JOURNAL OK SCIENCE OF HNUR E(liicati(mal S(i 2011, Vol 56, No 4, pp 156 lCl MO HINH DAY HOC TRAI NGHIEM VA VAN DUNG TRONG DAO TAO NGHE CHO LAO D O N G NONG THON Nguyen Van Bay ''''Tntdng Cao ddng nglir ([.]
JOURNAL OK SCIENCE OF HNUR E(liicati(mal S(i 2011, Vol 56, No 4, pp 156-lCl MO HINH DAY HOC TRAI NGHIEM VA VAN DUNG TRONG DAO TAO NGHE CHO LAO D O N G NONG THON Nguyen Van Bay 'Tntdng Cao ddng nglir (Jd kh.i ndng ngln.ej) Ivmail: bayspkt 'iginiiil.com Tdm t i t Dao tiio ngh('' (iio hio dong nong thon la van (!('• kha nuii me va phiic trip 1)('' chat lU(tng dito tiio t.Pt chiing ta ])hai hieu dac di(''ni ciiii viec diiy nghl' va can tim rii bien i)hap hieu qua Dao tao ngiu'' gin vdi vi(''c lam thong qua "diiy hpc trai nghiem" da mang lai Ipi ich to Idn gdp phlu phat trien kinh te xa hpi d nong thon va xay di.nig nong thon mdi D a t van de \'di dae trung la mpt dIt nUdc ndng nghiep luc lupng lao ddng chua qua dap tao nghe d ndng thdn Xiet Nam hien chiem ti le kha Idn nhieu \'iing ndng thdn, n h i t la d viing trung du vk mi(Mi mil van cdn ngheo nan \AC hau Dang va Nha nUde ta da danh su quan tam d i u tu phat trign ii(")ng thdn mpt each toan dieu dd cd \iec dii\' manh dao tiao nghg cho lire lupng lao ddng udng thdn (LDXT) Thuc te dao tao nghg thdi gian qua cho (lia\' ngudi hpc la nhfrng ngudi lao ddng cd ca mat manh va Imn CIK'^ n h i t dinh ngn (an phai su di.ing nhiing md hinh phuPng phap dao tiio thich hpp La mdt nhiing cP s(i tham gia dao tao nghe cho LDXT, qua nghign ciiu li luan va thuc tign, chung tdi nhan t h i y cd mpt md hinh (ky nghe kha plui hpp vdi nhiing hpc vien miy la sii dung md hhih day hoc trdi nghiem 2.1 Noi d u n g nghien ciJu Dac digm cua ngUdi hoc nghl xuat than tu* LDNT \gn kinh te tii'ii ndng ton tai tir lau ddi va van hda lang xa da gdp p h i n tao ngn di^^ic digm tam ly da driiig va phiic tiip ciia ngudi LDXT Bgn canh nhiing dac dif'in tot nhu can eii chiu di.rng gian khd thi LDXT ciing cd mpt sd digm han chg ga\' iinli hudng dgn (hat lupng day nghe nhu sau: Tu du,\' manh nuin, tam nhin han chg, cham ddi mdi, t h a m chi ngai ddi mdi Thirdng an phan, b i n g long vdi cudc sdng hien tai, tinh nang dpng cdn han che 156 Md hinh day hgc trdi nghiem vd van dung ddo tao nghe Khac vdi ngirdi hpc nghe chinh ([uy thudng la ddng nhit ve hia tudi va trinh dp, ngudi hpc nghe la LDNT cd dac digm da sd hi ngudi trudng thanh, khac ve dp tudi, trinh dp chuyen mdn, hpc \ l n , nen tiep thu khd khan, cham chap Tuy nhien, LDNT lai thirdng cd nhieu kinh nghiem sin xuit va ddi sdng Day la nhiing dac digm cP ban ve ngirdi hpc la LDNT Tir nhfrng dac digm eln CP bien phap di^v nghe plni hpp, dam bao hieu qua 2.2 Mo hinh day hoc trai nghiem 2.2.1 Khai niem Md hinh day hpc trai nghiem (DHTN) la each diiy hpc di.ra vao kinh nghiem ciia chinh ngudi hpc thdng qua \d chiic hoat dpng dg ngudi hpc giai quyet cae vin de thuc te tfr dd giiip hp cd dupe kic^n thfie \'a kl nang mdi Day la mot nhfrng md hinh day hpc hieu qua nhit doi vdi ngudi hpc da trudng Boi vi nhfrng ngudi trudng cd nhigu kinh nghiem cudc song, hp phat huy dupe nang luc hpc tap thdng qua thiie hanh, trai nghiem nhiing digu hp da biet thiic tign cupc song Trgn cP sd tU tim tdi, kham pha, ngudi hpc tap trung van dung ndi dung hpc tap vao giai quyet cae vin de, khd khan thue tign \ iec hpc tap ciia hp la mdt qua trinh nghien ngim va thao luan mang tinh nang ddng Tfr dd tim spi day lign ket giiia kinh nghiem cua hp vdi cae khai niem mdi Qua trinh thao luan trao ddi giiip rripi ngudi thg hien rd rang nhiing gi hp nghl va cam nhan dupc, dong thdi nit phUPng phap tu mdi [4] 2.2.2 Chu trinh hoc tap trai nghiem "Kinh nghigm khdng phai la nhiing gi xay vdi ban, ma la cai ban tao ve nhfrng gi xay vdi minh" (Aldous Huxley) Cau trich din da nim bit dupe ban chit cua chu trinh hpc tap trai nghiem va dupc minh hpa hinh ve dudi dav Kinh nghidm CM the Sam vai Di/an Tro chd Trai nghidm thvc U Quan sat phan anh Ti/van Hdp dong Phan hoi ca nhan Thao luan Phan tich Ooi chieu Hinh khii ni^m Hinh Chu trinh hgc tap trdi nghiem ciia ngiidi triidng thdnh (1) Hinh thdnh kinh nghiem cu the Giai doan diu tign la Mc phat sinh cac dii lieu ciia chu trinh hpc tap trai 157 Nguyen Van Bay nghi(;^m I)a.\' hi budc nui thdng iiiudng dupe lien ket vdi ciic trd choi hoac cac hoat diing vui nhoii Bat k.v ciic phUPng phiip nio ddi hdi viec tu danh gia cung nhu su tUPug tae giiiii ciic ca nhan ddu ed tin'" dupe sii dung nhu la phin "lam viec" cho hpc tap triii nghiiMii Tit ca nhfrng van de can thiel, tai giai doan ciia chu trinh hpc tap la phat trifn eac dii liiiu chung hpc vign Dieu cd nghia ring b i t ky nhiing gi xi'iy hoat dpiig (dii hoan t i t hiiy khdng) da tao nhiing thdng tin (•an biin cho vi(;c phan tich clni ,y('Mi eiia giai doan k('' tiej) Cac phUPng phap chung (ludi day dupe kp dung dk phat t riiii ciie dii Vwu: Md phdng va sim vai, hpc tap du an, nhat ky hoc tap, thao luan nhdm (2) Phdn dnh Digu gi s(' Xiiy neu (piii trinh day hoe ehi diing hd d giai doan kinh nghiem? Da sd Ciie chnyiMi giiv ( am thay ring viee hoc lap (iii d('n sau phan iinh Sii phan anh dPu gii'ui hi su.\' nghi trd h.ii ciic hoiit (hing va kifuu tra mot each ed he thdng nhfrng kinh nghiem ditae ehiii s(' mpt ci'uh cd li(' thong ciia nhiing ngUdi dupc tham gia vao hoat dpng diiv, ngudi hpc tai can tnic Ciic man hinh va sir tiiPng tae ciia cae hoat ddng tii cae bao cao ca nhan Day la giai doiin chu veu ciia chu trinh Giao vign can lap ke hoach dg dam bao Ihiic hien dUPc va tap trung hudng vc'' giai doan tigp theo: ket luan (hinh khai niem) (3) Ket ludn Trong suot giai doan nay, viec ket luan dupc riit ve ky nang da dupc thiic hien hieu qua nhu thg nao Mpt SP nhiem vu ciia cdng viee cd the thuc hien dg dang, mdt so khac thi khd khan Mpt so khia canh ciia sir tluic hien ngn dupc cai thien mdt so khac thi khdng Chuygn giao kinh nghiem tfr dao tiio sang thirc te hanh nghg la rit quan trpng doi vdi ngudi hpc Gilo vign ngn lam rd digm va tap trung vao nhan thiic ciia ngudi hpc vg cae tinh huong mdi ca nhan hoac ddi sdng hanh nghe ma tUPng tu nhu nhiing gi hp da trai nghiem cd kinh nghiem Cdng viec ciia ngudi hpc la tir giai dociu phan anh nit nhfrng kgt luan cd thg ap dung thuc te hanh nghe Dieu iia>- tu n?iy khien hp cang l)liiii cd I rach nhiiMu vdi (imi trinh hpc taj) ciia ban than minh hPii Thai dp tich cue iikv tiio (long luc hoe taj) vii ti.r kigm soiil qua trinh hpc tap cua hp Hoe trd mot (iiui trinh mang tinh taj) tin'': M(it nhiing ygu to can biiu (h.i.\' hpc miy la neu ciio tinh than tap tin'' viec tun kiem kien tluic mdi lat nhien, hpc vien se hpc hdi li'in nhau, cung kham pha va phan tich cae thdng tin Hoc dua nhfrng quan digm: Khi phan tich IIKJI tmh hudng nao dd nhieu quan digm dupc dua tranh cai di.rii tren cae tlniiig tin cu thg Tit nhign cac hpc vign cd thf thira nhan hoac tir choi eac ((nan digm da dua thao luan Dieu mang mot y nghia ciing co nang lire, nd diia trgn sir tu tin vao cac thdng tin dupc higu biet va dien giai Hanh ddng sinh tii sii phan tich: Hanh ddng thue sir lign quan dgn qua trinh phan tich mdt thirc te nao dd tap cam giac lam chii su hieu bigt \'a sir thien chi thay ddi tinh hudng Tii dd, hpc vien cd the dira lii hanh dpng cu the [3] \ i thg bit cir nao cd thg, giao vien phai tao tinh hudng, cP hpi hpc tap dg hpc vign tu tim can tra ldi ^'a giai quyet van de Trong each day hpc na\' giao vign thudng ling nghe nhieu hPn la thuyet giang 2.4 K i t qua cua viec day nghe cho L D N T t h o n g qua mo hinh DHTN Theo bao cao ciia Bp Lao dpng - ThuPng binh ^' Xa hpi tAi hpi nghi true tuy(''ii SP ket mpt nam thue hii^^ii de an dap tiio nghe chp LDXT viec thi diem day nghe gin vdi giai ciii\'(''t vi(;'c lam t Iuing qua md hinh DHTX da thu dupc kgt cjua budc diu vdi chat lupng kha cao so vdi trudc thUc hien de an Digu da gdp phan xoa ddi, giiim ngheo, tiio nhieu \'iec lam xa tang thu nhap cho ngudi LDXT gdp phin chuyen dich cP ciUi lao ddng, phuc vu sU nghiep cdng nghiep hoa ndng nghiep, ndng thdn Ca nude dii ho trp di.n' nghg chp khoang 350.000 ngudi, dd khoang 48,6% hpc cac nghg ndng nghiep; khpang 51,4% hpc cac nghg phi ndng nghiep; dae bi(;t ty le cd vii'-c lam sau hpc nghg dat trgn 70% Xam 2011, De an dat muc tieu hd trp diay nghg va dat hang day nghe chp khpang 500.000 LDXT, dd it nhit 70% cd viec lam sau dao tao; tigp tuc trign khai thi digm cacrnd hinh day nghe cho LDNT, dd chu ygu diy manh day 160 Md hinh day hgc trdi nghiem vd van dung ddo tao nghi nghg gin vdi viec lam thdng qua (h.iy hpc bing trai nghiem thue If (^uy mO dao tap md rdng vk tap trung d cac xa digm md hinh xa.\' diing ndng thdn mdi, huyen ngheo va cac xa viing bai ngang, \'en bigii; id cluic mdt sd ldp thi difin dao Uio, boi dudng cho can bp chuygn trach va chiie danh chu.xen iiuin clj) xa Ket luan Co thg ndi dao \-AO nghg cho LD.XT la mpt van de khii mdi IIK' phiic tirp va khac nhieu so \di dao tao nghe chinh quy iiiy nhien, nen can cii viio dae (li(''in tinh chat ciia ngirdi hpc dg lua chpn md hinh td ciiiic (li.i.\- hpc plni hpp thi s(-> thu dupe ket qua tot Qua mdt nam thi.rc hien thi digm dciy nglu^^ cho LDXT vdi mo hinh DHT.X la chii dao cho thiy da cd kgt qua budc diiii kha kha quan, chat lupng dao trio nghe CO chuygn bien rd vet Thi.rc tign cho thiiy, \'iee dao tiio iigh("' cho LD.XT bing md hinh DHTX la kha thi, thiet thue va hieu cpia TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O [1] TrIn Kliauli Diic 1991 Md hinh bdi dudng gido vien day ncjhi Xxb Giao due Ha Xdi [2] TrIn Himg Lupng, 2005 Ddo tao Bdi dudng ndng luc sU pham ky thugt cho ddi ngu gido vien day nghi Xxb Giao due Ha Xdi [3] TrIn \ a n My 2009 Farmer Field School Ldp hgc ddng rudng (Tai lieu tap huin ky nang day hpc dao tao vimg chuygn canh cay thuoc la Tdng Cdng ty thudc la Met Xam) [4] Tdng Cue Diay nghe 2010 Tcii lieu hudng ddn khda bdi dudng ky ndng day nghi theo ndng luc Ha Xdi [5] Tdng Cue Day nghe, 2007 Phuang phdp day hoc theo ndng luc Tai lieu tap huin giao vign nhan rdng, Dii an Gilo due Ky thuat va Day nghe, Ha Xpi [6] Mark Weston Wall va Lg Thanh Nhu, 2010 Chuang trinh khod ddo tao gido vien - TTC Tai lieu thudc Du an Thi trudng lao dpng Ha Ndi ABSTRACT Experience learning and its application in Vocational Training for R u r a l Workers Vocational training for rural workers currently is a quite new and complex issue For good quality training, we need to understand more about characteristics of this special vocational training and find effecti-se remedies Training models in relation to jobs through work experience that has brought great benefits to contributing to the development of the social status in rural areas and developing new rural areas 161 ... nglu^^ cho LDXT vdi mo hinh DHT.X la chii dao cho thiy da cd kgt qua budc diiii kha kha quan, chat lupng dao trio nghe CO chuygn bien rd vet Thi.rc tign cho thiiy, ''iee dao tiio iigh("'' cho LD.XT... quyet van de Trong each day hpc na'' giao vign thudng ling nghe nhieu hPn la thuyet giang 2.4 K i t qua cua viec day nghe cho L D N T t h o n g qua mo hinh DHTN Theo bao cao ciia Bp Lao dpng -... hp tu kham pha va dua nhiing kgt luan cho chinh minh va lap ke hoach cho tuong lai [4] \ i '' du: Khi day ve ky nang bdi ban nha hang khach san, giao vign se cho ngudi hpc sim vai hoat ddng cua