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TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA Hpl S6 8(16e)-2012 MOI TRUCING VA lilfeN B I KHf HAU C H I N H S A C H CONG VA VAN HOA LFNG XCT Odi Vdl NGUdN NUdC: THUC TRANG CUA SONG MEKONG VA SONG H A N G TLF GOC NHJN SINH THAI VAN HOA OINH H N G HAI TOM TAT Thi gidi cOa chung ta di bwdc sang thi ky thir XXI han mdt thip niin Niu coi thi ky thir XIX vi XX li nhung thi ky eua phit minh thi the ky XXI chinh li "thi ky hwdng thu" Vdi vd sd thiit bi vi phwong tiin tiin dung nhw may tinh, dipn thppi, p td, miy bay, du thuyin, tiu cao tie, ioH ngwdi dang "say swa" hwdng thu nhung thinh qui phit minh ma cha dng hp da tim tir nhirng thi ky trwde Tuy nhidn, tit ca cie loai thiit bl, phwong tipn edng nghd di dwoc phit minh diu dn nang lucng di chi tpP vi vin hinh Vi ngwdi dwdng nhw dang ling qudn mdt diiu ring: mdn qui mi "bi mp thien nhiin" ban cho hp li qui it di so vdi nhu du tieu diing ting nhanh vi din sd ting eao eua toil ngwdi Nhiiu ioai nhiin Hiu hda thpch se chl dii diing vii thpp nien tdP' Cung vdi sw tieu dOng qui mire ngudn nhidn Hiu hda thpch, toil ngwdi dang thii ngiy cing nhiiu C02 - tie nhin giy hipu img nhi kinh (Greenhouse Efffect) vi biin ddi hiu (Climate Change), ciing eic loai chit thii hCru ca vi vd eo khie - tic nhin buy hop! quy dit vi ngudn nwde Mic du viy Binh Hong HIi Tiln si Vi|n NghiOn ciru VSn hOa Vi|n Khoa hpe Xa hOi Vilt Nam hit nhiin iipu hda thpch chwa phii li hii kit eiia thi gidi mi ehung ta dang sing, nhwng niu cpn kidt ngudn nwde thi toil ngwdi se khdng thi tdn tpi Bii viit se tip trung di dp din yiu td niy trin casdiy thuyit Sinh thii vin hda (Cultural Ecohgy) di tim hieu nhirng moi twang quan giira Con ngwdi-Mdi trwdng-Vin hda vi hi Ipy ciia cie chinh sich cdng (Public Policies) vipe quin ly ngudn nwae eung nhir van hda img xir vdi mdi tordng sinh thii hipn tai Iwu vwc cua hai so nhimg eon sdng quan trpng nhat trdn the gidi: sdng Mekong vi sdng Hang THl,rC TRANG B I E N | KHi HAU VA A P Lij'c GIA T A N G D A N S T A I LLCU v t ; c S O N G MEKONG VA S N G H A N G TU Vi T H U Y E T SINH T H A I V A N H O A H l u h i t c l e eing ty du Ijch hl|n i An Op cOng nhy Oing Nam A d i u ding nil bit nhu'ng hinh anh quang b l du lieh cho sing Mekong v l sing Hing giing nhy nhyng thien d y i n g nghi dyyng v i i ding n y i e llnh khiit, khing trio, n g y i i thyi, d n h vat I m dim, bang nhu'ng d i n g ehu' n l i bat: Hing diem din tuypt vdi, du lieh sinh thii Mekong (Ganga Wonderful Place, Mekong BINH HONG HAI - CHlNH SACH CONG VA VAN HCA U'NG Xtf Eco Tour),, Nhyng d y i n g nhy thyc t l lai hoan toan trli ngyye v i i nhirng gi dyyc quang d o N i u chi nhin b l ngoai, ohOng ta d i bi dinh lira b i i d m giac ve nhO'ng ding sing thy mpng, nhu'ng miin d i t thin tien nhy nhilu lac phim thy ca nhac hpa, nhlip anh va diln anh da d l c|p din, hp|c chi it Chung eung da tu'ng nhy v|y Irong qui khir Tuy nhiln, niu di s l u tim hieu tren ey s i khoa hpc bing nhOng phyyng phlp nghien ciru cy t h i se k h i Irlnh khii nhyng d i "gl|t minh." V|y thye trang cua hai sing nly sao? Chinh quyin v l ngyii din i nhii'ng nyi nly da v l dang irng phi nhy I h i nao? Tyyng lai cua nhyng ding sing se dl v i diu? 1.1 Sy lyyc v i ly thuylt sinh thii van hia Ly thuyit Sinh thai van hda (Cultural Ecology) nghiln ciru v i sy thieh nghi eua n g y i i d i i vd'i m i l tryyng ty nhien v l xa hoi Sy thich nghi eua ngyd'i dyyc d l cap din i day bao g i m d tiln Irinh sinh hpe v l van h i a eho phlp mpt so lyyng d i n cy giyi han ton tai va 111 tao m i l pham vi m i i t r y i n g dyyc dinh hoac phai thay d i l m i l trying song (David, Joralemon, 2010, Ir 165) Theo d i , mii t r y i n g ty nhiln la nguin cung c i p chii y i u del v i i d e t i ehyc xa h i i eua ngyii v i i quy m i nho, ehing han nhy d c tip doln n g y i i nguyen thuy hole b i lac xa xya d m i i t r y i n g dang nay, sy tai tao eua ty nhien c i dii (hoac IhOa) cho nhu ciu eiia n g y i i va sin bit-hii Iwom chinh 11 hinh Ihu'c kiim sing phu hyp v l d l try nln p h i biln nhil Nhyng nhu clu cua ngyO'i vyyt qua kha nang tai lao ciia ty nhiln m i i t r y i n g m l hp sinh sing, n g y i i hoac se huy hoai mil t r y i n g ty nhiln, hole s l phli biln del mii t r y i n g sing eho phu hyp v i i holn d n h m i l Ly thuyit Sinh thil v i n hia dyye nhl nhin hpc n g y i i My Julian Haynes Steward (1902-1972) khii x y i n g v l d l d p d i n cuin sleh nli tilng cua i n g xuit ban nam 1955 - Ly thuyet vi biin ddi vin hda: Phwang phip luin tiin hda da tuyin (Theory of Culture Change The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution) Theo ing, sinh thai vSn hia 11 cich thirc mi qui trinh biin ddi vin hda tpe bai sw thich nghi vdi mdi tnrdng, dyyc tiip can qua diim sau: 1) Tip hop cich sir dung hiiu qui phwong phip va cdng nghe ddi vdi mdi trwdng di thu loi tir dd 2) Tim hieu cae hinh mau eua hinh vi/van hda ciia eon ngwdi nhim thich nghi, tdn tpi vdi mdi trwdng 3) Xac dmh gii tn cua cic hinh miu ciia hinh vi anh hudng ddi vol diin map ciia van hda o i elp den ly thuyet nay, tir diin bach khoa m i Wikipedia dinh nghia nhy sau M i hinh sinh thai van hia "tim hiiu mil tyyng quan giira van hia va moi tryyng l y nhiln, mOt bO sung cho cai ma m i hinh mau thuin xa hOi cOng nhy c i u true chirc nang it col trpng N i dya cae lien kit giya nhirng miu van hia v i i g i i i han ma ccn n g y i i gap phai m i i taring ty nhiln vi dy nhy dac diim hau, tinh kha dgng cua nyic, lyyng thyc va d c 111 nguyin thien nhiln khae Tuy vly m i hinh c i han c h l i ChO mOi t r y i n g ty nhiln hilm dinh hinh d e miu van h i a m i l d c h trye tilp m l van h i a v l ty nhien tyyng t i c v i i Mat khac, d c y l u t l van hia liln kit v i i ty nhiln mpt cleh rit khing ding deu ve mire dp'^' C i t h i nhan thiy, pham vi cle v i n de ma ly thuyit d l elp din k h i DINH H C N G HAI - CHlNH SACH C O N G VA VAN HC^A O N G XCf rOng nhung d i u tdp trung d m l i quan h | giira mdi tru&ng vd vin hda thdng qua ede tac dOng cua ngu&i Ndi edeh khde, dd ehlnh Id m l i quan hO giCra mdi trudng vd vdn hda Crng xCr cua ngudi vdl mdi trudng Trpng tdm eua ly thuylt ndy glOp chung ta cd t h i nhdn bilt dug'C nhCrng nguy ca huy hogi mdi trudng d i n tCr chinh ngudi vd tCr m$t trdi eua qud trinh phdt tnln Qua dd cd t h i Crng dyng vdo qud trinh phdt triln tren ca sd cdc v i n d l ed lien quan d i n sinh thdi vdn hda thdng qua cdc chinh sdeh edng phu hp'p vdi dilu kl#n sing mdi vd vdi mdi trudng mdi TCr cac m l i quan hg neu tren, nhgn thCre dugc nguy ca nghiem trgng d i n tCr sy tdn phd mdi trudng cua eon ngudi, Hdi nghj quoc ti ve ngu&i va mdi tru&ng da duyc Lidn Hp'p Quoc t l ehCrc tai thu Stockholm cua Thyy Dien ngdy 5-6/6/1972 Tai ddy, Lien Hyp Quic da thing nhlt cdc mye tieu va hanh ddng nhdm bao vg mdi trudng vd chpn ngdy 5/6 hdng ndm Id Ngiy Mdi tru&ng thi giai Theo Nghj quylt s l 2977 ngdy 15/12/1972 eua Dai hOi ding Lien Hyp Quoc va kit luan bo sung nam 1992, tuyen b l Nairobi v l quyin vd vai trd eua Chuang trinh mdi truang Liin Hpp Quoc (The United Nations Environment Programme-UNEP) da duyc thdng qua Day chinh la mOt budc tien quan trpng eua nhdn loai d l i vdi v i n d l bao vg mdi trudng bang mOt ehinh sdeh cdng cd quy md todn cau Md trang mdi Ijch su cua nhan loai v l chinh sach hp'p tde giai quylt cdc van de mdi trudng todn elu Tuy nhien, sau 40 ndm ddi, y tudng ndi tren cua Lien Hp'p Quic mdi ehi dat duyc mpt s l muc tieu mang tinh chinh trj ma chua cd tac dOng rd net doi vdi nhi>ng van d l v l mdi trudng dang diln ngdy mOt gay git Cy t h i nhu: Vi0e thyc hi0n cdc cam kit v l Ching biln d l i h$u*^' blng 10 trinh glim lupng thii cic-bon giy hi$u ung nhi kinh qua Nghj djnh thu Kyoto khdng cd chO' ky cua nhilu nydc dd cd hai cudng quie thai Id My vd Trung Quic (hai quie gia ndy thdi 2/3 lugng thai ede-bon gdy hi$u Crng nhd kinh cOa todn t h i gidi) Bdn canh dd, cdc tde nhdn gdy t nhilm mdi trudng trim trgng nhlt thudng d i n tCr nhCrng cudng quic mdi n l i nhu An Dg vd Trung Quic khung phdp ly v l mdi trudng khdng theo kjp t i c dO phdt triln qua nhanh va sy gia tdng ddn s l qud manh Ddc bigt, nhOng tde dpng xlu din b i n song Idn nhlt chau A'*' ed sy "ddng gdp" vd cung Idn cua hai quic gta ndy Dudi day chung tdi se di sdu tim hieu eac v i n d l cd lien quan d i n biin dil hiu va gia tang dan s6 tren ca sd ly thuylt sinh thdi van hda tgi luu vyc cua sdng Mekong vd sdng Hdng 1.2 Ly thuylt sinh thdi vdn hda vdi vin dl biln d l i hau tgi luu vyc song Mekong vd sdng Hang TCr "sy thieh nghi vdi mdi trudng" "each thCre md qua tnnh biln d l i van hda" tgo nhu Julian Steward da ngu ly thuylt cua dng, chung ta se tim hilu ly tgi thye trgng hign cua song Mekong va sdng Hlng Igi ddng lo nggi- Cd t h i ndi, hdng nghin ndm qua lodi ngudi sinh sing khd cdn bdng vdi mdi trudng ty nhien, hp kham phd, khai phd vd khai thac ty nhign kha ndng tdi tao cua ty nhien Nhung chf khoang 2-3 thi ky trd Igi day v i n d l mdi trudng blng trd nen nguy hilm rd rgt sy tdn pha qud mye cua ngudi Dgc bi^t, chua bao gid th^ BINH H O N G HAI - CHlNH S A C H C O N G V A VAN H A O'NG XCf,, gidi md chCing ta dang song lai thay d l i nhanh nhu nhCrng thdp nien g i n day, nguyen nhan chu y l u Id tac dpng tCr sy phdt triln eua edng ngh0 vd y thCrc eua eon ngudi S y phat triln eua khoa hpe cdng nghg da khiln cho trdi d i t dudng nhu bj thu hep Igi NhCrng nai tCrng duyc ggl Id xa xdi heo lanh xua, gid day da biln thdnh nhCrng thdnh phi, thi xa, thj trin ddng due vd sdi dOng NhCrng vung rimg thieng nu&c ddc da biln thdnh cae khu edng nghigp hoge cdc khu dan eu Cdng nghg hign dgi dd giup ngudi khai thdc hang ty tan dau thd, than dd khodng san chi mOt khoang thdi gian hit sCrc ngan Dilu dd giup cho nang luc khai thdc tang len gap hdng ehyc, hdng tram lln nhung d6 cung ehinh Id can nguyen d i n ngudi din cdc tham hpa v l moi trudng vd biln d l i hau khai thdc qud mCre ngudn Igi ty nhidn vd sCr dyng qud nhilu nhien lieu hda thach Cdng khai thdc nhilu eon ngudi lai cdng tieu thy nhilu Dieu ddn din tinh trgng dit dai h\ sa mac hda nhanh, khdng va nude bj d nhilm nang, ting ozone bi "thung" vd hau ndng len Khi hau thay doi khiln nhu c l u s u dung ndng lugng eang tang nhanh vd nguon nhien lieu hda thach sap d i n luc can kigt (Xem chu thich so 1) Giai phap ngan va trung han cua cdc nha cdng nghe la xay eac dap thuy dien vd nha may dign hgt nhdn Cdn cae giai phap ddi han nhu xay nhd may dign mat trdi, dien gid hay dign thuy trilu mdi ehi dap Crng dugc mdt vai phdn tram nhu c l u nhung lai ngon nhirng khoan dau tu khdng Id ma cae nude dang phdt triln khdng t h i vdi tdi Bi thich nghi vdi sy thay doi qua nhanh cua qua trinh bien ddi hau, ngudi da le thuOc vao cdng nghg md khdng cdn du thdi gian d l thieh nghi thdng qua cac "hinh m l u cua hdnh vi/vdn hda" nhu Steward d l xult Mde du ly thuylt cua dng ddi edeh ddy han nCra t h i ky nhung ea hOi d l ehung ta ed t h i ap dyng vdo thyc tiln cd ve nhy da muOn vi nhCrng tac dOng qud nhanh vd qud manh cua cdng nghg vd eac chinh sdeh cdng ich ky tCr cdc ehinh phu cua cdc nude dang phdt triln da Idm thay d l i qud nhanh mdi trudng ty nhien Dilu dugc nhin thiy mOt edeh rd net viOc huy hoai cdc ddng sdng d l xdy dap thuy dign md sdng Mekong Id mgt nhCrng "ngn nhdn" tieu bilu nhlt vdi tam d i p elt ngang "ca thi" eua nd tren vung thugng luu tai Trung Quie va 23 dap tai hg luu vd chi luu cua Mekong tai Ldo'^' Trong dd, su phat trien qua nhanh eua s l lugng ddn cu sinh song luu vuc cua sdng Hang dd khiln cho sdng bj suy giam nhanh luang nude (do luang nude tudi dung ndng nghiep vd sinh hogt tang cao nham dam bao an ninh luang thuc eho hdng ty ngudi) d khu vuc thuang luu tren lanh t h i An Dp Trong dd d khu vyc luu lanh thd Bangladesh, tinh trang ngugc lai dang diln ra: Lu lyt qua trinh tdn pha rCrng dau nguon vd d thugng luu khiln eho nude v l liru qud nhanh, dieu ndy dan d i n cac tham hga mdi sinh khiln hdng nghin ngudi chit vd hang tram nghin ngudi mit nha cCra moi ndm d quoc gia cCra sdng ndy Cung vdi hgn han d thugng nguon, lu lyt d hg nguon, chat thai tCr cdc nhd may vd chit thai sinh hoat cua ngudi dan hau hit deu d l xuong sdng khdng qua xCr ly khiln eho ddng sdng ndy dang phai chju dp lye khung khilp DINH HONG HAI - C H I N H S A C H C O N G VA V A N HOA O'NGXO' Sy thich nghi vdi mdi trudng theo ly thuylt sinh thdi vdn hda eua Julian Steward cd t h i bj "be gay" vi qud trinh phdt triln bit chip quy lugt t y nhidn cua ngudi giai doan hign Nlu dilu xdy ra, sd khdng cdn ed mOt "hinh m l u cua hdnh vi/vdn hda" ndo cua ngudi phij hgp vdl mOt mdi trudng ty nhifen dd bj huy hoai Va "cdch thCrc md qud trinh biln d l i vdn hda" cd t h i giup cho eon ngydi thich nghi vdi mdi trudng (theo ly thuylt cua Julian Steward) cd t h i cung khdng cdn phu hgp vi mdi trudng hign dudng nhu khdng cdn la mdi tardng t y nhidn dung nghTa md Id mOt mdi trudng nhan tgo Mgt vi dy cy t h i Id nhieu ngudi hign dang phai sing phan Idn thdi gian mdi trudng nhdn tao cua hp vdi may dilu hda khdng Cd the thay, nhCrng gia thuylt dung dan vd cd tinh kha thi cua Julian Steward tCr giCra t h i ky XX nlu duge dp dyng sdm se mang lai Igi ich to Idn vd lau ddi cho nhdn loai Nhung n l u sCrc tdn phd t y nhien cua ngudi vugt qua nhCrng gi md ly thuylt eua dng da d l cgp thi tinh hgp ly eua nhCrng ly thuylt nhu vgy se khdng cdn tde dyng Vay dieu gi cd the "be gay" cae ly thuylt nhu vgy? Cau tra Idi Id cie ehlnh sich cdng ich ky va van hda ung xi/ phi khoa hgc md chung tdi se de cgp d i n mye 1.3 Ly thuyet sinh thdi vdn hda vdi v i n d l gia tang ddn so tai luu vyc sdng Mekong vd sdng Hdng Cung vdi nhii'ng tde dpng ngdy eang gay gat eua biln d l i hgu s y pha va can bang ty nhien, v i n d l gia tang dan s l cung dang Id mpt nhCrng thach thCrc Idn md loai ngudi phai doi mat Dan s l tren dja cau da tang tCr khoang 350-375 tri§u ngudi vdo ndm 1400'^' len d i n ty ngudi nam 2011 (gip 20 l l n t h i ky) vd vdi t i c dO tdng nhu hiOn nay, dy kiln ddn s l t h i gidi se Id ty ngudi ndm 2040 (xem Bilu d l 1) Cd t h i ndi, qui bom din s6 cOng Id mOt nhCrng nguy ca Idn khdng h i thua kem so vdi biln d l i hau, djeh b$nh vd chiln tranh hat nhan dang de doa s y t i n tgi cua loai ngudi Diln hinh cho tinh trang ddn s l tdng nhanh ehinh la chdu A (xem Bilu d l 1), vd luu vyc sdng Mekong vd sdng Hlng Id nhOng nai chju tde dOng nhilu nhlt vd rd net nhlt Tgi tinh trang gia tdng dan so lai la mOt nguy ea d l i vdi mdi trudng? Ly thuylt sinh thdi vdn hda cd tde dgng nhu t h i nao doi vdi v i n d l ndi tren? Dudi day chung tdi se tCrng budc tilp cgn eac v i n de dd Gia tang ddn s l dd dugc nhieu phuang tiOn thdng tin truyen thdng de cap din thdng qua nhCrng v i n de ed lien quan nhu an ninh luang thyc, sCrc khde sinh san, phuc Igi xa hOi, v.v Tuy nhien, v i n d l dp lye gia tang ddn s l vd nguy ca pha vd mdi trudng song lai rit it dugc d l cgp, dgc bigt Id d eac quic gia ngheo vd dang phdt triln Cdu thdnh ngCr tilng Vigt "Trdi sinh vol, Trdi sinh cd" cd le khdng cdn dung giai dogn hign vi mdi trudng tu nhien danh cho voi vd cd (tCrc ngudi/dgng vat vd luang thyc/thuc dn) da ed nhCrng biln d l i h i t sCrc Idn dudi sCre tac dOng vd cung mgnh me cua ngudi Tinh trgng mit can bang sinh thdi hiOn dang diln tran lan trdn nhilu ITnh vyc hoat dOng eua ngudi: TCr khai khoang den xCr \'i chit thai, tCr huy hogi d i t canh tac din nhiem nguon nude, tCr pha va can blng ty nhien d i n l l thOng ting ozone, Cd thi ndi, t i c dO tang ddn s l cCing vdi s y phat DINH H C N G HAI - CHiNH SACH CONG VA VAN HOA U'NG XO" triln cua mdy mde va cdng nghg dang trd mdt logi "vu khi" huy diet mdi trudng manh han tat cd mgi loai vu md eon ngudi da tCrng sir dyng, trCr vu hat nhan Nlu chung ta khdng sdm "hodn tra cho ty nhien nhCrng gi cua tu nhien" thi Ngay tan t h i ehinh ngudi gay se la mpt hien thye cd t h i dy bdo trudc Tim hilu sy cdn bang sinh thai tren ca sd ly thuylt sinh thai vdn hda d l dp dyng vdo cdc ehinh sdeh cdng vd van hda Crng xu chinh Id mOt nhu'ng glai phdp t i t nhlt d l lodi ngudi cd the trdnh duge nhCrng hilm hga ehlnh hp gay cho chdu cua minh (Xem Bilu 1) Hign dan s l tai luu vyc sdng Mekong khoang 70 trieu ngudi va ddn so tai luu vuc sdng Hlng Id 400 trieu ngudi Tinh trang mdt can bang sinh thai hien dang diin ngdy cdng tram tai luu vuc ehinh eua hai sdng Dilu dang luu tam Id chl vdi han 70 trigu ddn nhung Dong bang chdu thd sdng Mekong la vua Ida Idn nhlt t h i gidi vdj hai cudng quoc xult khiu gao Idn nhlt t h i gidi la Thai Lan vd Vigt Nam Vya Ida ndy hign dang ngdy cdng b| thu hgp qud trinh nggp mgn vd t i e dO dd thj hda nhanh Han thi, nh&ng chinh sdch edng ich k'/ tCr quic gia thugng nguin da va dang Idm bien d l i luu lugng nude cua sdng Mekong khiln eho sdn lugng cd vd Ida luu vyc sdng ndy bj anh hudng mOt cdch trim trpng Cung vdi t i c dp tdng dan s l vd giam dign tich canh tac lua mOt cdch nhanh chdng tai luu vyc sdng Mekong sCre ep dli vdi luu vyc cua ddng sdng dang hien hign ngdy eang rd Arjun Thapan, co van Ngan hang Phdt triln chau A (ADB) tuyen b l ngdy 20/2/2012 cho ring, vua Ida eua Vigt Nam dang b; de dpa nghiem trpng va luang gao xuat khiu eua Vigt Nam ed nguy ca giam 85% sy suy giam ddng chay d vung thuang luu sdng Mekong Hg lyy keo theo Id nude biln cd t h i Idn sau khoang 100km vdo sau ddt liln Nlu tat ca cae dy 1 ^11 il Bllu Gia tSng d§n s6 the glOl 100 nam (1950-2050) Ngudn: Website Bai hpc Michigan, Hoa Ky http://wwvB.globalchange.umlch.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/human_ pop/human_pop.html (Lyu f Phin trOn ciing la d4n s i chSu Au r l l it thay dli, dy*! ciing 14 din s i chau A tang rit nhanh) BINH HONG HAI - CHlNH SACH C C N G VA VAN HOA t>NG Xl> , I n thuy dl|n dyye tiln hinh, s i n lyyng e l cua toln khu vyc se gilm 45% (din theo Bieh Ngpc) B l l u d i cho Ihiy, ty l | nghich eua vin d l ting d i n s i v l giam s i n lyyng lyyng thye/lhyc phim i vung chlu I h i sing Mekong khing cht Inh h y i n g t i i an ninh lyyng thyc cua n g y i i d i n Bing Nam A m l h i igy cCia n i cin lan i m i c dO toln elg V I thye t l I I giS lyyng thyc liln Ige Icing nhi>ng nam vira qua, rilng nam 2011 g i l ngO cie da ting 35% (din theo Blch Ngpc) v i tinh d n bing cua m i l t r y i n g sing vin d l song hinh cing eon n g y i i hlng nghin n l m qua TAC BONG CCIA BIEN B6I KHI HAU vA GIA TANG DAN SO D6I vtii NGU6N NU'6'C C O A S N G MEKONG VA S N G HANG Chl m i l t h i i gian r i t ngin v i i nhu c i u ling cao v l tinh trang khai thac qui mire, eon n g y i i da phai d l i m i l v i i sy suy giam nghilm trpng nguin lyi 10' thiln nhiln, tirng bi hilu l l m la "vd tin" Th|m chi v i i m i l loai s i n phim s i n c i cua thiln nhiln Tai lyu vyc sing Hing, din s i ling nhanh khien eho linh d n bang cua mii trying t y l y i n g ching nhy khing bao g i i can la nhien try nln d|e bill d i t i n Ihyyng, chi n y i c , Ihl g l i d l y n i eung dang can din i nhilu eon sing, vung biln hole h i lin mpt thay dli n h i cOng khiln cho nhilu y l u t l khic bi anh hyyng Toln b i d c y l u l i nhy biin C h i l a Trung Bing, biin h i Caspi, biin Ben y Ige dia A-Ag, v v Mye c i lien quan d i n mii trying c i liln he v i i nyye ngam - nguin cung d p nyyc uing y i u l i dan s i bao gim: cho nhilu khu vyc tren I h i g i i l - d l giam - Nhu c i u tang cao v i d c nguon eung ty xuong hang chgc met, tham chi I I hlng nhiln diing eho d e hoat ding phll triln; tram met (nhy y An BO) chi ving 1-2 - Mire d i nhiim man tang cao; thap ky qua NhO'ng khu vyc d dia hinh - B|nh tat lly lan qua d y i n g nyyc qua thip nhy y Bangladesh luy khing xly linh trang khan hilm nyye ngim Ihi lai bi Irinh phll triin h | thing d l dilu, b i ngin; nhiim Asen i mu'c d i q u i cao chinh - nhiim n y i c v l dit; nhyng ehit thai e i him lyyng Asen cao - Sy suy t i n eua nghi d sy can thilp m l n g y i i thai m i l taring CIc cua n g y i i ; v l n h l khoa hpc d l chi 10 nguy cy m l - Chat pha q u i m i c ru'ng phing h i ' " n g y i i phai doi m|t: 1) nhiim dit 2) nhiem khdng 3) nhiim tiing dn 4) NhO'ng y i u t i n l u tren d i u hinh thinh tie ding ciia eon n g y i i ( m l thyc chit I I nhiem phdng xa, birc xa 5) Cac f l i nguyin khdng phtic hii dwae dang cpn din 6) t i c dpng eiia n g y i i lir d i n s i ting Nwde spch ngiy eang khan hiim 7) Suy vyyl qua mu'c d i I I I tae cua ty nhien) Nlu d n CU' v i e sy "cho phep mpt s l kipt din cic tii nguyin biin 8) Riing bi lyyng d i n cy g i i i han t i n tai v l I I I tao thu hpp di ddi vdi sw gia tang dit bi sa mpc hda 9) Ba dpng sinh hpe bi giam siit Irong mpt pham vi m i l trying" theo ly nhanh ehdng 10) Sw mit dn dinh hiu thuyit sinh thii v i n h i a eiia Julian vi gia ting cic tai hpa thiin nhiid" Co Steward thi gia ting din sd chinh la mpt I h l Ihiy nhu'ng nguy cy d i chinh la str Irong nhu'ng nguyin nhin y i u pha BINH H O N G HAI - CHlNH SACH C O N G VA VAN H A I>NG XQ,, eao su xip, d c san phim phun/xit, d c leal ga v l d c ehit khie, Cy s i sinh hpc cua ehung ta dang bi xuing c i p dp d c loll sinh v|t bi tuylt ehung v i i t i e d i nhanh ehya tyng c i k l ty thil dai khung long d i n g i i Cle loai thye v|t v l ding v|t, chim chic v l ein Iriing dang bi m i l di vTnh viln B i i luc dilu x l y ehung ta ehya kip bilt v i sy t i n tai ciia chung hay ching la chya kip tim hiiu v l t i m quan trpng ciia chung d i i v i i sy sing"'" Tai lyu vyc ciia sing Mekong v l sing Hing, tinh hinh c i n nghilm trpng hyn dp Irinh d i d i n 2.1 Phit triin b i n vyng d l i v i i lyu vyc Iri thip v l c l e chinh sleh eing cua d e sing Mekong va sing Hing quic gia s i hO'u d e eon sing nly vu'a Ty nhu'ng thyc trang n l u trin, chung ta cO ylu v i a thiiu ding b i D i ding nhan thiy thi thiy ro mOt dilu, biln d i i hau v l sy b i t d p v l tri thirc va sy lac h|u v i gia ting d i n s i da c i t i e ding to l i n d i n chinh sleh phat triln i d c quic gia n l y phat triln b i n vu'ng khing ehi tai lyu vye da tao nen sy thilu hgt d n ban d c lilg sing Mekong v l sing Hang ma ein e i t i e chi v i phll triin n g y i i - ding lye dpng trin toln t h i g i i i NhO'ng t i c ding ehlnh d i phll triln bin vyng - can cy theo nly da dyyc ba Fernanda Guerrieri, Bai Chi s i Phit triin Con n g y i i (HDI) ciia Liln dien To chirc NOng nghiep va Lyyng thyc Hyp Quic, d i la linh trang: Liln Hyp Quic (FAO) nhin x l t kha diy du nhy sau: "Niu xet Irin phyyng dien toln - Giam ning suit ning nghilp; cau, chung ta thay c i r l l nhiiu m i i hilm - Gia lang m i l an ninh v i n y i c ; hoa K l l y bat d i u cupc d c h mang - Tang kha nang bi anh hyyng b i i nhu'ng cing nghilp d i n nay, d e loai g l y sy e i t h i i l i l t khac nghilt; hieu i n g nha kinh da tich tu bau - Pha VO' d c h i sinh thai; quyin v i i l i e dp chya tu'ng e i lieh l l n pha va phung phi qua mye nguin I I I nguyin thiln nhiln eua n g y i i L i i sing v i traeh nhilm d i i v i i m i i trying la h|u qua cua nhirng hinh vl irng xii' phi khea hpe v l thii vi ky cua n g y i i N i u ching la khing glai quyit t i t mil quan he ngwdi-mdi trwdng-vin hda Ihi sy huy diet mil t r y i n g sing I I dilu l i t y l u s l xly V I trin thyc l l , n i da b i t d i u phll tan tai nhilu nyi ma lyu vyc cua sing Mekong va sing Hang I I nhirng minh chirng tilu biiu sir I h i giii Ngly nay, ehung ta e i bing chu'ng r i t rO v i hien lyyng ning l l n ciia trli d i l CIc loai gay hl|u u'ng nha kinh s l tiip tgc l l m lang nhanh nhi|t dp ciia blu quyin, l l m lan d e niii bang i hai eye eua trli d i t khiln eho n y i e biin ding l l n g l y nhO'ng hau qua hit s i c tai hai eho nhu'ng n y i e ven biin nhy V l | l Nam Ting ozone v i n tiip tye bi t i n eing boi d e ehit h i a hpe dyyc sir dung p h i biin Irong cing nghilp san xuat chit dee - Ting rui ro v l s i c khie Dc trinh d i nh|n thyc v l quan ly y i u kim, chinh phu eua d c n y i c dang phll triln i khu vye qua c h i y d i n tang trying kinh t l m l khing quan l l m nhilu din phat triin bin vu'ng Hp chip nhan mpi g i l d l c i dyyc nguin tiln d i u ty t i bin ngell m l hiu nhy khing nghT t i l c l i gia phai Ira tyyng lai v i i sy tilp lay cua d e dinh c h l t l i ehinh l i n "Trong nhiiu tnfing hyp, bit chap sy phan d i i manh me d a d c OINH HONG HAI - CHlNH SACH C N G VA VAN HOA O'NG XCr cOng dong dja phuang, cdc t l ehCrc tdi ehlnh t h i gidi Idn nhu ADB, WB v i n cCr tiln hdnh h i trg mOt logt cdc dy dn phdt triln Tren t h i gidi, cdc nydc Idn nhilu trudng hgp dd dung uu t h i v l kmh t l , chinh trj va qudn sy cua minh di ed duge tai nguyen vdi chi phi kmh t l it nhlt Nhu trudng hgp d Nhat Ban, khdng phai la nude thilu g l nhung vdn Id mOt nude dCrng hdng d i u t h i gidj v l nhdp khiu g l dya tren uu t h i cda minh v l kmh t l vd edng nghO Cdc nude phdt triln muon giam bdt hodc trdnh d nhiem nude minh da chuyin nhCrng xi nghigp gay nhilu d nhilm sang nhCrng nude dang phat tnln D l bao ve mdi trudng sing, nhCrng nude phdt tnln thi hdnh ehinh sdeh "nhdp sieu" tai nguyen thien nhien, nguydn lieu san xuat Trong dd eac nude dang phat triln lai "xuat sieu" nhdm ed duge ngoai te manh" '^"^ Dieu ndy ddn den mOt nghjCh ly khd chap nhan la: Cdng thuc dly tang trudng, cac nude dang phdt triln cdng bi d nhiem nang vd cdng rdi xa mye tieu phdt trien ben vO'ng "Day ehinh Id chile bdy khiln cho cdc quic gia ICin sdu vdo vdng luln quIn ma hg lyy cua nd ed t h i nhin thay rd viec quan ly vd khai thac cac nguin Igi tCr sdng ngdi nhu trudng hgp sdng Mekong va sdng Hang ma ehung tdi se d l cap den dual day 2.2 Vj tri cua sdng Mekong vd nhirng khd khan thyc hign ede ehinh sdeh eong Ndi d i n nguon Igj tCr cae ddng sdng, chung ta thudng nghT d i n thuy san, xa han Id nhCrng canh dong phu sa mau ma, nhung su thyc la cdi ddng gid nhlt cua cac ddng sdng chinh la nydc, dilu ndy cdng dung trudng hgp cua sdng Mekong Nhin s l lugng cae dap day ddc Sg d l 1, chung ta ed t h i nhin thiy trude edi kit eye cua sdng Mekong: MOt ddng sdng dang "chit d i n chit mdn" Ngodi vi^c gidm luu lugng ddng chay din d i n trilu cudng vd nhilm m$n nhu da neu, cCra ehinh cua Mekong d l biln Ddng (Vi$t Nam gpi tdn Mekong Id sdng CCru Long vi ly ndy) dd cd eCra sdng dd ehit (din theo Bieh Nggc), Nlu tinh trang ndy khdng dugc ngdn chdn, tdi mpt ICie, ddng Mekong n l i tilng se cht edn la mOt h | thing hl-d|ip n l i liln keo ddi vd vya Ida Idn nhlt t h i gidi va vya cd Idn thCr hai t h i gidi (chi dCrng sau sdng Amazon) d D i n g bdng ehau tho Mekong tai Cambodia va Vigt Nam se bj xda s l Ldi keu gpi hay cOv ddng Mekong (save the Mekong) da duge phdt vd da cd nhilu ngudi hudng Crng nhung van cdn vo van khd khan d l thye hign dilu Sa d l H$ thing ddp thOy di^n cdt ngang ddng Mekong Ngudn: http:/Avww.savethemekong.org BINH H N G HAI - CHlNH SACH C O N G VA VAN HOA I>NG XCT, Khi khan l i n nhlt Irong vl|c ciru ding Mekong I I vile thyc Ihi d c ehinh sach eing i pham vl lien quie gia, c i t i l quie gia ding s i hiru eon sing V i n d i chinh sach cing d i l v i i nguin n y i e cua sing Mekong khing t h i giai quylt dyye pham vi cua tirng quie gia tham ehi I I c l khu vyc Bong Nam A ma n i can m i l traeh nhilm ehung eiia d c quic gia Va n l u khing e i d c bi|n phlp kip thil Ihi vi|c birc ICr 12 sing l i n nhit t h i g i i i n l y se la tiln l | x l u cho nhu'ng ding sing c i n lai 2.3 Van h i a irng xii' d i l v i i nguin n y i c sing Hang 73 ciia v i n d l ein bang sinh thii tren n l n ting ly thuylt sinh thil van hOa eua Julian Steward, Trong s i nhCrng hinh thirc mai ting p h i biln nhit hl|n thi hoa tang (dit xlc) va dia ting (chin xlc) I I phi biln nhit v l cung dyyc coi 11 vin minh nhit M i l s i hinh thye khic nhy thuy ting (dim xlc) chi c i n r i t it nyi sy dgng va chi sCr dgng nhyng trying hyp eg Ihl B l l u ting (phyl xae trin cao cho chim an) hiu nhy khing cin Trong lich sCr hyn 5.000 nlm cua An B i , h i u hit cy dan eua nln van minh da I p dyng hinh thire mai ling dyyc eel I I van minh nhat 11 hoa tang, Trong qua khir, vd'i s i dan ehua "vyyt qua kha Chinh nhirng irng xy doi v i i sing Hing da nang t l i tao cua ty nhiln" va n g y i i co v l dang khiln ding song n l y I r i nhiiu t h i i gian hyn (do khOng chiu I p lye mpt nhu'ng dOng sing o nhilm nhit l i n nhy cuOc sing hl|n tai), vile ddt xae tren I h i g i i l N i i d e h khac, ehlnh I I Suae l i l n hinh kha ky lyyng vyi nhilu cCii mat trii eiia vin hda irng xw vdi mdi d i t v l dyye thyc hien m i l khoang trwdng tw nhien cua ngwdi Ben canh t h i i gian du dai d i xac n g y i i tao tro vile xa ehit thai Iryc tiip xuing sflng v l xa-Hixi lai (relic) ben canh d c nghi l i Hang cua d c nha miy v l d e khu cing t i n gilc khae Tro c i l , phin c i n lai cua nghiep tao nln nhiim hOa ehit, huy diet xlc chit, chi e i n r i t it va khing g l y i mOl trying eiia d c loll thuy sinh da dyyc nhilm vi d c chit phan huy khong cin nen nhiiu phyyng lien thing lin Iruyin thOng tha xuong song chung khing gay hai nil t i l , y day, chung t i i chi d i d p din sy cho nguon n y i c huy hoai "vO tinh" hay thilu hiiu b i l l ciia chinh ngyyi dan v i i nguon n y i c quan Tuy nhiln, v i i t i c dO tang d i n "ching mat" trpng m l hp dang sir dung V I mOI trpng cua d i n s i An Bp trpng t h i i gian gin day nhyng hinh vi/vin hda (behavipr/culture cung vile khai Ihle qua m i c quy rirng ty chy dung cua Julian Steward) c i nguy ey nhiln trcng lyu vyc sing Hang, vl|c ddt diu die sing Hang hien ehlnh la tap xic try n l n "clu tha" hyn thiiu t h i i tgc dot xie-tha tro V l y tai nhirng tap gian v l cui d i t N g y i i din chi ddt xic mpt Ige d i iRrie d l y khing g l y hai m l g i i dly d e h lyyng tryng r i i tnjt toln bO xyyngnd lai I r i Ihlnh m i l nguy cy huy diet ding thit-tro-than oiing l i t ea rae thai ty dim sing? Cau tra l i i chinh I I q u i trinh gia lang xuong sing Chi rieng diim ddt xic tang d i n s i va biin doi m i l trying sing (Shmashana) tai b i n sing Hang d Dyyi day chung t i i s l dl sau phln lieh VaranasI m l chiing t i i dyye ching kiln khia canh n l y dya vIo m i i tyyng quan m i i ngly c i l i i v l i tram x l c dyyc dOI va BINH HONG HAI - CHINH SACH C O N G VA V A N H O A O'NG Xl> t i t ea d i u d i xuing ding sing thilng Tai mao eua v i n hia" nhy Julian Steward d l x u i l d l khing dyye thyc hi|n m i l d c h An B i e i l i i g i n 900 tri|u lin d i Hindu v l t i t e l hp d i u muin dyye d i t x l c v l d i u khoa hpc hole khing thyc hi|n dyyc vl muin dyye I h l xuing sing thilng ( d i 11 eon n g y i i d l g l y nhO'ng t i c ding vyyl q u i kha ning I I I tao cua m i l trying ty ehya k l d i n s l lyyng d e tin d i Hindu i Nepal v l Bangladesh dang sinh sing nhiln lyu vyc sing Hing) T h I h | n i i tilp t h i h|, HAI D N G S O N G , M O T G(!)C N H I N linh trang v i n dang tilp tgc diln nhy v|y! B I SANH Cgng v i i thii quen udng nwde sing thilng Thing qua vi|e lim hiiu thye trang cua trye tilp, tim rira trye tiep, di vp sinh Iryc sing Mekong v l sing Hing tr in cy s i ly tiip xuing sing v l xi ric Iryc tilp xuing thuylt sinh thii v i n h i a nhy d l trinh bIy i sing hlng ngly anh h y i n g din syc khie trin, c i I h l dl d i n m i l nh|n x l l ring, hai cua nguii dan'^^' y l u l i quan nhit hi|n dang lac ding manh me d i n d c ding sing hiln la Tir m i l ding sing huyln thoai n i i tiing chinh sich edng va vin hda img xw Thir nhit Irin I h i gid'i d i n nhOng hinh vi img nhit, niu e i chinh sleh cing holn lhi|n xir phi khoa hpe ehi c i mot ranh g i i i v i v l e i s y ding thuan cua c i c quic gia, cung n h i hpp Tinh phi khoa hpc cua hinh d y i i sy bao try eiia cing ding quie t i vl irng xir dyyc tac b i i hai nguyin nhin trpng y i u Thii quen tir van h i a (dirng dau I I Liln Hyp Quie - thing qua Chyyng trinh M i i tryyng Lien Hyp Quic Iruyin thing va q u i trinh phat triln thiiu UNEP), chiing la e i t h i Irlnh viec xly dap bin vyng Tir vi|c x l c (^nh d c y i u t i lao thuy diln - nguyin nhin chinh d i n din nln sy cin bing sinh thii dwoc neu Irong vile bCre lir d e ding sing d lyu lyyng ly thuyit sinh thil van h i a ciia Julian ding chay l i n , gilu tilm ning thuy diln Steward, d i ding nhan thay sy phi vy nhy Mekong Thir hai, n l u v i n hia irng x i tinh d n bing cua l y nhiln Irong q u i trinh d i l v i i c l e ding sing dyyc dilu chinh phll triin eiia eon n g y i i I I nguyin nhin Ihlch hyp theo khung ly thuylt sinh thii d n bin d i n d i n linh trang hi|n nay, die van h i a v l nhyng tilu chuin v i phit triin b i l l la tinh trang gia ting din sd v y y l t i m b i n vu'ng (nhy d c tilu chl m l Liln Hyp kiim spat tai lyu vyc sing Hing Tai dly, Quic d l d l ra) thi vi|e bao v | tinh can " d c h thirc m l qua trinh biln d i i v i n h i a bing sinh thii cua d c ding sing khong tao byi sy thich nghi v i i mil trying" da bi v i hi|u h i a vi khing theo kip nhu'ng biln phai I I khing thyc hi|n dyye Tu' d i co d i i to l i n v l dan s l , m i i t r y i n g va h|u I h l dam bao m i i quan h | bin vu'ng giO'a ngwdi-mdi trwdng-vin hda d l bao v | Vi v|y, v i n d i "t|p hyp cleh sir dyng hi|u trai d i l - hinh linh xanh - ngii nhl chung qua phyyng phap v l cing nghe d i i v i i eua ehung ta B i c i m i l c l i nhin t d n m i l t r y i n g d i thu lyi 10' d i ; tim hiiu d c hinh m i u eua hinh vi/vIn h i a cua d n h v l thye trang eua sing Mekong va sing Hang eung nhy d n h b i o nhirng n g y i i nham thich nghi, l i n tai v i i m i i nguy ey d i i v i i nguin nyye i d c ding trying; v l x l c dinh g i l Iri cua d o hinh sing tren t h i g i i i hi|n nay, chiing l i i xin m l u cua hanh vi anh h y i n g doi v i i dl|n eiNHHONGHAl - CHlNH SACH CONG V A V A N H C A O'NG XCr dugc dua mOt cai nhin d l i sdnh tu nhu'ng quan dilm dugc rut tCr ly thuylt sinh thai van hda Qua dd, d l xult mOt s l giai phdp d l cd t h i eCru cac ddng sdng dang cd nguy ca bi huy hogi 3.1 NhCrng dilm tuang ding cua sdng Mekong va sdng Hang NhCrng y l u t l tuang ding cua sdng Mekong vd sdng Hang dugc t h i hi§n qua nhCrng diem dudi day - Ld hai s l mudi hai eon sdng Idn nhlt t h i gidi; - Ld hai bay sdng Idn nhlt chdu A ed ehung nguin tu" cao nguyen Tdy Tang dang eung e l p nude cho g i n V^ ddn s l t h i gidi dang sinh song luu vye cua nd(^2>; - La hai sdng ed nguon Igi tCr ndng nghigp vd thuy san quan trpng doi vdl ca khu vyc va t h i gidi; - Ld hai s l nhirng sdng cd nhieu chung tOe sinh song luu vye; - La hai s l nhCrng eon sdng ed hg sinh thdi da dang nhlt tren the gidi; - La hai sdng cd tilm nang thuy dign cao ed doc vd luu lugng ddng chay Idn; - Ld hai s l nhCrng sdng cd lugng phu sa cao gdp phln tao nen dO phi nhieu cho dong bang chdu tho dang bj ngan Igi bdi cdc dap thuy dign; - Ld hai sdng dang chju nhilu tde dpng tore tiep eua biln d l i khf hgu; - La hai sdng phy thuOc eac quoc gia dang phat triln, chju sCre ep eua qua trinh phat triln thilu b i n vCrng; - Ld hai sdng nam d khu vyc cd trinh dO dan tri thlp; - Ld hai sdng dugc quan ly Idng leo bdi cdc chinh phu thieu trdch nhi^m; - Ld hai sdng chua cd cdc djnh c h l quic t l v l khai thac vd su* dyng tdi nguydn; - Ld hai sdng cd nguy ca bj "bCre tir" cao; - Ld hai s l nhCrng eon sdng bi tde dOng nhilu bdi tinh trgng pha rCrng phdng hO; - Ld hai s l nhung eon sdng ed mCre dO d nhilm eao; - Ld hai eon sdng chju tde dOng Idn cua v i n d l gia tdng ddn s l TCr nhCrng dilm tuang ding cua sdng Mekong vd sdng Hang neu tren, chung ta cd t h i hO thing hda mgt cai nhin ting t h i v l thye trgng cua nhung ddng sdng quan trpng cua chdu A ndi rieng vd tren t h i gidi ndi chung TCr dd cd t h i di den mdt nhan djnh ehung la: D l i vdi cdc ddng sdng giau tilm nang (dac bigt Id tilm nang thuy dign) nhu Mekong dugc sd hO'u bdi nhieu quic gia md khdng ed cdc djnh c h l quoc te d l quan ly ed t h i d i n tdi h0 qua la sy bCrc tCr eac ddng sdng se xay qud trinh phdt triln kinh t l , dac biOt Id kinh te phdt triln qua ndng D l i vdi cac ddng sdng ed dan so qua cao va ty Ig tang dan s l qud nhanh nhu tgi luu vyc sdng Hang, tinh trang mit can bdng sinh thdi chde chan se xay vd se d i n din mOt thyc trang nguy hilm id kha ndng tdi tgo ty nhien cua ddng sdng khdng cdn 3.2 NhO'ng dilm khdc bigt giu'a sdng Mekong vd sdng Hang Ben cgnh nhCrng diem tuang dong da neu d tren thi sdng Mekong vd sdng Hang eung ed nhilu dilm khae bigt ma qua dd chung ta cd t h i rut cdc bdi hgc vigc giai quyet ede v i n de cd li^n quan dya vdo nhu'ng dac trung ridng cua mdi cd the BINH HONG HAI - CHlNH SACH C O N G VA VAN HOA 1>NG XI> , C i n CU' vIo nhyng dilm die tryng rilng bill nly, ching ta c i t h i xle dinh dyye d c v i n d l nli cim cua m i l ding sing d l ly d i c i I h i llm nhOng gill phlp thich hyp d l cO'U nhyng sing nly khii thim hpa v l dinh h y i n g phit triin trpng tyyng lai Bang Nhung khie bl|t glu'a sing Mekong v l sing Hing Sdng Mekong ChO sd hQv ChinhKhdng cd Die trung chinh Ld nguin Igi kinh t l trgng ylu cua khu vyc DOng Nam A Sdng Hlng An 00 Ld ddng sdng thieng cua cdc tfn dO Hindu d Nam A DSn s6 sinh sdng 70 tri$u luu vuc ngudi 400 tnOu ngudi Tht/c tr^ng hi$n Biln dli ddng chay, suy ki$t nguon Igi Nguyen nh§n d§nDo ehlnh din thi/c tr^ng sdch cdng hiin ylu kdm nhiem ndng,suy giam lugng nude Khung phSp I'y cin thiit vi$c quin /y vd khai thdc ngudn Id Tde ddng chinh biin ddi hiu Tde ddng chinh gia tSng ddn s6 Quic gia, khu vyc Biin ddi cd tde ddng l&n nhit hiin Quic t l Do vdn hPa Crng xu lgc hdu Nhilm m$n, Suy gidm trilu cudng lugng nude OO thj hda nhanh, gidm di$n tich canh tde Qud tdi ddn sl, phd vd cdn blng ty nhidn Mdi trudng Vdn hda KET LUAN TO' d c v i n d l n l u trin, e i t h i nh|n thiy, nguyin nhin ciia nhO'ng Ihim hoa mil t r y i n g m l n g y i i d l v l dang phai gInh chiu da s i d i u e i I n h h y i n g trye lllp hole glln tiip t i ' ehlnh nhu'ng hinh vi eua n g y i i Cho d i d i 11 d c hinh vi ich ky cua d c chinh sleh cing cua d c ehinh phu hay hinh vi irng xir phi khoa hpe v l thiiu v i n hia cua n g y i i din Vi vly, chi c i n g y i i m i i c i I h i ty cyu hp thoat khii nhOng tham hpa chinh hp g l y Khia canh bap v | mii trying, ehing biln d i l h|u tren ey s i bao v | nguin n y i c I I m i l nhirng mgc lilu m l loli n g y i i phai h y i n g d i n d l d thi Irlnh khii m i l k i t cgc l i i t | I I can kill nggin n y i c Trin thyc te, v i n d l nly da dyye ele n h l khoa hpc dat lir lau nhyng nhu'ng glai phlp eg I h i dyyi gic nhin nhan hpc v i n hia Trong giai doan hiln nay, vin d i bao v | m i l t r y i n g , bao v | nguin n y i c , ching biin d i i h|u, da thyc sy try nln cip thiit vl m i l quan h | eua d c nhin t i eo sire l i e dpng l i n nly d i l v i i ngyii Ty thyc l i d i , d c n h l khoa hpc d l dya nhO'ng quan dilm m i i , nhu'ng khli ni|m mii, nhyng he thing ly thuylt mil, Theo d i , nhyng quan nilm eoi m i l Inring la m i l thye I h l ty nhiln tach bill vii d i i sing eua n g y i i da bi loai b i , m l I I m i l phln khing I h i thilu Irong d i i sing eua muin loll d i e i ngyyi Bac bill, trcng m i l quan he giira mii trying v i i n g y i i thi sy tie dpng nly la mpt q u i trinh lyyng h i , e i nghTa I I mii truing lac dpng d i n d i i sing cua ngyii nhyng ngyye lai n g y i i cung d tie dpng rit l i n d i n mii t r y i n g thing qua DINH HONG H A I - C H I N H S A C H C O N G V A V A N H O A O'NG XO" mOt m d i t r u d n g trung gian m a chCing tdi gpi Id Mdi tru&ng van hoi V i vay, v i n d l bao v g m d i t r y d n g , b a o v g n g u i n n u d e , c h i n g bien d o i k h i hgu, cung ehlnh Id Gangas River Basin, http://www.aaas.org/intemational/ehn/waterpop /bang.htm vigc bio tdn cic yiu td vin hda cd gii tri '^' Theo Tap chl ho^t http.//www tchdkh.gov vi lopi bd cic yiu to cd nguy '^* TrIch phdt b i l u cua bd Fernanda Guerneri, ea giy hpi cho c o n n g u d i v a m d i t r u d n g s i n g Ndi ddng khoa ftpc Dgi diOn T l chCrc Ndng nghiOp vd Luang thyc each khde, d o ehinh Id trdch nhi$m c u a Lidn Hgp Q u i c (FAO) nhdn Ngdy Mdi trudng mdi c o n n g u d i T h I gidi 5/6/1999 tgi Hd NOi v i ^ c bio v0 mdi truang van hoa • '^°' Theo Tap chl ho^t ddng khoa hoc http://www tchdkh.gov CHO THICH '^' Theo Oil & Gas Journal World Oil: S l ndm khai thac cOn Igi vdi lugng d y tr& t l i da dugc xdc djnh nhu sau, D i u md: 342 ti thCing d y triJ / (85,896 tridu thung nhu cau mOt ngdy " 365 ngdy) = 43 ndm; Khi: 1.171 BBOE/19 BBOE = 60 ndm; Than: 4.416 BBOE/29,85 BBOE=148ndm '^* Xem; http://vi.wikipedia.org/wikiA/%C4%83n h%C3%B3a ''' Cdng u d c v l s y bien doi hdu todn cau du-gc Dai hOi dong Li^n hgp quoc th6ng qua ndm 1988 qua Nghi q u y l t s l 43/53 '*' Sdng H l n g d An Do, s6ng Mekong d Ddng Nam A, sdng Hoang Ha va sdng Duang TCr d Trung Quic '^' Tdm ddp d u g c xay dirng tai Trung Quoc a l u cP dung lucng tich nude Idn, ridng ddp Tilu Loan cao 292m la ddp cao n h l t t h i gidi, dung lup'ng tich nude cua nd tuang duang toan bd ho chira d Ddng Nam A cdng Igi Ddy chinh la tde nhan ddn d i n tneu cudng tgi TPHCM vd ngdp mdn tai Nam Bp dang d i l n hit sCrc gay g i t hidn Xem th^m: "Bi>c tCr" sdng f\/lekong v&i ddp cao 292m, http://tuoitre.vn/The-gioi/317599/%E2%80%9C Buc-tu%E2%80%9D-song-Mekong-voi-dap-ca o-292m.html *^' Xem- http //nongnghiep.vn/nongnghiepvn/72/ 122/21/87184/Dai-dich-cai-chet-den.aspx '^' Haroun Er Rashid & Babar Kabir, Water Resources and Population Pressures in the * " ' C d c x6t nghiOm gan ddy trfin mdu nude thu thdp d thdnh p h i Varanasi cho thiy, lugng vi k h u i n E coli dd Ifin cao 50 000 dv/IOOml Theo nhilu chuydn gia, khoang 80% cdc v i n d l sire khde vd 1/3 so ngud'i An Dd c h i t hdng ndm Id nude sdng Hdng Theo htlp://bee net vn/channel/1990/201011/an-do-t ha-xac-troi-song-roi-lai-lay-nuoc-an-uong-177 8017/ '^^' Bao gom: Brahmaputra (Tdy Tgng An DO); Hodng Hd va Duang TCr (Trung Quoc), Sdng Hdng vd song An (Nepal, An DO, Pakistan, Bangladesh), Inrawady (Myanma); Mekong (Trung Qudc, Myanma, Ldo, Thdi Lan, ViOt Nam, Cambodia) Ddn c u luu v y c cua cdc sdng ndy Id han ty ngudi T A I L i e u THAM KHAO Blch Ngpc Vua lOa eua Vidt Nam dang bj de dpa nghiim trpng Theo: thiennhien.net Xem, http://www.vi,futureown.com/?p=3429 Haroun Er Rashid & Babar Kabir Resources and Population Gangas River Pressures Water in the Basin http://www.aaas.org/international/ehn/waterp op/bang htm http://www.cop17-cmp7durban.com/en/sout h-africa-on-ellmate-ehange/what-can-you-do, html BINH H N G HAI - CHlNH SACH C O N G VA VAN HOA 1>NG XCf http;//wvw».glpbalchange.umlch.edu/glpbal change2/currenl/lectures/human_pep/human _pop.html Joralemon, David 2010 Exploring Medical Anthropology Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall Khing Lean Gii iwang thwc ting k) ipc Theo: Tuli I r l http://tuollre.vn/The-giol/ 473917/Gia-luong-thue-tang-ky-lue.html N.T B A "Birc tir' sdng Mekong vdi dip cao 292m Trong: http//luoitre.vn/Thegiol/317599/%E2%80%9CBue-tu%E2%80% 9D-song-Mekong-vol-dap-cao-292m.html, Nguyin Hying (ting hyp) Thi xic trdi sdng rii ipi iiy nwde in udng Trong: http://bee.net.vn/channel/1990/201011/an-d e-tha-xac-lroi-song-roi-lal-lay-nuoc-an-uong1778017/ Nguyin Lln DOng Dpi dich Cii chit den Trong: hltp://nongnghlep.vn/nongnghlepvn/7 2/122/21/87184/Dai-dlch-cai-ehet-den.aspx 10 Pham Thinh Syn Ddng Mekong bl birc tir Nguy co cin ki Trong: http://wv^w.baemol.com/Dong-song-Mekongbl-buc-tu-nguy-co-can-ke/122/3112395.epl 11 Tap chi hoat ding http://www.tchdkh.gov.vn khoa hpc 12 Steward, Julian 1955 Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution Urbana: University of Illinois Press 13 Trin Chau COv Long Giang ring di mit Trong: http://dwrm.gov.vn/index php/vi/news/Tal-nguyen-nuoe/Cuu-Long
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