ViN DONG DAT HOe TRJll NGHirM IRONG M O N CONG NGHf tZ VUONG HUY THO'''' NGUYgN THU HigU'''' Ngiry nhpn bal 20/09/2016; ngdy siia chua 05/10/2016; ngdy duyit ddng 13/10/2016 Abstract Experiential learning i[.]
ViN DONG DAT HOe TRJll NGHirM IRONG M O N CONG NGHf tZ VUONG HUY THO' - NGUYgN THU HigU' Ngiry nhpn bal: 20/09/2016; ngdy siia chua: 05/10/2016; ngdy duyit ddng 13/10/2016 Abstract: Experiential learning is a form of teaching and teaming based on experience of teachers and students To gel Ihe objective of the lessons, students must actively take pari In teaming activities under teachers guides Technology 12 provides knowledge lo help leamers solve Ihe problems in many fields in life and society The application of experiential learning in Technology lessons will help studenls develop their experiences and promote strengths and interest of students to the lessons In this article, authors propose the principles and a prosess to apply experiential leaching to leach Techirology 12 Also, authors introduce two leaching methods lo apply experiential learning In leaching Technology grade 12 in order to improve the education quality at high school Keywords: Experiential learning, apply, application, experience T heoHi%)h6iGiaoduc trai nghiem quocte, GHo nao do) Bieu cho thay, KN codupc tOrnhiJng trai ducttainghiim Hmgtphamtiiibao him nhieu nghiem bao gom ca cac tri thiic, klnSng, chiing cd phuangphiptiongdongudidaykhuyaikhich dupc qua quan sat su vat, hien tupng, sir kipn hoSc ngudi hgctiiamgiattiinghidmttii/ctd', sau ddphan qua vi§c tham gia, tiep xiic di'n suvat, sukien dd.Dl inh, long kii iai deling cudng hieu biii, phittiioi ki nhan thii'c ve mpt dra tuong, si/vipc hay van de, co ning, dinh hinh cic gii tii saig vi phit tiien tidm ngudi phai dua trln von KN da cd Khi khdng cd \ L ning ban ttiin, tii'n tiii ddng gdp thh cue cho cdng kiln thii'c can thilt, hoac khdng cd si/hilu bilt, su ddpg vaxa hgi Theo do, giao vHn (G V)'se phai thiet kiem chiing nhat djnh thi khdng the hinh kilii ke va to chijc cac hoat dpng theo tien trinh d l ngirdi thiic mdi hoc trai nghiem thuc te cho den hinh nang Co thihieu frai nghiim^ la nhiing hoatddng mang luc, dap ung duoomuc tieu hoc tap Vai tro ciia G V tinhcanhan,dupcchijthlsuyxet,suynglm,quadd luc langudit6chuc,dieukhi«i,hotro, dinh huong nitradupc nhOng KN NhiJng KN dd cd dupc thdng Ngudi hpc vdi kinh nghiim (KN) sin c6 (kien thiic, kl qua nhung hoatdpng nhiing hoan caiih cg thS nang ) tham ^ia vao cac hoat dpng kham pha, chu cua cudc sd'ng (hpc tap, lao ddng san xuait, giao tilp dpng giai quyet cac van de hpc tap cung nhu dua ^9 xu, vui Choi giai tri ) Died dupc nhiing KN nay, each giai quyft rieng cho tiJfng van de va cam thay chu the phai trai qua viec giai quylt cac van d l nhifiu nhOng hieu biet cua m inh dupc chia se, gop phan xay lan va thu dupc nhiing kitqua nhatdjnh (cdthllii kit dung baihpc quatich cue -thanh cdng vaeung cdtlilla kdtquatieu Mon Congnghiainscingph6\hdng la mot mon cue-that bgi) hpc gan gui vdi sinh hoat hang cua hpc sinh 12.Dayhpctrainghldm.DHJNc6suiihacb\^ (HS) Cac hoat dpng tn/c tiep hay gian tiS'p vdi cac si/vat, hi^n tupng d^u mang den cho cac em nhOng so ydiday hpc thdng thudnji Trong DHTN, GV phai trai nghiem thii vj va nhiJng KN bo ich Do do, van thigt kd, taoracac tinh hudng, phuong an d l ngudi dung dai( hpc trai nghiem (DHTN) vao mon Cdng hpc hoat ddng, trai nghifm va phai diln thudng nghiphdthong se kich thich dupc thii hpc tap xuyen, lien tuc theo cae ndi dung day hpc Ngudi hpc cua HS, gdp phan nang cao chat lucmg day hoc vdi KN cuvamdi(cddupcqua hoEit'dpng trai nghifm) se dua dupc each giai quylt vin d l , qua dd hp ed bpmdn thd didu ehinh KN chua phu hpp, dong thdl khdiquat I.Day hpc trai nghifm dupc KN mdi cin linh hdi Dilu khdng nhiing / / Trainghigm.Jrai nghiem taorasuhieu bHit da tllng trai cong viec, thay dupc kit qui va nit giup hpjjan kdt dupe giiia npi dung hpc tfp vdl a l i KN (la nhiing hieu bie't qua trinh hoat dpng thuc quydt van d l thuc timd cdn hpc dupc cich hpe ti§n ciia canhan hoac cpng dong mang lai, dupc chpn 'Tnr«n{e«lli9cStfpMBUN«l lpc, xii li de trd tri thiic mang mpt lupng gia irj * Tni»g{Tniii{li«c»U t M n i y i b i K , Bic Niak 11 Tup chi Gido due so 394 (ki 2-11/2016) phat trieh kha nang tu hpc va kha nang hoc tap sudt giai quyet; - G V bien soan tai lieu hudng din de HS oOi tunghien cuu giai quyetvan de hoac cd the chf cho , Tien Irinh DHTN dupc md ta theo mdt qua trinh HS dpc, tra cuu nhung ndi dung cu the cac de day ngu* hpc each giai quyet tinh hudng/van de giao trinh, tai lieu Sau giai quylt van de HS se hpc tap bangsodd khai quatdhinh [IJ hpc dupc KN mdi; - Neu kiln thii'c, kTnang can bd' sung khdng khd qua, G V cd the gpi y hoac din dit Out mnh HS tu HS bing cac eau hdi gpi md de HS tung 1 UmtfuDc j M*v4na* budc giai quyetvan de Sau giai quyet dupc, HS KN ( btnghoft Tro phu hop p , iSaco r " d«iiQlr« se hpc dupc KN mdi nghhimva GV TU nhung phan tich fren cho thay ban chat ciia uonguc ^ Mtk |-» DHTN la mdtqua trinh G V dieu khien, frong dd, G V td'ehiic cho H S tu hoat dpng (tri tuf va the chat) mptcach tich cue va hpp tac vdi dua tren KN WmA ; So khai quat Ui'n trinh DHTN (da ed va bd'sung) de giai quye't van d l lipc tap dat Vdi xuat phat diem la vd'n KN da cd cua HS, G V ra_ G V chl la ngudi ho trp can va ngiing sir datra tinh hudng/van de HS tuluc giaiquyltbang KN hd tip thay du Ndi each khac, day la mdt qui (kien thiic va kinang) da cd va cac hanh ddng tri tue, trinh day hpc (QTDH) ma GV fd'chii'c de HS'dUpc Ihechft thdng qua hoat ddng trai nghifm, trao dd'i vd trai nghiem cac hoat ddng giai quylt van d l , qua dd tucmg tae vdinhau nhlm giaiquyltvan dl Cdba kha tich luy dupc nhdng KN mdi DHTN cd mdt sddac nang xay ra: tn/ngctfban nhusau:-QTDH khdng chi nhim dat - HS giai quylt dupc van di datra.Trong tn/dng dupc muc tieu day hpc ma cdn day cho ngudi hpc hep najr, day la k>ai tinh hud'ng/Van d l quen thudc, "each hpc", nang cao nang lue tuhpc va kha narig HS chl cin dua trdn KN da cd la cd thi giai quyet hpc tap sudt ddi; - Su phan hoi thdng fin cua HS dupc HS thudng it thu dupe nhiing KN mdi ma chilfrang QTDH la phan hdi cd chpn lpc, cd phan bifn yfiu cung co, hf thd'ng KN da cd va khai quat hoa KNchu khdng phai phan hdi don thuan; - Ngudi hpc mdi can lihh hfi Loai tinh hudng thudng datravdidupc cuon hut vao hoat ddng hpc tap G V fd'ehi^e muc dich dntap,cungcdKNehoHS.GVed ttilvan va dieu khien, qua dd fu luc fim tdi, kham pha chii dung DHTN dieung cd', dn tap lai bai hpc khdng thu ddng tie'p thu; - QTDH diln su tuong -HSgiaiquyltdupcmdtphan hoac edn thilu sdt tac fich cue gOa cac vien qua trinh lam, (chua phii hpp) so vdl yeu cau Dieu cho thay KNthu nghiem,fraodd'i chia seKN nhim hinh da ed^chua du hoac ndi rac chua he thd'ng Liic KN mdi KN dupc ap dung vao thue hanh, luyfn HS can su djnh hudng, ho trp cua (3 V de he thdng tap va van dung thue te hoa KN cu, dHu chinh digiai quylt tinh huohg/van de 2.yand^g DHTN vao mon Cdngnghd12(CN12) va thu dupc KN mdi can linh hpi d day G V se van Mdn CN12 la mdn hpc ling dung, van dung cac dgng DHTN d l HS su dung KN cu tham gia trai kifin fhiic VM giai quylt cac van d l nhilu linh nghi^ thi/nghifm didilu chinh KN nham giai vyc ciia ddi song, xa hdi Trong ed nhOng nfi dung quyftvSndl rat cd y nghia da vdi ddi sd'ng ea nhan HS, eac em • HS b l tic khdng giai quylt duoc Day la tinh dupc «q3 xuc nhieu frong cudc song hang (m?ch hudng mdi, HS chi dung KN cu thi khdng thi giai difn tudieu khien, cac may difn, mang difin san xult, quydtducw m i phai bd'sung KN mdi lidn quan Liic cac fmh kien difn tu ) Do dd day hpc, GV can lua' G V cSn hd tnynhOng gi can thilt va thay du chpn cac ndi dung gan gui vdi ddi sd'ng thudng ngiy Ihl ngiing Vifc giai quylt van de la HS tu ciia HS, van dung nhung KN sin cd cua HS d l thifi't li/c Vdi yeu cau nay, GV can van dung DHTN de ke bai hpc, van dung vao QTDH nhim dat myc tfiu hotrpHS cua mdn hpe Viec van dung DHTN mdn CN12can Cdm^tslcachhStrpHS giaiquyltvan d l nhu: theo nguyfin tic, quy trinh sau: • GV chuan bj va cho HS xem qua anh doan phim, r./Vijj/yCT/&.-Lua chpn phuong phap flchiic video vfi tinh hudng Hen quan tdi van de can giai DHTN phai xua't phat tuf npi dung, muc fifiu dsiy hpc, quyfit hofc cho HS quan sat vifc thuc hien cdng phai dua fren KN hifn cd cua HS va thdng qua hogt vifc Sau dd HS tu h/c giai quylt bing cich van ddng trai nghifm cua ban than giiip HS ehUm linh dung KN cu va mdi (qua quan sat) d l hanh ddng dupc tri thiJc; - G V phai k/a chpn dupc phuang phap i (kl -11/2016) • _ I Tqp chi Gido due so 394 I 61 td chiic DHTN nhim khai thic tdi da dupc cac KN Mpt so phuomg phap to chiic hoat dpng (kie'n thiic va kTnang) da cd cua HS G V giifvai tro to'DHTN mon CN12 chiic, dieu khien, trp giup HS qua trinh hoat 3.1 Td'chuc hoatddng nhdm kHhoptrdchal dpng trainghiem;-Dam bao cho HS dupc hoaf ddng Trd choi hpc tap l i cac hoatddng vui ehcn nhim xua trai nghiem dieu kien thuan kJi nhat (vai frd taingtan cang thang, met mdi cho HS dong thdi lam cho tam), Ihdng qua cac hoatddng hap dan se tao dupc qua frinh hpc tap diln mot each nhe nhing, sinh phan cho HS, khuye'n khich sutham gia tdi da ddng va khdng nham chan HS bing vd'n KN (cua c i cua HS vao cac hoatddng chiem IFnh tri thuc, kTnangnhan hoac tfp the") tham gia giai quyet nhiem vu, thdng m6i;-Tao dupc khdng khihoatdpngvuive,mditn/dng qua dd chie'm linh dupc tri thuc, kTnang, KN mdi Vdi trai nghiem than thien, cdl md cac trdehoi kT thuat hap din se kich thich dupc 22 Quy trinh van dung: Tren co sd nghien thuhpc tap cua HS,lam ChoHS cd cam giic "chai mi eiiu cae dac die'm va ndi dung cua mdn CN12 de hpc, hpc ma char van dung cd hieu qua DHTN can thue hien Iheo quy 'l\/luetf/fcft;Thdng qua cac hoaf ddng choi (trd frinh sau: chai kTthuat) sfi Idicudn dupc fat ca HS tham gia vio Budc 1:Nghien cuu nadung, chuangttinhmonhoatddng nhan thiic mptcich tunhien Vdi each lam CN12 G V can phai nghien cuu ki chuong trinh td'ngviec nhdm se tang cudng su hda dong, frao dd'i KN f h l v i fling ndi dung cua mdn CN12 Tijrdd, dua vao giiia cao HS HS van dung nhiing KN (kifi'n thiic, kT muc tifiu, ndi dung cua mdn hpc, cua tung ndi dung, nangsin cdcua minh viciia nhdm) degiaiquylf vin dieu kifn day hpc cu thidlxac dinh eac bai hoc cdthe de ciia trd chai datratii dd chie'm ITnh tri thiJt v i fich van dung DHTN luy KN mdi Budc 2: Xie dinh nhung ndidung day hgc cd tiie 'Nguyin tic:-Can xac djnh loai frd chai vimuc van dung DHTN Trfin co soda lua chpn cac bai hpcfieu ciia frd Choi, muc tieu phai gin chafvdi'W^B d budc 1, GV can cu vao ban chat, dac die'm ciia dung hpc tap v i muc tifiu kifi'n thii'c, kTnang c a n d i f e f DHTN dIxac dinh cac npi dung cd the van dung dupc Ndi dung hpc tap cung can phai phu hpp de to DHTN (fling npi dungriengbiff hay ea bai hpc) Tur chdc dupc frd choi; - Dam bao xay dung trd chai tap eae ndi dung dupc lua chpn du kifi'n eic hoaf the', cac vifin dupc chia thanli nhdm v i lam ddng cua GV, HS frong qua trinh trai nghifim viec theo nhdm.Thdngqua eic hoat ddng chai, HS Bucc 3: Lua chgn phuang phip to chdc DHTN se chie'm ITnh dupc kie'n fhiic, kT nang mdi; - Cic i'ao«Jt7si/)Q(a'i//75.Caneufvao dieu kien vatchat cu thfi', hoat dpng chai phai ddi hoi HS vin dung eae kifi'n KN hifinedvakhanang nhan fhiiceua HS deluachpn thiic, KN sin CO digiai quyfi't Phii lua chpn nhiing phuong phap to chiic DHTN Cac phuang phap to yeu tdcan thilt, phuang thiic chai thich hop va trd ehiic DHTN phai phu hpp vdi muc tieu, ndi dung cua chai se mang lai hif u qua cao han so vdi gidhpe bai bai hpc, dam bao tinh vda siic cua HS, dim bao thdi ban; - Cic quy luat va quy tic choi can dupe lu gian, an loan vf sinh lao ddng Phuong phap td'ehiic nhifin, trinh gd bd v i dupc HS chi'p nhan, hifi'u rd DHTN dupc lua chpn ed dp tin cay, hifiu qua cao trudc tifi'n hinh chai Bude 4: Thiet kd bai hoc mdn CN12 Dua fren 'Phuangphip tdchuc:Tien hinh theo cic budc eac nguyfin tie van dung DHTN viphuong phap to' sau: - Chuan bicho hoatdgng G V chia nhdm tham chiic DHTN dupc lua chpn de thifi't k l bai hoc Viec gia trd choi, hudng din HS frao doi, d l xui't van d | thiet ke bai hpc cd van dung DHTN phai chii y khai xac dinh mue tieu, nhifm vu, cich thuc hifn v i lap k l thac tdi da KN sin cd eua HS Bai hpe dupe thie't k l hoach; phan cdng nhdm trudng v i cac vai frd khac phaidam bao muc tieu, npi dung kifi'n thii'c, thdi gian cho fling thinh vifin; Chui'n bj dung cho frd chai: hpc tip Trong qui frinh van dung vio bii day G V dung cu, thifi'tbi kTthuat, gia'y, but, phan thudng (nfi'u cd thfi kfi't hpp vdi cic phuong phap day hoe khic CO) ; •Thuchiin:Gy phd'bifi'n luat choi; Quan sif nham phit huy finh tieh cue, ehii ddng qua nam bif thdng fin ngupc tirHS xem eac nhdm cdhifi'u trinh hoaf dpng nhan thiic ciia HS rd trd chai khdng?, cic vaifrd thihifn nhu thinio?; Budc5:Kiimnghiim,dinhgiibiidayditiiietkd Giup ddnhiing nhdm van hinh dung hudng v i Sau da thilt k l dupc bii hpc can r i soit, frao dd'i frimdiquanhfphuthudcllnnhaumoteachtichcuC' •' KN vdi ddng nghifp, chuyfin gia de dieu ehinh, bd' Khuyln khich, ddng vifin cac nhdm hoic c i nhin lim' sung cho phu hpp TrongQTDH,GVcung can kie'm vifc tdt; Can thifp, dieu chinh hoat dpng eua nhdm nghiem, dinh gia bai hpc died suthay dfii hpp li thiy can thilt, ; - Dinh gii hoat dgng: G V cin ldi 62 I Tqp chi Gido due so 394 (kl 2-11/2016) '^8 f •clwi I cuon HS nhan xet danh gia ve k^qua hoatdong ciia coding ttidiphat trieh fu kTttiuat vinang luc sing ^l^i^'lT'"" *'^'" 9^ ^"^ t ^ g Ihanh vien; Oilu tao cua HS chnh.bo sung tnen ca sddinh gia diing sucdging 'Mucdk:h:Thdng qua c i c d u i n hpc tap (tii viec cuatungnhom l i p ke hoach, giai quye't van de, san pham, thu • W A- i: ningminhimiydaapdung?;hiiuquakiihtd'cua eua mdf hfttidngdifin san xuit, hifiu dupc nguyfin li viie sddung dien ning cua nhi miy :, - Phd' biln lim vifc ciia hfttidngdifin san xuat Tir dd, cd ttillifin ttinh tu ndi dung bua ttiim quan: chia nhdm, nhic hf dfi'n cic hfittiong dien khic m i HS giptiongeufc nhd ndi quy an toin, ki luitfrongbua ttiam quan; sd'ng hang ngiy, ddngttidigdp phan giio due hudng -Yfiu causan pham: Vedupc so domang difn ciia nghiep ve nghfiOif n din dung eho HS phin xudngttongnhi miy *• * Bude HS lap kehoach: Khi HS lap k l hoach Van dung DHTN vao dgy hpc mdn Cdngngh$ (xem i)ar?55 can chii y phan chiattidigian hpp li cung ndi chung, mdn CN12 noi rifing la phuang l nhuphan edng nhifm vu ciiattingttiinhvifin rd rang td'ehiic day hpe phii hop vdi die difi'm dd'itj dicie ttiinh vifinfrongnhdm phit huy hit KN cua HS phfi'thdng Trong hoatdf ng nhin fhiic,! banttiinfrongquitrinhttiamquan Tijfdd hoin ttiinh vd'n KN sin cd HS true tie'p tham gia vao dupc yfiu cau cua duin hoat dfing frai nghifm, qua dd eic em ti/ chifi'm Bang Kehoach Uiuchiin dir an ITnh dupe tri thi^e, hinh ning luc kT thuft, tu sang tao, KN mdi dip ling m i/c Thdl glan BUDc Ctngvi^ tieu hpc tip Q Thgc Ting hien Tlnihlftjvinmig[)l^sinxullquYnianli6 Tr?ni bUn 4p, h$ tlrfng dSy din miy&i 121 ili;n (lo^l bitn ip, lo?l dJy d n Bdi dl6n vSI m.) cSc IHiSl bi blSn liii M n ip Tdi lifu tham khdo [IJ NguyJn van Biy (2015) Dpyhpc itmaenn trdi nghiim vi v(ln dpng Irong ddo CfctiiiS b| dlSu mdl, blo~v$ (c9u dao ciu chl, role tpo nghi diin din difng cho life aptomat.) dime sa dyng lupng lao dfng ndng thdn Lujln in Cic INft bj Mu dig d * i nJng (dOng cd di^ii miy hJn cic lifn si Khoa hpc Gifio dvc, Tru*ng loai thldt M d6l nana, thidi bi lim lanh lliiil bl chfa sinn | Ingiy D?ihocSuphiimH4N0i Cich bi HI mang d-iSn CN4U sing vi m?ng diSn dJng li/c d Tuin 32 [2] John Dewey (2012) Kinh nghiim li»i8 b4ph|n ttil^ phin xuftij cua nhi miy vi gido dpc (Phjim Anh Tuifn d|ch) Cic bijn phip quin 11 vi s i dung g^t Wim dl$n ning cua nhi mijf cic biin phip anioin di