cua nhan dan len tren he't, trudc hit". Trong thdi ky xay dung chu nghia xa hpi b miln Bic va dau tranh thdng nhat nude nha, Chu tich Hd CM Minh da ndi vdi van nghe si ring, "Quin chiing dang chd dpi nhuhg tic phim xung dang vdi thdi dai ve vang cua chiing ta, nhuhg tac pham ca tung chan that nhuhg ngudi mdi, viec mdi ching nhuhg lam guong miu cho chung ta ngay nay ma cdn de giao due con chau ta ddi sau" (3) . Van chuong phuc vu each mang phai li van chuong cd tinh nghe thuat cao, bao gdm nhiiu the loai: ngM Man, bao cM, van tho hinh tupng, van tho cd dpng. Du b the loai nio tM van tho cua Ngudi cung ludn dat tdi mpt trinh dp nghe thuat cao. Hd CM Minh ludn cd su phan Met ro tic phim tuyen tmyin vdi tic pham van hpc hinh tupng. Trong mpt bhc thu tra ldi dng H. - tic gia mdt luan van chinh tri, Ngudi viit: "Ong ndi phai giiip ddng bio ta lim quen nhuhg th ma nay chua Mlu, Mu rdi hp cung se Meu, cd the lam nhu vay dupe neu dng cM ngM den viet cho hp mpt tic pham van hpc, con neu tie phim cua dng lai dung dl tuyen truyln tM dd phai la tic phim ai dpc cung Meu dupc" <4) . Nhu vay, Ngudi quan Mem mdt tie pham tuyen tmyin phii di Meu, ndi chung la don gian; con mpt tic phain van hpc khdng nhat tMe't mpi ngudi diu Meu ngay va diy du, vi van hpc cd tinh da ngMa. Trong Nhat ky Uong tii cd nMeu bai cho den nay khdng ai dim ndi da Meu he't, nhu bai "Canh cMlu hdm", "Hdi tdi" Sd thdng 8-2010 Ly luan chinh tri & Truyen thdng 63 Cung co truong hop Nguoi khong dinh tuyen truyen each mang cung khdng dinh lam van chuong, ma chi cot viet cho minh tieu khien nhung tac pham lai cd gia tri van chuong cao va cd tac dung each mang to ldn. Vi du: Nhat ky trong tu: "Ngam tho ta vd'n khdng ham Nhung vi trong nguc biet lam chi day Ngay dai ngam ngoi cho khuay Vita ngam vira doi den ngay tu do". (Khai quyen) So di nhu vay vi tho la su tu bieu hien ciia nha tho, la tam hdn cam xiic cua nha tho duqc nang khieu va tai nang nghe thuat chap canh da den lay ddng trai tim va khdi dc cua ngudi doc. Khdng nen vi Bac co mdt so bai tho viet "cho minh", khdng true tiep phuc vu chinh tri ma chia quan diem sang tic cua Ngudi lam hai: quan diem ddi vdi sang tic van hoc ndi chung va quan diem ddi vdi sang tic cho ban than. Can phai khang dinh rang, quan diem sdng tdc van hod cua Hd Chi Minh la nhat quan. Nhuhg bai tho tudng nhu Ngudi chi viet "cho minh" khdng true tiep phuc vu chinh tri vin la nhuhg "bai tho cd thep" nhu mot nha tho nude ngoai da cam nhan. Ho Chi Minh quan niem: "Van hoc phai gin hen vdi ddi sdng; van hoc xa lao dpng, xa ddi sdng li van hpc sudng" (5> . Ngay 7.10.945, nhan dip den tham phdng trien lam van hoa, Ngudi da phe binh: "Chit mo mdng nhieu qua mi cii chat that cua su sinh hoat rat it". Hd Chi Minh da nhlc dai y ldi ciia Ld Tah: ngudi trin len tien cd le THONG TIN - TU LIEU cung thich that nhung nhin mai cai dep khdng thay ddi thi cung thiy nhat nheo va mdi biet rang mud'n tim thiy su thay ddi va su ham me that phai trd ve cudc song thuc tai cua con ngudi. Den nam 1962, tai mdt trien lam hdi hpa khic, Ngudi da dinh gii cao su nd luc vuen len ciia cac hpa si va ddng vien hp ring, cic tranh tupng dd ndi len dupe tinh ngudi, mieu ti chan that nhuhg ngudi lao ddng binh thudng; ring, anh chi em da cd gang di vao ddi sdng the la td't. Ngudi chdng lai su xa rdi hien thuc, thdi td hdng va su cudng didu qua mhc. Theo Hd Chi Minh, mpt yeu ciu quan trong trong hoat ddng sang tic la "Cd the nao ndi the ay. Bp dpi va nhan dan ta cung cd nhieu cai hay de neu len khdng cin phai bia dat ra" <6) . Ching han, trong Nhat ky Uong tu, cudc song chan thuc khdng chut td ve, tham chi cd khi con thd rap nua nhung da di thing vao tho, nhu chuyen nau nudhg trong tu, chuyen gai ghe, chuyen cai gay bi danh clp Trong tho cua Hd Chi Minh khdng cd chit lieu nio cao quy hon chit lieu nao; chlng han, Ngudi da dung cac hinh anh cot cay sd, con ga gay sang, chiec rang de ngu y ve phain each va le song cao dep cua con ngudi. Van hpc gin voi cudc sdng va phuc vu cudc song; vi the, nd cung sinh dpng, da dang va phong phu nhu chinh ban than cudc song. Van phong cua Hd Chi Minh nhit quan nhung da dang; su da dang dd vha phan anh su phong phii, linh hoat trong tinh cam cua Ngudi, vha the hien su dip iing huh hieu nhuhg yeu ciu khac nhau cua cudc song trong nhuhg hoan canh cu the trudc nhuhg ddi tupng cu the. Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ludn neu cao quan diem quan chung trong sang tic, cho rang "Quan chiing la ngudi sing tao, cdng nong la ngudi sang tao, nhung quin chiing khdng phai li ngudi chi sang tao ra cua cai cho xa hdi mi quin chung con li ngudi sang tic nua. Nhuhg cau tuc ngu, nhuhg cau ve, ca dao rit hay mi lai ngln. Nhuhg sang tic iy la nhuhg hdn ngoc quy" (7) . Bdi vay, Ngudi khuyen van nghe si trong hoat ddng sang tao phai hpc tieng ndi quin chiing; ddng thdi, can dan: "Phii dat cau hdi viet cho ai? - Viet cho dai da so cdng nong binh. Viet de lam gi? - De giai thich giio due, cd dpng, phe binh. - De phuc vu quin chuhg" (8) . Tren thuc te, cac sang tic cua Ngucd ludn dupe viet mpt each gian di, de hieu cho quin chiing nhan din dd tiep thu. Chang han, Ngudi viet: "She cd manh mdi ganh dupe nang va di dupe xa. Ngucd each mang phai cd dao diic due each mang lam nen tang mdi hoan thanh dupe nhiem vu each mang ve vang", hoac "Chu nghia ca nhan la mpt ke thii rit gian giao, xao quyet, nd kheo dd danh ngudi ta di xudng ddc. Ma ai cung biet rang xudng ddc thi de hon len ddc". Mat khac, Hd Chi Minh chu truong hoc vdn cu de sdng too moi. Yeu cau cd tinh nguyen tdc trong xay dung van hoa la phai chon loc khi ke thita cac gia tri 64 Ly luan chinh tri & Truyen thdng So thdng 8-2010 THONG TIN - TL/ LIEU van hoa truyen thong va tiep thu cac gia tri van hoa moi -" khong phai cai gi cu cung bo het, khong phai cai gi cung lam mdi. Cai gi cu ma xau, thi phai bd Cai gi cii ma khdng xiu, nhung phien phuc thi phai sua doi lai cho hop ly Cai gi cii ma tot, thi phai phat trien them Cai gi moi ma hay, thi ta phai lam " <9) . Ngudi ke thita nhung gia tri trong van hoa truyen thdng cua dan tdc de sang tao cai mdi. Chang han, hai cau tho Ngudi viet: "Nay tuy chau chau da voi/ Nhung mai voi se phai ldi mot ra" da ke thixa thanh ngQ "chau chau da voi" va cau tuc ngQ: "Nuc cudi chau chau da xe/ Tuong rang chau nga, ai de xe nghieng". Ngudi cung khuyen can phai tiep thu cac gia tri tinh hoa ciia van hoc nude ngoai de lam giau cho ban sac dan tdc: "Minh cd the bat chudc nhuhg cai hay bat ky b nude nao, b Au My, nhung dieu cot yeu la sang tac". Khdng chi cd vay, theo Ngudi, "minh da hudng cai hay cua ngudi thi minh cung phai cd cai hay cho ngudi ta hudng, minh dimg vay ma khdng tra" (10) . Do quan diem tren ma trong tho van cua Ngudi ludn cd su ket hop ket hop chat che giua dan tdc va nhan loai, giua cd dien va hien dai. Trong cac truyen ky cua minh viet th nhiing nam 20 cua the ky trudc, Ngudi da hoc tap van chuong hien dai chau Au, ket hep cai tham thuy cua phuong Ddng vdi cai tinh te cua phuong Tay. Tuong tu nhu vay, tho chu Han cua Hd Chi Minh the hien su ke thha cd sang tao tho ca cd dien Trung Qud'c va Viet Nam. Chang han, trong bai Nguyen tieu (1948), Ngudi viet: "Yen ba tham xQ dam quan su" cd nghia la: noi sau khdi sdng ban viec quan. Cau tho nay chiu anh hudng th cau "Yen ba giang thuong sir nhan sau" (Thdi Hieu - Hoang hac lau), cd nghia la: 'Tren sdng khdi sdng cho buon long ai" (Tan Da dich). Nhung khoi song trong tho ciia Hd Chi Minh la canh thuc chie'n khu Viet Bac. Ngudi tren thuyen b noi sau khdi sdng iy dang ban viec quan chii khdng phai ia an si hay lang th. Cau tho ay the hien ngudi thi si - chie'n si rat yeu thien nhien, yeu tho cd; nd goi phong vi cd thi mot each thii vi. Mdt didu nua, van hoc la nghe thuat ngon th. Hd Chi Minh khdng di sau vao ngon ngu van hoc, ngdn ngu tac pham van hoc, nhung Ngudi coi trong each ndi va each viet. Ngoai viec nhan manh muc dich, ddi tuqng cua van chuong nhu da ndi b tren, Hd Chi Minh khuyen ngudi viet hay viet cho dd hieu, tranh cau ky hoac lam dung tieng nude ngoai. Thiet nghi, day la mdt tieu chi quan trong cua ngdn ngQ nghe thuat. Mdt nha van ldh phai la nha van tao duqc mot van phong dac sac, cd anh huong ddi vdi van hoc dan tdc. Hd Chi Minh ia mot nha van nhu the. Van phong cua Ngudi cd nhuhg net dep de, ddc dao dung nhu ddng chi Trudng Qiinh da khai quit: "Ndi dung khang khai, tham thia, di sau vao tinh cam con ngudi, chinh phuc ca trai tim va khdi dc ngudi ta, hinh thiic sinh ddng, gian di, dd hieu, giau tinh dan tdc, tinh nhan dan " m> . Cd the noi, Hd Chi Minh mai mai la tarn guong giu gin va phat huy su trong sang cua tieng Viet. Ngudi cho rang, chd ham dung chu, nhung chu ma khdng biet thi chd dung; nhuhg chu ma chiing ta cd thi phai dung tieng ta. Tom lai, quan diem sang tie cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh rit tien bo, rat diing dan duqc quin triet trong cac sang tac cua Ngudi. Chinh dieu dd da gdp phan lam cho su nghiep tho van cua Hd Chi Minh cd gia tri bin vung, cd tac dung to ldh chang nhuhg ddi vdi su nghiep each mang ma con ddi ved su phat trien cua nen van hoc nude nha. Hd Chi Minh la ngudi lanh dao su nghiep each mang cua dan tdc, trong dd cd su nghiep van hoc. Quan diem nghe thuat cua Ngudi cd tinh chat soi dudng chi ld'i, la nhuhg bai hoc bd ich cho tat ca cac the he van nghe si. Nhuhg quan diem dd duqc coi la nhuhg nguyen tic co ban, cd tinh dinh hudng ddi vdi su phat trien cua van hoc Viet Nam hien dai. Dd la quan diem van hoc phai phuc vu su nghiep each mang, phuc vu nhan dan, cd tinh nghe thuat cao, cd tinh nhan dan, vda ke thha vita ddi mdi, vita dan tdc vha hien dai va phai hoc tap tinh hoa van hoc nude ngoai de lam giau cho ban sac dan tdc cua van hoc Viet NamQ 1, 2, 3, 8. Ho Chi Minh. Ve vdn hod vdn nghe. Nxb Van hoa, H.1976, tr.100, 67, 113, 69. 4. Tdng tap Van hoc Viet Nam, t96. Nxb KHXH, H.1980, tr.436. 5,6, 7. Ho Chi Minh. Ban vevdn hod vd vdn nghe. Nxb Van hoa Nghe thuat, H.1963,tr.l07,20, 105. 9. H6 Chi Minh. Todn tap, t5. Nxb CTQG, H.1995, tr.94-95. 10. Dan theo: Hoai Thanh. Co mot nen vdn hod Viet Nam, 1946, tr. 25. 11. Vevdn hod vd nghe thuat, tl. Nxb Van hoc, 1985, tr. 338. So thdng 8-2010 Ly luan chinh tri & Truyen thdng 65 . chung va quan diem ddi vdi sang tic cho ban than. Can phai khang dinh rang, quan diem sdng tdc van hod cua Hd Chi Minh la nhat quan. Nhuhg. ddi tupng cu the. Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ludn neu cao quan diem quan chung trong sang tic, cho rang " ;Quan chiing la ngudi sing tao, cdng